non-European Origin Research Articles

Prospects from Subordinate Unprivileged in Joseph O’Neill’s Novel Netherland

Many immigrants, nonwhite residents and incomers in the post-9/11 period have found both American and British societies turning out to be less than welcoming hosts. Shedding light on this theme through close reading of the novel Netherland by Joseph O’Neill is the focus of this article. The main aim is to foreground the physical and psychological damages of the 9/11 attacks and how they have put immigrants in the international spotlight. The impact of the attacks explored in several novels ranges from politics and the economy to culture and the media. Because both the architects and committers of the attacks were of non-American origin and non-European origin, the governments in the West on both sides of the Atlantic started to consider non-white populations as a threat, bringing them under scrutiny. Considered a serious threat, these populations have been subjected to the new policy of scrutinization. Media, whether American or British, participated in expanding this policy of securitization picturing immigrants negatively and warning society about their status as potentially dangerous ‘others’. Our research method consists of assessing the Netherlands as a 9/11 novel and a cultural narrative which tells how American and British societies have turned out unwelcoming hosts in the aftermath of the 9/11 attacks. The profound material, cultural and psychological damage has given birth to a rich 9/11 literature that contests this demonizing of immigrant populations.

Counting in tens. Cultural insights from the sole surviving mail hauberk with an integrated coif

This article explores the only surviving example of a mail hauberk with an integrated coif, shedding light on its construction, origin, and historical context. The mail coat was discovered by locals in the 1930s near Berane, Montenegro. Its precise find location and its archaeological context are uncertain. Prior to investigation, it was hypothesised that it may represent a European hauberk from the 11th-13th century. Examination of the coat, notably its design and adherence to the decimal system, suggest a non-European origin, likely Ottoman, dating back to the second half of the fifteenth century. The skewed placement of the coif and the potential application of the Parthian shot manoeuvre highlight functional considerations in its design. This study introduces a novel perspective on the connection between numeral systems and mail garment construction, offering insights for broader applications in material culture research.

Prevalence, risk factors and the impact of tenofovir treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease among people living with HIV: A cross-sectional population-based study

Prevalence, risk factors and the impact of tenofovir treatment in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 disease among people living with HIV: A cross-sectional population-based study

Baseline characteristics of the first 302 patients included for acute malignant hypertension crisis in the prospective multidisciplinary HAMA cohort.

Malignant hypertension has not disappeared and remains the most severe form of hypertension. More than 100 years after its description, many points remain unanswered. Mechanisms, definitions, and optimal treatment are still controversial. In 2019, we decided to launch a prospective multicentre multidisciplinary cohort in France to try to fill these gaps. This study aimed to describe the baseline characteristics of the first 302 included patients and compared these data to already published cohorts. We included patients with severe hypertension associated with severe hypertensive retinopathy and patients filling the HYP MOD (HYPertension MultiOrgan Damage) definition from a broad range of departments (cardiology, nephrology, neurology intensive care unit, emergency department, internal medicine). We collected clinical, biological, imaging, and target organ damage data at admission, along with social and demographic data. We also recorded diagnostic and therapeutic management, adverse events during hospitalization, and characteristics at discharge. We enrolled 302 patients in 32 months (105/year) among 40 centres and different specialties. They mainly included young men (68%, mean age 48.7 ± 14.5 years). Target organ damage involved the eye in 86.7% of patients, kidney in 58.6%, heart in 50%, brain in 32.8%, and Thrombotic Microangiopathy stigmata in 15.6%. Patients with severe retinopathy shared characteristics similar to those included in the most important cohorts already published. We also reported several additional subgroups of interest: one-third of our patients were less than 40 years old, one-third were of non-European origin, 14.3% were included through the multiorgan damage definition, without fundus severe injuries, 22.8% were treated without the use of IV therapy, 40.9% had normal or low renin level, and almost all patients were not on antihypertensive therapy at the time of the enrolment. These preliminary findings already challenge long-standing dogma, raise numerous questions, and provide a solid basis to address them in ancillary studies of the cohort.

Non-adherence to urate lowering therapy in gout after 5 years is related to poor outcomes-results from the NOR-Gout study.

Patients with gout need to adhere to medication over time to achieve good outcomes. We assessed self-reported adherence to medication with urate lowering therapy (ULT) 5 years after a treat-to-target intervention and studied how non-adherence was related to baseline demographic and disease variables. Patients in the NOR-Gout observational study were included after a recent gout flare and serum urate >360 µmol/L. Patients (mean age 56.2 (S.D. 13.6), 94.5% males, 17.2% with tophi) attended tight-control visits over one year with escalating urate lowering therapy using a treat-to-target strategy. Five-year follow-up included the Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) questionnaire (range 5-25) for adherence. Flares and SUA target achievement were compared for 5-year adherence to medication. At 5-years most of the 163 patients used ULT (95.1%). MARS-5 adherence scores after 5 years were high (median 24, interquartile range 22-25). Patients in the lowest MARS-5 quartile had, compared to the highest quartile, more often a flare during the last year of follow-up (33.3% vs. 9.5%, P=0.004), and reached the 5-yr serum urate treatment target less frequently (45.2% vs. 87.5%, P<0.001). Baseline lower age (OR 0.56, 95%CI 0.39-0.79), non-European origin (OR 0.22, 95%CI 0.06-0.80), lower SF-36 mental health scores (OR 0.94, 95%CI 0.91-0.98) and less joint pain during last flare (OR 0.73, 95%CI 0.58-0.92) were independent risk factors for non-adherence to medication. Patients reported after 5 years high adherence to medication. Non-adherence was related to more flares and less urate target achievement. Younger age and non-European origin were associated with non-adherence.

Hyperglycaemia in Pregnancy Is Less Frequent in Smokers: A French Observational Study of 15,801 Women.

Background: We aimed to explore the still-debated association between smoking and hyperglycaemia in pregnancy (HIP). Methods: A multiethnic prospective study of 15,801 women who delivered at Jean Verdier University Hospital between 2012 and 2018. Of these, 13,943 (88.2%) were non-smokers, 624 (4.5%) former smokers, and 1234 (7.8%) current smokers. Universal HIP screening was proposed to the entire sample (IADPSG/WHO criteria). Results: A total of 13,958 women were screened for HIP. Uptake differed between non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers (89.5%, 88.3%, and 75.7%, respectively, p < 0.0001). HIP prevalence in these groups was 19.9%, 15.4%, and 12.3%, respectively (p < 0.0001). After adjusting for age, body mass index, family history of diabetes, history of HIP, history of macrosomic baby, and ethnicity, current (odds ratio 0.790 [95% confidence interval 0.636-0.981], p < 0.05) but not former (1.017 [0.792-1.306]) smokers were less likely to have HIP than non-smokers. Furthermore, 1 h and 2 h oral plasma glucose test values were lower in current smokers than in non-smokers (p < 0.01). To exclude potential selection bias, we compared risk factors for HIP and HIP-related adverse pregnancy outcomes in current smokers according to HIP screening status. Compared with screened current smokers (n = 934), their unscreened counterparts (n = 300) were younger, less frequently employed, and more likely to be of non-European origin. Moreover, infant birthweight was lower in this group, and preterm deliveries and perinatal deaths were more likely (all p < 0.01). Conclusions: Smoking during pregnancy was independently associated with lower HIP prevalence. The low HIP screening rate in current smokers did not explain this finding.

CFTR mutations and phenotypic correlations in people with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective study from a single centre in south India

CFTR mutations and phenotypic correlations in people with cystic fibrosis: a retrospective study from a single centre in south India

Labor Market Challenges from an European Union with Diversified Human Resources

Abstract The European continent is going through a period when uncertainty is the key word: a war on its eastern borders, increasing flows of migrants, a labor market in transition to a green economy, technological trend threatening the viability of human resources and, economic difficulties. In this scenario, the labor market must accommodate an increasing number of immigrants with non-European origin, on a job market where qualification requirements are not covered by human resources that must prove their relevance in competition with the artificial intelligence and automation in more and more areas of economy. In order to determine the level of integration of immigrants, the most relevant indicator was and remains their employment rate. This paper aims to make an analysis of the European labor market, subject of these pressures, through a comparative analysis between native-born human resources and that of non-European origin. The time frame covers the period 2014-2022. The system of analyzed indicators includes: the employment rate, the job retention rate, the schooling level, the types of targeted jobs and the qualification for them. We expect to identify an increasing level of employment among non-EU immigrants, as well as a widening gap between labor market requirements and labor supply.

EARLY RESULTS OF THE PROSPECTIVE MULTIDISCIPLINARY HAMA COHORT: DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST 302 PATIENTS, COMPARISON WITH ALREADY PUBLISHED COHORT AND NOVEL INSIGHTS

Objective: Malignant hypertension has not disappeared and remains the most severe form of hypertension. More than 100 years after its description, many points remain unanswered. Mechanisms, definition and optimal treatment are still discussed. In 2019 we decided to launch a prospective multicenter multidisciplinary cohort in France try filling these gaps. Thjs study aims to describe the baseline characteristics of the first 302 included patients and compare these data to already published cohorts. Design and method: We included patient with severe hypertension and severe hypertensive retinopathy and patients filling the HYP MOD definition from a broad range of department (cardiology, nephrology, neurology intensive care unit, emergency department, internal medicine). We collected clinical data at admission, biological, imaging and target organ damage along with social and demographic data. We also recorded diagnostic and therapeutic management, adverse events during hospitalization and characteristics at discharge. Results: We recruited 302 patients in 32 month (105 / year) among 40 centres and different specialities. They are mostly young men (68%, mean age 48.7 +/- 14.5 years), with several interesting subgroups. Around one third of our patients were less than 40 years old, one third were from non-European origin, 13.6% were included through the multiorgan damage definition, without fundus severe injuries. Target organ damage involves the eye in 86% of patients, kidney in 54%, heart in 56%, brain in 33% and Thrombotic Microangiopathy in 13%. Our patients with severe retinopathy are very similar with those included in the most important cohorts already published. Interestingly, 22.8% of patients were treated without use of IV therapy, most patients were untreated or showed poor observance of treatments and a significant proportion had normal or low renin level. Conclusions: These preliminary findings already challenge long standing dogma, raise many questions and provide a strong basis to address them in ancillary studies of the cohort.

Finally Got the News , on Another Continent

Abstract: For many of its initial viewers, Finally Got the News gave food for thought to those who had paid little or no attention to the tens of millions of unwaged and waged workers of non-European origins who have toiled for capitalism in the modern era worldwide. The distinctive feature of Finally Got the News is that it shows Black Detroit, in the aftermath of the 1967 Rebellion, taking freedom of speech seriously and speaking for itself without any deference to condescending powers. The film made a particular impact on young working class and student activists who gathered for two days of political debate on an isolated farm near Florence in August 1970, a meeting organized by the Italian extra-parliamentary group, Potere Operaio (PO). One of the leaders of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers, John Watson, introduced the film with his history of the self-activity of African American laborers in the United States. In the end, many found the translation of Watson's ideas on screen more compelling than Watson's own in-person presentation. The Florence screening of Finally Got the News ended with big applause. I recount the events herein and put the film in dialogue with revolutionary currents throughout postwar Europe.

Narrative, Nature-Based Participatory Action Research (PAR) among Female Turkish Migrants in Denmark: Reflections on Methodological Benefits and Challenges

Migrants of non-European origin tend to suffer more from diabetes, obesity and other chronic ailments compared to the native population. A group of female Turkish migrants in ill health, living in Denmark, were invited to join a session of eleven weekly meetings in natural surroundings, including yoga, bonfires and gathering fruits and herbs. The women were invited to suggest activities, and every meeting included dialogues focusing on their everyday life, interests and experiences. Two PAR researchers facilitated the meetings together with an interpreter. This article presents the methods and results of this PAR research and discusses the methodological ethnographic balance between approaching the migrants’ weaknesses in terms of their illness and migratory challenges on the one hand and, on the other, their transnational resources as workers, household keepers and kin keepers.

Implementation of pre-emptive testing of a pharmacogenomic panel in clinical practice: Where do we stand?

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) account for a large proportion of hospitalizations among adults and are more common in multimorbid patients, worsening clinical outcomes and burdening healthcare resources. Over the past decade, pharmacogenomics has been developed as a practical tool for optimizing treatment outcomes by mitigating the risk of ADRs. Some single-gene reactive tests are already used in clinical practice, including the DPYD test for fluoropyrimidines, which demonstrates how integrating pharmacogenomic data into routine care can improve patient safety in a cost-effective manner. The evolution from reactive single-gene testing to comprehensive pre-emptive genotyping panels holds great potential for refining drug prescribing practices. Several implementation projects have been conducted to test the feasibility of applying different genetic panels in clinical practice. Recently, the results of a large prospective randomized trial in Europe (the PREPARE study by Ubiquitous Pharmacogenomics consortium) have provided the first evidence that prospective application of a pre-emptive pharmacogenomic test panel in clinical practice, in seven European healthcare systems, is feasible and yielded a 30% reduction in the risk of developing clinically relevant toxicities. Nevertheless, some important questions remain unanswered and will hopefully be addressed by future dedicated studies. These issues include the cost-effectiveness of applying a pre-emptive genotyping panel, the role of multiple co-medications, the transferability of currently tested pharmacogenetic guidelines among patients of non-European origin and the impact of rare pharmacogenetic variants that are not detected by currently used genotyping approaches.

Demographic and labor force impacts of future immigration flows into Europe: does an immigrant’s region of origin matter?

Immigration has become a key demographic component in developed European nations. At the same time, many countries have seen an increase in immigration from non-European origins and more diversified migrant flows. In most population projections, however, immigrants are considered an almost homogenous population. This study utilizes a population microsimulation projection model (QuantMig-Mic) for 31 European countries that includes place of birth as a source of heterogeneity for components that could impact population size, age structures, and economic dependency ratios. We simulated different scenarios from 2020 to 2060 in which the birth regions of future immigrant flows were changed drastically compared to recent trends. Our results showed that major shifts in the origin of immigration flows toward Europe would impact the spatial distribution of the population in the continent and therefore—at the local level—the population size of some countries. We found that the age structure would be only marginally affected and that shifts in the composition of immigration flows would not significantly alter the increasing age dependency ratio. Moreover, even in the countries most impacted in terms of population size, no scenario led to notable changes in the total labor force participation rate or in the educational structure of the labor force.

The Landscape of Monogenic Parkinson's Disease in Populations of Non-European Ancestry: A Narrative Review.

There has been a bias in the existing literature on Parkinson's disease (PD) genetics as most studies involved patients of European ancestry, mostly in Europe and North America. Our target was to review published research data on the genetic profile of PD patients of non-European or mixed ancestry. We reviewed articles published during the 2000-2023 period, focusing on the genetic status of PD patients of non-European origin (Indian, East and Central Asian, Latin American, sub-Saharan African and Pacific islands). There were substantial differences regarding monogenic PD forms between patients of European and non-European ancestry. The G2019S Leucine Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation was rather scarce in non-European populations. In contrast, East Asian patients carried different mutations like p.I2020T, which is common in Japan. Parkin (PRKN) variants had a global distribution, being common in early-onset PD in Indians, in East Asians, and in early-onset Mexicans. Furthermore, they were occasionally present in Black African PD patients. PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1) and PD protein 7 (DJ-1) variants were described in Indian, East Asian and Pacific Islands populations. Glucocerebrosidase gene variants (GBA1), which represent an important predisposing factor for PD, were found in East and Southeast Asian and Indian populations. Different GBA1 variants have been reported in Black African populations and Latin Americans. Existing data reveal a pronounced heterogeneity in the genetic background of PD. A number of common variants in populations of European ancestry appeared to be absent or scarce in patients of diverse ethnic backgrounds. Large-scale studies that include genetic screening in African, Asian or Latin American populations are underway. The outcomes of such efforts will facilitate further clinical studies and will possibly contribute to the identification of either new pathogenic mutations in already described genes or novel PD-related genes.

Diabetes Distress and Associations With Demographic and Clinical Variables: A Nationwide Population-Based Registry Study of 10,186 Adults With Type 1 Diabetes in Norway.

To estimate diabetes distress prevalence and associations with demographic and clinical variables among adults with type 1 diabetes in Norway. In this nationwide population-based registry study, the 20-item Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-20) questionnaire was sent to 16,255 adults with type 1 diabetes. Linear regression models examined associations of demographic and clinical variables with distress. In total, 10,186 individuals (62.7%) completed the PAID-20, with a mean score of 25.4 (SD 18.4) and 21.7% reporting high distress. Respondents endorsed worrying about the future and complications as the most problematic item (23.0%). Female sex, younger age, non-European origin, primary education only, unemployment, smoking, continuous glucose monitoring use, more symptomatic hypoglycemia, reduced foot sensitivity, treated retinopathy, and higher HbA1c were associated with higher distress. Diabetes distress is common among adults with type 1 diabetes and associated with clinically relevant factors, underlining that regular care should include efforts to identify and address distress.

Couple partnership and divorce in domestic and non-European international adoptees. A Swedish national cohort study with follow up until 36 to 45 years

Adoption research shows a growing interest in adopted persons in their adult years. This article examines couple partnerships and divorce among adult adoptees and non-adoptees. Using population-based Swedish register data with follow-up until age 36–45 years, domestic and international adoptees were compared with the general population, as well as with immigrants who settled in Sweden in their early years and share with international adoptees a non-European physical appearance. Given their preadoption adversities and associated increased mental health problems, as well as postadoption experiences of perceived discrimination, adoptees were expected to have more problems in the formation and breakdown of partner relationships, particularly in the case of international adoptees. The study used data from national registers on Swedish national cohorts born 1972–83, including two study groups with a non-European origin who settled in Sweden at age 0–8 years (14,761 international adoptees and 11,085 immigrants) as well as 906 domestic adoptees and 936,988 Swedish born with a Swedish-born mother from the general population. In contrast with international adoptees, who have a 14 % lower adjusted rate of couple compared with the general population, domestic adoptees were more like the Swedish general population in terms of couple partnership formation. However, in terms of divorce, domestic and international adoptees share a significantly higher incidence than the general population and the immigrants study groups. Both in the formation and breakdown of couple relationships, international adopted men present less favorable outcomes than international adopted women. Further research is needed to elucidate the reasons behind these patterns.

Income mortality paradox by immigrants’ duration of residence in Sweden: a population register-based study

BackgroundStudies have shown that, compared with the general native population, immigrants display weaker or absent income gradients in mortality. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to...

Immigration theory between assimilation and discrimination

ABSTRACT While most immigration studies traditionally build on assimilation theory, references to discrimination are increasingly present in the field, usually in an oppositional way. This article attempts to rethink the coexistence of these two concepts in the immigration scholarship and analyse their relationship. I first review the analytical perspectives of assimilation theory and argue that, unlike assimilation, discrimination is not a migration-specific concept. I distinguish between three forms of discrimination facing the immigrant population: civic discrimination, discrimination against migratory attributes and ethnoracial discrimination. The empirical section uses self-reported measures of discrimination from recent large-scale French data to assess each of these three forms of discrimination and analyse their determinants. The results show evidence relative to each of these three forms and point to discrepancies with assimilation. In particular, assimilation-facilitating characteristics such as early childhood knowledge of French and education in France are associated with higher levels of perceived discrimination. Perceptions of skin colour and religious discrimination also appear to remain stable if not increase over immigrant generations from non-European origins. The conclusion discusses some avenues to bridge the gap between intergenerational perspectives of immigrant socioeconomic attainment and the more general scholarship on the reproduction of inequality.

The effect of contractual and behavioral CEO attributes on aggressive tax avoidance: case of German-listed firms in HDAX

Purpose This paper aims to examine the effect of contractual factors and noncontractual factors on tax avoidance (TA). Design/methodology/approach The sample comprises 400 firm-year observations of 67 companies listed on the HDAX during the period 2008–2017. The generalized least square panel regression is applied. Findings The study results confirm a significant effect of long-term chief executive officer (CEO) compensation incentives and CEO attributes on TA. Findings exhibit a significant impact of foreign CEO on TA, whereas an insider CEO mitigates TA. The results hold for several robustness tests, with lag effective tax rate as dependent variable and with splitting foreign CEO into European and non-European origin. Research limitations/implications First, the sample is limited to 400 firm-year observations and to the German context. For shareholders, the study provides first evidence on relationships between the geographical and internal versus external labor market for CEOs and TA. For researchers, the findings underline the importance of integrating behavioral approaches like place attachment theory and the rooting theory in the theory of TA. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to examine the impact of both contractual determinants and behavioral determinants on TA in the German context as an emerged economy with a dualistic corporate governance. This study contributes to the existing literature regarding the scientific debates about the impact of CEOs and CEO attributes on TA. It also analyses the balance between the place attachment theory and the rooting theory in the face of the compensation outcomes of agency theory.

Gestational age and socio-demographic factors associated with school performance at the age of 12 years, a population-based study.

Gestational age is positively associated with cognitive development, but socio-demographic factors also influence school performance. Previous studies suggested possible interaction, putting children with low socio-economic status (SES) at increased risk of the negative effects of prematurity. To investigate the association between gestational age in weeks, socio-demographic characteristics, and school performance at the age of 12 years among children in regular primary education. Population-based cohort study among liveborn singletons (N = 860,332) born in the Netherlands in 1999-2006 at 25-42 weeks' gestation, with school performance from 2011 to 2019. Regression analyses were conducted investigating the association of gestational age and sociodemographic factors with school performance and possible interaction. School performance increased with gestational age up to 40 weeks. This pattern was evident across socio-demographic strata. Children born at 25 weeks had -0.57 SD (95% confidence interval -0.79, -0.35) lower school performance z-scores and lower secondary school level compared to 40 weeks. Low maternal education, low maternal age, and non-European origin were strongly associated with lower school performance. Being born third or later and low socioeconomic status (SES) were also associated with lower school performance, but differences were smaller than among other factors. When born preterm, children from mothers with low education level, low or high age, low SES or children born third or later were at higher risk for lower school performance compared to children of mothers with intermediate education level, aged 25-29 years, with intermediate SES or first borns (evidence of interaction). Higher gestational age is associated with better school performance at the age of 12 years along the entire spectrum of gestational age, beyond the cut-off of preterm birth and across socio-demographic differences. Children in socially or economically disadvantaged situations might be more vulnerable to the negative impact of preterm birth. Other important factors in school performance are maternal education, maternal age, ethnicity, birth order and SES. Results should be interpreted with caution due to differential loss to follow-up.