non-EU Countries Research Articles

Quality evaluation of field safety notices of medical devices, across EU and non-EU countries

Abstract Introduction The EU Medical Device Regulation 2017/745 (MDR; article 87) requires device manufacturers to report to the relevant authorities any serious incident and any corrective action undertaken, through Field Safety Notices (FSN) whose content must be consistent in all Member States. Before MDR, due to the lack of harmonized global standards for reporting, FSNs were published independently by each country with different formats, styles, nomenclatures and languages. This heterogeneity makes it challenging to use such historical data for trend analysis in post-market surveillance (PMS). Purpose 1) To assess the quality of the FSNs issued by EU or non-EU national authorities for analysing historical trends. 2) To group countries based on such quality, and test for differences between EU and non-EU countries. Methods As part of the CORE-MD project coordinated by the ESC, all FSN information publicly available as HTML text (excluding linked PDFs) was retrieved automatically from national authorities’ websites, using the CORE-MD PMS tool [1]. For each FSN, a score was assigned to each field of interest (1 or 2, according to importance for building trends) (see Figure 1), and a Percentage Score (PS) computed as the % of the ratio between the scores’ sum and the maximum possible score (10). Based on PS, FSNs were categorized as Excellent (≥90), Very Good (80≤PS<90), Good (70≤PS<80), Medium (60≤PS<70), or Unqualified (<60). For each country, the distribution of FSN categories was computed. Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) was used to group countries based on their similarities, and differences between EU and non-EU countries were assessed by Mann-Whitney U test. Results 126,405 FSNs published before 31/12/2022 were retrieved and analyzed. The % of FSN in which each field was available is shown by country in Figure 1. Manufacturer and Device were clearly described, but more detailed device information was often absent. The Description, with the reason for publishing the FSN, and the Device Category, allowing nomenclature categorization, were provided only by a few countries. The % of FSNs in each quality category is reported in Figure 2: only Italy provided some FSNs (31%) classified as Excellent. The HAC analysis identified three clusters: "high-quality FSNs" (Czechia, Denmark, Italy, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the USA), "moderate-quality FSNs" (Australia, Canada, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Slovenia, Spain, and the UK), and "low-quality FSNs" (Croatia, Estonia, France, Germany, Poland, and Portugal). There was no difference between EU and non-EU countries. Conclusions A significant discrepancy was observed in the quality of FSNs retrieved from different countries, highlighting the difficulty in using such data to analyse trends, for example in reports of cardiovascular devices. This study reinforces the need for a global minimum reporting standard, to facilitate more effective PMS.Figure 1Figure 2

The EU Health Task Force, supporting preparedness and response in the European Union and globally

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic revealed shortcomings in the European Union (EU) mechanisms for managing public health threats. In 2022, the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) was mandated to establish the EU Health Task Force (EUHTF) to strengthen preparedness and response at country, EU and global levels. The EUHTF is coordinated by an ECDC Permanent Capacity and relies on pools of experts including ECDC experts, ECDC fellows and European public health experts that can be mobilized for specific assignments or broad public health emergencies. Members from EU/ Economic European Area (EEA) countries, EU agencies, the European Commission, WHO and non-profit organizations advise ECDC on the EUHTF establishment. From May 2023 to April 2024, the EUHTF addressed 13 requests for support from seven EU countries and three non-EU countries. The requests were related to preparedness (e.g. after-action reviews, simulation exercises, mass gathering preparation, capacity building) and emergency response activities (e.g. risk assessment, operational research during crisis, emergency and outbreak response). The EUHTF is operational and able to mobilize expertise from ECDC, the ECDC fellowship and EU/EEA countries. The EUHTF Pool of External Experts, comprised of public health professionals across various levels and institutions of the EU/EEA, is poised to offer comprehensive and robust expertise. Through these resources, the EUHTF is collaborating with and reinforcing the work of EU institutions and other international partners in strengthening preparedness and response. The EUHTF is a new and structured EU-level approach to public health crises, ensuring tailored in-country support to EU and non-EU countries in preparedness strengthening and crisis response.

Cross-Border Data Sharing and Sovereignty: Reactions of Non-EU Countries to Article 32 of the Budapest Convention

This paper examines the concerns of non-EU countries regarding Article 32 of the Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, which allows cross-border access to stored computer data under certain conditions. While Article 32 aims to enhance international cooperation in combating cybercrime, it has been met with resistance from several non-EU countries due to perceived threats to national sovereignty, conflicts with domestic data protection laws, and concerns over fairness and equity in its application. The paper explores these concerns in detail, highlighting the potential impacts on data privacy, legal autonomy, and international cooperation. It discusses the broader implications of these reactions for global cybersecurity efforts, including the erosion of trust, fragmentation of international frameworks, and challenges to harmonizing cybercrime laws. The paper argues for a more balanced and inclusive approach to cross-border data sharing that respects diverse legal traditions and promotes greater transparency, dialogue, and mutual trust among nations. Addressing these concerns is crucial for ensuring that the Budapest Convention remains an effective tool for combating cybercrime in a way that is fair, equitable, and respectful of all countries’ interests.

P19-16 Survey and risk assessment of pesticides in cut flowers from non-EU countries

P19-16 Survey and risk assessment of pesticides in cut flowers from non-EU countries

Research on the Inhibitory Effect of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism on Carbon Leakage

Associated with more ambitious targets for reducing emissions, the European Union (EU) plans to implement the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM) fully in 2026, aiming to reduce carbon leakage and competitiveness concerns by imposing tariffs on carbon-intensive imports, which is expected to significantly impact its trade partners. Existing research has focused on CBAM’s impact on macroeconomic indicators but has insufficiently addressed its effects on global and regional carbon leakage, especially in non-EU countries like China. This research offers a detailed analysis of industry-specific leakage rates and integrates both global and regional impacts by employing the dynamic recursive GTAP-E general equilibrium model to numerically simulate CBAM’s inhibitory effect on carbon leakage under different carbon tariff scenarios, while also exploring the synergistic effects of anti-leakage policies in non-EU countries. Our simulations indicate the following: (1) CBAM effectively inhibits carbon leakage, with greater inhibition observed at higher tax rates and with the expansion of covered industries. (2) Establishing China’s domestic carbon market pricing can further reduce regional carbon leakage rates. Implementing global export carbon tax policies will significantly diminish the risk of global carbon leakage. (3) The implementation of CBAM is projected to reduce China’s total exports to the EU, though this loss will be partly offset by trade diversion effects. Carbon-intensive industries are more adversely affected in the short term, while all industries except fossil fuels face inevitable long-term negative impacts.

How Income and Discrimination Shape the Acceptance of Newcomers in Europe: A Comparative Analysis of Native-Born and Immigrant Populations.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how income and belonging to a discriminated group are associated with perceptions of threats posed by immigrants, and with the willingness to accept newcomers of a different/same race or ethnicity as most people of the receiving country, or newcomers who came from poor countries outside Europe. The study transcended Borjas's theory of 'competing and complementary' to newcomer groups of native workers, expanding it from the economic and labor spheres to the symbolic cultural and social spheres, and extending this theory to the foreign-born European population. The study used data from the European Social Survey Round 10 Data. Three local population groups in the EU were examined: the native-born population, immigrants from non-EU countries living in the EU, and migrants from EU countries living in other EU countries. The study revealed that for native-born people, the salient factor predicting their perceived threats and willingness to accept newcomers was income, and for non-EU veteran immigrants, the salient factor was the feeling of belonging to a discriminated group. Economically disadvantaged native-born people in the EU were a group competing with newcomers. However, disadvantaged and discriminated non-EU immigrants were complementary to newcomers. The study showed that a disadvantaged group may be either competing or complementary to newcomers, depending on the origin of the group's members rather than on the origin of newcomers.

Material footprint and import dependency in EU27: Past trends and future challenges

This study examines the material footprint and import dependency of the European Union (EU27) members, focusing on four key material categories: biomass, fossil fuels, metal ores, and non-metals. The feasibility and efficacy of EU strategies concerning the transition to a circular economy and the reduction of raw material extractions is assessed, with a particular focus on the Critical Raw Materials Act (CRM Act).Using Structural Decomposition Analysis (SDA) between 2012 and 2020, we identify the impacts of macroeconomic drivers such as technological progress, structural changes, and final consumption patterns on material use. Our analysis indicates a gradual shift towards the relative decoupling of GDP from material use in the EU27, particularly for non-metals and fossil fuels. Additionally, the region shows a decreasing dependency on non-EU countries, as evidenced by the reduction in net trade over recent years.However, the business-as-usual (BAU) scenario projects material usage and import reliance up to 2030, assessing the EU27's ability to meet the CRM targets. The results reveal significant import dependencies from the rest of the world, particularly for fossil fuels (90.9%) and metal ores (86.2%), where nearly all EU27 countries exceed the 65% import dependency threshold. While biomass and non-metals show more promise in terms of self-sufficiency, challenges remain. Additionally, the potential for substitutability across raw materials is explored, highlighting the complexities of transitioning to alternative resources such as biomass.Our findings emphasize the necessity for integrated policy interventions at the EU level, combining supply and demand measures, technological advancements, and behavioral changes to achieve relative dematerialization. The study also stresses the importance of international cooperation to secure sustainable raw material supplies. Without a multifaceted approach, the EU27 risks failing to meet future environmental and sustainability goals, particularly in light of recent geopolitical developments and the urgent need to transition to renewable energy sources.

Moving Towards a Holistic Approach to Circular Cities: Obstacles and Perspectives for Implementation of Nature-Based Solutions in Europe

Nature-based solutions (NBS) are frequently implemented without taking the system’s perspective into account and with the main focus on technical and economic issues of implementation. This study was conducted to test the hypothesis on the potential synergistic effects between circularity and NBS to holistically tackle urban challenges. The main objective is to establish preliminary insights on the obstacles and perspectives of NBS integration and implementation, through a questionnaire set up by the network of experts gathered within the COST Action CA17133 Circular City. The following research questions arise: (i) what differences exist in the level of NBS application according to the variance of engaged countries; and (ii) what are the main obstacles and perspectives for the NBS implementation in order to holistically tackle urban challenges, enhancing the sustainable connection among urban environment, nature, and human well-being. To go beyond the current state-of-the-art and reflect on the research conducted within the Circular City Action, this study aims to open a multi-geographical academic dialogue across Europe and beyond and to move towards a holistic approach to circular cities. Accordingly, this study is: (1) multi-geographical and context-based, providing input for thirty-three EU countries and four non-EU countries to give an overview of the main obstacles and perspectives of NBS implementation, and (2) approach-directed, aiming to formulate a holistic approach to deal with societal challenges. This document intends to provide qualitative and quantitative insight into the potentials and obstacles of NBS implementation in Europe, as well as to motivate further discussion and research to achieve holistic and sustainable cities.

Realized Volatility Spillover Connectedness among the Leading European Currencies after the End of the Sovereign-Debt Crisis: A QVAR Approach

This paper examines the time-varying spillover effects and connectedness between the euro and other EU and non-EU currencies after the end of the sovereign-debt crisis. We employ the Quantile Vector Autoregression connectedness approach using intraday data for seven currencies (the euro, the British pound, the Swiss franc, the Polish zloty, the Hungarian forint, the Czech koruna, and the Norwegian krone) spanning from 1 January 2016 to 30 November 2022. The results indicate that, almost in all quantiles, the currencies of Eastern European Group countries (i.e., Czech Republic, Hungary, and Poland) are net contributors of information spillovers to other currencies, while currencies of non-EU countries (Switzerland, UK, and Norway) are net takers. Further, we find that the euro is the highest transmitter of net information spillovers to all other currencies until 2021. Interestingly, after 2021, the euro changes to net information spillover taker from all other currencies; highlighting that external shocks (e.g., COVID-19, the energy crisis) have significant risk spillover effects on the European currency market. Policymakers and market participants could benefit from knowing which currency drives developments to avoid unexpected consequences.

Socio-economic inequalities in the use of flu vaccination in Europe: a multilevel approach

BackgroundThe European-wide statistics show that the use of flu vaccination remains low and the differences between countries are significant, as are those between different population groups within each country. Considerable research has focused on explaining vaccination uptake in relation to socio-economic and demographic characteristics, health promotion and health behavior factors. Nevertheless, few studies have aimed to analyze between-country differences in the use of flu vaccination for the EU population. To address this gap, this study examines the socio-economic inequalities in the use of influenza vaccination for the population aged 15 years and over in all 27 EU Member States and two other non-EU countries (Iceland and Norway).MethodsUsing data from the third wave of European Health Interview Survey (EHIS) 2019, we employed a multilevel logistic model with a random intercept for country, which allows controlling simultaneously the variations in individuals’ characteristics and macro-contextual factors which could influence the use of flu vaccination. In addition, the analysis considers the population stratified into four age groups, namely adolescents, young adults, adults and elderly, to better capture heterogeneities in flu vaccination uptake.ResultsThe main findings confirm the existence of socio-economic inequalities between individuals in different age groups, but also of significant variation between European countries, particularly for older people, in the use of influenza vaccination. In this respect, income and education are strong proxy of socio-economic status associated with flu vaccination uptake. Moreover, these disparities within each population group are also explained by area of residence and occupational status. Particularly for the elderly, the differences between individuals in vaccine utilization are also explained by country-level factors, such as the type of healthcare system adopted in each country, public funding, personal health expenditure burden, or the availability of generalist practitioners.ConclusionsOverall, our findings reveal that vaccination against seasonal influenza remains a critical public health intervention and bring attention to the relevance of conceiving and implementing context-specific strategies to ensure equitable access to vaccines for all EU citizens.

Democracy Matters (To Some Extent): Autocracies, Democracies and the Forced Return of Migrants from the EU

ABSTRACT This article analyses whether the European Union returns more irregular migrants to democratic or autocratic states. It establishes the EU’s return rates with the whole world over a period of twelve years (2008–2019) and connects it to non-EU countries’ democratic credentials. Democracy mattered to some extent in the sense that the EU had generally fewer return orders and higher return rates with democratic states. Yet, a macro perspective indicates that the EU was driven by an interest to maximise returns to non-EU countries, irrespective of the regime type. Some autocratic regimes – and those that became more autocratic – had high return rates and were actively targeted for achieving more returns. A non-EU country’s change towards more or less democratic standards had a comparatively minor likelihood of impacting the EU return rate.

The link between EU identification and responses to a war between non-EU countries over time.

The European Union (EU) is portrayed as a "normative power" that promotes democracy. How does identifying with the EU identity predict citizens' responses to a war between two non-EU countries, where one (Ukraine) appears as the victim (i.e., a nation suffering significant harm as a result of military aggression by another country) and the other (Russia) as the aggressor (i.e., a nation initiating military aggression against another country)? This study tested two contrasting, yet not mutually exclusive hypotheses. Based on the underlying idea that Ukraine is perceived to share similar (European) values while Russia is perceived to deviate from these values, the "humanitarian influence of the EU identity hypothesis" hypothesized that identification with the EU identity predicts increased support for the victim group (Ukraine) and condemnation of the aggressor group over time. Based on the "protective effect of EU identity hypothesis," however, a reverse temporal order was also hypothesized. We conducted a two two-wave study among Greek participants. Our findings provided full support for the first hypothesis and partial support for the second hypothesis. Identification with EU identity predicts increasingly stronger opposition to an intergroup conflict between non-EU countries.

Gig work in transnational spaces: infrastructures of migration and the simultaneous lives of migrants in the gig economy

ABSTRACT This article explores how platform-mediated gig work is entangled in the migration process across transnational, national and local scales. Drawing on the concepts of simultaneity and migration infrastructure from critical transnational migration studies as well as qualitative interviews with migrants, the analysis focuses on the figures of three migrant gig workers from both EU and non-EU countries to elucidate two matters. First, we analyse how different forms of citizenship produce different ways of responding to the migration infrastructure that results in frictions and/or smoothness across different times and spaces in the migration process. Second, we analyse how migrants who perform platform-mediated gig work on a local scale in Copenhagen, Denmark, establish particular transnational lives. Thus, this article contributes a timely transnational perspective on the relationship between the growing gig economy and migration.

Students’ Voice: The Analysis of their Mobility Experiences through Interviews

The European student mobility Erasmus+ Programme was first established in 1987 and, in 1999, the Bologna Declaration aimed to promote the mobility as one of its main goals, focusing on intergovernmental cooperation in the field of higher education. In recent years, the mobility process has become increasingly significant, and a greater number of individuals experienced a mobility period abroad improving knowledge, skills, and attitudes. In addition to this, several international studies show how the Erasmus+ mobility has positive effects on social and individual growth. For this reason, the aim of this contribution is to focus the attention on the personal development of students from Sapienza University of Rome who spent a mobility period abroad in a non-EU country during the academic year 2019/2020 (last available and complete data before the COVID-19 outbreak). The results of the analysis, carried out by using content analysis, show how personal development as well as the ability to adapt to different contexts can be facilitated by an experience abroad. Furthermore, this can enable one to find a valuable job according to the skills and competences improved in a diverse study environment and can create a number of opportunities for personal growth.

P-341 From cross-border reproduction to embryos and gametes transit: the peculiar italian case examined from ethical, legal, and comparative standpoint

Abstract Study question Is the transportation of gametes and embryos by land or air from a foreign country the solution for the lack of donors supply in Italy? Summary answer In Italy, post-2014 Court ruling made heterologous fertilization legal. Yet, gamete acquisition is tough, pushing clinics to foreign banks, facing transport risks. What is known already The international flow of human gametes, expanding due to the growth in reproductive medicine, is regulated by European Directives aiming for uniform EU regulations to maximize health protection via standardized quality and safety. However, diverse national regulations, especially regarding gamete donation, create complex scenarios. In Italy, for instance, regulatory constraints and insufficient legislative support force ART centers to import gametes, mainly from Spain, leading to ongoing cross-border transport of biological material, a process fraught with challenges. Study design, size, duration This study reviews European and Italian regulations on human cell and tissue circulation, focusing particularly on Italy. Directive 2004/23/EC, initiated by the European Parliament and Council, aims to regulate the use of human reproductive biological material, promoting donorship and uniform quality and safety standards across EU member states. Later Directives, including (EU) 2015/566, specifically address gamete transfer within the EU, differentiating between intra-EU distribution and import from non-EU countries. Participants/materials, setting, methods We have meticulously analyzed the legislation applied by the European and non-European states included in the study, examined the role of the European legislator, and conducted a comparative analysis of the effects produced on society. Official data published on this topic by the Italian Ministry of Health have also been collected and analyzed. Main results and the role of chance Aligning with both national and European legal frameworks, as well as adhering to scientific guidelines, is crucial for the secure transport of gametes and embryos. The importance of effective risk management and minimizing liability cannot be overstated, requiring clear communication about consent, transport methods, data sharing, and managing unforeseen events. Despite efforts, European legislation struggles to harmonize effectively, ensuring uniform rights across the continent. In Italy, the demand for donated sperm and oocytes has surged following the invalidation of certain legal restrictions on the use of donated gametes. However, the availability of donated human gametes within Italy falls short of meeting this demand. According to the Italian Ministry of Health, in 2020, there were over 3,100 requests for donated oocytes, but only 60 instances of fresh oocyte donations were recorded in Italy, necessitating imports primarily from Spain. A key factor in the low donation rates is Italy’s ban on compensating donors for their inconvenience and lost work time. Similarly, semen donations in Italy are inadequate, with 75% of male gametes imported from abroad. The lack of financial incentives, coupled with the significant influence of the Catholic Church and limited public awareness about infertility issues, contributes to Italy’s shortage of donors. Limitations, reasons for caution Not applicable. Wider implications of the findings The absence of a decision by the Italian legislator regarding the issue of donors leads to various problems: we refer to the costs that affect the centers, inevitably impacting patients who opt for treatment in Italy; or, conversely, in the travel costs for those who decide to seek treatment abroad. Trial registration number not applicable

Developing an efficiency evaluation model for the circular economy in Europe

ABSTRACT The aim of this work is to develop a model for evaluating the efficiency of the Circular Economy (CE) in Europe. In this context, we have developed a dynamic efficiency model of the CE, the Dynamic Network Data Envelopment Analysis (DNDEA) model (Tone and Tsutsui 2014), with the purpose of it being utilized to determine the degree of progress of the policies on the CE, the degree of compliance with those policies, as well as to determine the factors that are associated with a greater or lesser efficiency. The results obtained indicate that the factors which have most affected the dynamic inefficiency have been: the Imports from the EU countries, the Exports to the non-EU countries, and the Gross Value Added. The patents that are related to Waste Management, Recycling, and Persons Employed in the CE sector have been the factors that have added the greatest efficiency. The contribution of this work lies in the development of a new model for the measurement of the dynamic efficiency of the CE at the macroeconomic level in Europe, while considering the relationships between the results and the resources that are allocated to the CE, and establishing a period of implementation and execution.

Immigrants’ Pathways to the Income Elite in Germany

Owing to their high political and social impact, studying elites is a growing strand of scholarship in sociology. In this research note, we investigate immigrants’ pathways into the income elite, that is, the top 1% of Germany’s income distribution. Using data from the German Microcensus from 2009 to 2018 covering more than three million observations, we examine the prevalence of immigrants in the elite and immigrants’ pathways to access the elite, that is, education, self-employment, country-of-origin effects and integration. Our results show that immigrants are underrepresented in the elite by 46%. Smaller returns to education and self-employment compared with natives drive this underrepresentation. Regarding immigrant-specific pathways, immigrants from EU countries, who face fewer legal, cultural and social barriers, have higher chances of being in the elite than immigrants from non-EU countries. Finally, we find no evidence of integration, that is, years since migration, affecting immigrants’ elite status.

Financial development and environmental degradation: insights from European countries

ABSTRACT We investigate the relationship between financial development and environmental quality during 1996–2019 in a panel analysis of 40 European countries, of which 28 EU and 12 non-EU member countries. We built four empirical models to check the connection between financial development and environmental degradation while controlling for GDP growth, trade openness, FDI, and energy consumption. We applied the Dynamic Common Correlated Effects (DCCE) estimator because of cross-sectional dependence (CSD) among the panel cross-sections. Our findings report a positive association between financial development and environmental degradation for the entire panel of European countries. The subsequent analysis of sub-groups shows that this is particularly the case for non-EU member countries and countries with a high level of financial development. Furthermore, there is a bidirectional causality between financial development, energy consumption or trade openness, and environmental degradation in European countries.

Results from the Danish monitoring programme on pesticide residues from the period 2012–2017 – frequencies and trends in detected pesticides

In order to assess compliance with maximum residue levels in foods and evaluate the exposure of the Danish population to pesticides, a comprehensive monitoring programme was conducted. The work from 2012-2017 involved testing pesticide residues in fruits, vegetables, cereals, animal product and processed commodities. The sampling strategy, mainly based on exposure calculations and previous findings, involved the collection of 13,492 samples primarily from fresh conventional and organic produces on the Danish market. The origin of the samples varied, with 34% being of Danish origin and 67% originating from EU and non-EU countries. The results revealed that residues in conventionally grown produce were detected in 54% of the fruit and vegetable samples, and 30% of the cereal samples. Additionally, residues above the maximum residue limits were found in 1.8% of these samples, most frequently in fruits. As previous years, more residues were found in samples of foreign origin compared to samples of Danish origin. Compared to earlier findings more than 40 pesticides were detected for the first time and including boscalid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, etofenprox, and spinosad, all detected more than 100 times. The data shows that detection of PFAS pesticides has increased dramatically, from 24 in 2006 to 412 in 2022.

Econometric Analysis of the Influence of Factors on the Share of Energy From Renewable Sources in the EU

The use of renewable energy is at the core of EU energy policy, reducing dependence on fossil fuels imported from non-EU countries, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and decoupling energy costs from oil prices. Currently, 22.5% of energy consumed in the EU comes from renewable sources. This increase over 2021 is due to strong growth in solar energy. This share is also increasing due to the consumption of non-renewable energy sources in 2022. According to expert forecasts, the share of renewable energy sources in Europe will continue to grow. Achieving the 42.5% target by 2030 will require a deep transformation of the European energy system. The very strong climate and energy policies pursued in the EU for about a dozen years and aimed at limiting emissions of harmful substances into the environment have led to a gradual abandonment of traditional energy sources. Increasing demand for energy while reducing its supply from traditional sources means that in order not to make the economy too dependent on energy imports, the dynamic development of renewable energy is necessary. The EU is therefore taking very extensive operational and strategic actions to use other sources for production, such as wind, solar energy, mechanical water energy, biomass and geothermal energy, as well as tidal waves, ocean heat, wave energy and sea currents. In this study, we assess the impact of energy, economic and environmental factors on the share of renewable energy in the EU. The aim of these studies was to identify the energy, economic and environmental indicators that have the greatest impact on the share of energy from renewable sources in the European Union. The study was conducted using the Statgraphics Centurion software package. The source data for the study was data from the official Eurostat website for the period from 2012 to 2022. The results of this study show that changes in gross domestic product in market prices per capita have a positive impact, as do changes in greenhouse gas emissions per capita negatively affect the share of energy from renewable sources in the EU in the period 2012-2022. This may most likely be due to the fact that EU countries are more likely to invest in renewable energy as they can afford to invest in the development of expensive renewable energy technologies and support subsidies for the promotion and regulation of renewable energy. The negative impact of per capita greenhouse gas emissions on renewable energy development is due to the high share of coal in the EU energy mix, meaning that coal not only has negative environmental impacts, but also negative environmental impacts. development of renewable energy.