Non-equilibrium Model Research Articles

Chandra X-ray measurement of gas-phase heavy element abundances in the central parsec of the galaxy

ABSTRACT Elemental abundances are key to our understanding of star formation and evolution in the Galactic Centre. Previous work on this topic has been based on infrared (IR) observations, but X-ray observations have the potential of constraining the abundance of heavy elements, mainly through their K-shell emission lines. Using 5.7 Ms Chandra observations, we provide the first abundance measurement of Si, S, Ar, Ca, and Fe, in four prominent diffuse X-ray features located in the central parsec of the Galaxy, which are the manifestation of shock-heated hot gas. A two-temperature non-equilibrium ionization spectral model is employed to derive the abundances of these five elements. In this procedure, a degeneracy is introduced due to uncertainties in the composition of light elements, in particular, H, C, and N. Assuming that the hot gas is H-depleted but C- and N-enriched, as would be expected for a standard scenario in which the hot gas is dominated by Wolf–Rayet star winds, the spectral fit finds a generally subsolar abundance for the heavy elements. If, instead, the light elements had a solar-like abundance, the heavy elements have a fitted abundance of ∼1–2 solar. The α/Fe abundance ratio, on the other hand, is mostly supersolar and insensitive to the exact composition of the light elements. These results are robust against potential biases due to either a moderate spectral signal-to-noise ratio or the presence of non-thermal components. Implications of the measured abundances for the Galactic Centre environment are addressed.

SRG/eROSITA discovery of a radio-faint X-ray candidate supernova remnant SRGe J003602.3+605421 = G121.1−1.9

ABSTRACT We report the discovery of a candidate X-ray supernova remnant SRGe J003602.3+605421 = G121.1−1.9 in the course of the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey. The object is located at (l, b) = (121.1°, −1.9°), is ≈36 arcmin in angular size, and has a nearly circular shape. Clear variations in the spectral shape of the X-ray emission across the object are detected, with the emission from the inner (within 9 arcmin) and outer (9–18 arcmin) parts dominated by iron and oxygen/neon lines, respectively. The non-equilibrium plasma emission model is capable of describing the spectrum of the outer part with an initial gas temperature 0.1 keV, final temperature 0.5 keV, and ionization age ∼2 × 1010 cm−3 s. The observed spectrum of the inner region is more complicated (plausibly due to the contribution of the outer shell) and requires a substantial overabundance of iron for all models that we have tried. The derived X-ray absorption is equal to (4–6) × 1021 cm−2, locating the object at a distance beyond 1.5 kpc, and implying its age ∼(5–30) × 1000 yr. No bright radio, infrared, H α, or gamma-ray counterpart of this object has been found in the publicly available archival data. A model invoking a canonical 1051 erg explosion (either SN Ia or core collapse) in the hot and tenuous medium in the outer region of the Galaxy ∼9 kpc away might explain the bulk of the observed features. This scenario can be tested with future deep X-ray and radio observations.

MMC-LES of spray combustion: Analysis of mixing timescales and flame structure

Large-eddy simulations (LES) of turbulent, pilot-stabilised, dilute acetone spray flames are performed using the sparse-Lagrangian multiple mapping conditioning approach (MMC-LES). The primary objective of this work is to assess the adaptability of the recently proposed dynamically evaluated molecular mixing timescale model for MMC-LES (Sharma et al., 2022, A fully dynamic mixing timescale model for the sparse Lagrangian multiple mapping conditioning approach, Combustion and Flame, 238, 111872), referred to as the dyn-aISO model, to the non-reacting and reacting two-phase flows. This work is the first application to perform a dynamic evaluation of the mixing timescale for turbulent spray combustion using the transported filtered density function (FDF) approach. A non-reacting case and four reacting flames with varying fuel mass loading are investigated, where the flame transitions from a diffusion flame to a premixed flame structure with a decrease in fuel loading. As is conventional for MMC-LES, a sparse resolution of one stochastic particle per six Eulerian finite-volume cells is used in this study, offering a much cheaper computing expense than the conventional transported FDF approach. The liquid evaporation is represented based on a non-equilibrium model at the droplet surface. The reaction chemistry is based on an augmented GRI 3.0 mechanism containing 39 species and 226 reactions to represent the oxidation of acetone. Predictions with the dyn-aISO model are compared with the constant coefficient anisotropic mixing time scale model and the isotropic C-K model. Thorough validation of liquid-phase statistics and gas-phase temperature is performed with available experimental data and popular studies from the literature. Analysis of the flame structure, with different timescale models, for both non-premixed and premixed type flames is also carried out. Quantification of the parameters affecting the timescale, such as model constants of the sub-Lagrangian-grid scale (slgs) mixture fraction variance (Cf) and its scalar dissipation rate (Scsgs−1Cν) is provided in comparison to their conventionally chosen static coefficient values. Predictions with the dyn-aISO model are quite good for the diffusion-type flames, while some discrepancies are noticed while predicting a premixed flame structure for lower liquid loading case having near stoichiometric jet-exit mixture composition.

A unified non-equilibrium phase change model for injection flow modeling

The homogenous relaxation model (HRM) is one of the most widely used models to describe the liquid‑gas phase transition. However, in its original formulation, it is unable to handle multispecies vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE), which limits its applicability to single-component fluids. In this work, a unified non-equilibrium phase change model that considers the VLE of multicomponent mixtures is proposed building upon the HRM's structure. A time factor is introduced to mimic the effect of different phase change timescales due to different mechanisms, e.g., cavitation, flash-boiling, and evaporation. To assess the model's performance, computational fluid dynamics simulations of the internal and near-nozzle injection flow of the Engine Combustion Network's Spray G injector were performed using the nine-component PACE-20 fuel with both the unified model and the original HRM. The predicted fuel density in the near-nozzle region matched well with X-ray tomography measurements. The simulation results indicated that, whereas the HRM failed to capture the vaporization due to convective mixing between the fuel and ambient gas, the unified model performed well in predicting the mixing-driven vaporization and the corresponding evaporative cooling. Further comparisons using the nine-component fuel formula and a single-component fuel surrogate demonstrated the unified model's ability to predict preferential vaporization, which affects the predictions of local mixture composition and rate of vaporization. Finally, it is shown that the unified model is capable of representing multiple phase change mechanisms, and the relaxation time factor plays an important role in determining the degree of phase change due to the different mechanisms.

A comprehensive approach combining gradient porous metal foam and the magnetic field to regulate latent heat storage performance

This study proposes a comprehensive regulation method of gradient porous metal structure combined with the magnetic field to improve the controllability of heat utilization of latent heat thermal energy storage (LHTES) unit. Melting and solidification are considered. The enthalpy porosity method and magnetic force model describe the phase change of phase change material (PCM) and the movement of Fe3O4 nanoparticles under the magnetic field and assume the local thermal non-equilibrium model of metal foam. The numerical model is consistent with the visual experimental results of melting front evolution. The effects of magnetic nanoparticle concentration and gradient porosity on heat transfer and thermal energy change during melting and solidification are numerically studied. The results show that the phase change rate increases with the concentration of nanoparticles. The positive magnetic field further accelerates the phase change and heat energy change. The addition of copper foam considerably shortened the phase change time. The positive magnetic field accelerated the melting and heat energy change rate of PCM in copper foam by 18.2% and 23.1%, but the improvement of solidification was weak. Based on magnetic field promotion, the setting of porosity spacing with different gradients can regulate the phase interface uniformity, total heat energy, and heat energy change rate. Finally, according to different heat utilization scenarios of the LHTES system, this study gives recommended cases to optimize the performance of melting, solidification, and the phase change cycle.

Contact geometric approach to Glauber dynamics near a cusp and its limitation

We study a nonequilibrium mean field Ising model in the low temperature phase regime, where metastable equilibrium states develop a cuspidal (spinodal) singularity. We focus on celebrated Glauber dynamics, and design a contact Hamiltonian flow which captures some of its rough features in this regime. We prove, however, that there is an inevitable discrepancy between the scaling laws for the relaxation time in the Glauber and the contact Hamiltonian dynamical systems.

Analysis of the dehydration performance in a two-phase variable-section gas wave oscillation tube

The two-phase gas wave oscillation tube (TPGWOT) is subjected to several problems in the application of moisture-containing gas dehydration (e.g., less accurate prediction of the results of phase transition in the tube, and strong interference effect of reverse compression waves in the tube). The predicted phase transition results approach the experimental values by coupling the CPA real gas model and the non-equilibrium phase transition model. The performance of the proposed variable-section TPGWOT is investigated using numerical and experimental methods, and the following results are achieved. The variable-section structure is capable of optimizing the wave system in the tube, as manifested by the ability to strengthen the reflected expansion wave and weaken the reverse compression waves. As a result, the maximum condensation rate of condensate droplets is increased by 2 % to 5 %, and the proportion of evaporation capacity of condensate droplets is reduced by 3 % to 7 %. The variable-section structure is capable of enhancing the performance of the GWOTs, as manifested by the ability to improve the gas temperature drop (ΔT) of nearly 20 % and increase the dehydration rate by 2.6 % to 5 %. This study is no longer limited to optimizing the wave system in the tube by changing the ports at both ends of TPGWOTs, and it provides a favorable reference for other wave rotor application research.

Importance of Nonequilibrium Modeling for Compressors

Abstract This paper investigates the importance of nonequilibrium boundary-layer modeling for three compressor blade geometries, using RANS and high-fidelity simulations. We find that capturing nonequilibrium effects in RANS is crucial to capturing the correct boundary-layer loss. This is because the production of turbulence within the nonequilibrium region affects both the loss generation in the nonequilibrium region, but also the final equilibrium state. We show that capturing the correct nonequilibrium behavior is possible by adapting industry standard models (in this case the k–ω SST model). We show that for the range of cases studied here, nonequilibrium effects can modify the trailing-edge momentum thickness by up to 40% and can change the trailing-edge shape factor from 1.8 to 2.1.

Improving the cooling performance of cylindrical lithium-ion battery using three passive methods in a battery thermal management system

Developing a high-performance battery thermal management system (BTMS) to keep the temperature of lithium-ion battery (LIB) in a suitable range has become of great interest for electric vehicle (EV) applications. Hence, this study has been set out to design a BTMS by utilizing various combination of phase change material (PCM), metal foam, and fins that keeps the battery surface temperature at the lowest level in normal and harsh environmental conditions under discharging with 3C current rate. Considering these three passive methods, four different cases of BTMS have been designed separately. Moreover, the effects of various fin shapes including rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal, I-shape, and wavy fins are studied for the optimum BTMS. The two-equation local non-equilibrium thermal model has been used which is more precise than the traditional thermal equilibrium model in simulating heat transfer between the PCM and metal foam. The numerical results demonstrated that the optimum BTMS, which is the combination of PCM, metal foam, and fins (fourth case), can reduce the battery surface temperature by 3 K. Furthermore, the maximum delay of about 470 s in melting of the PCM has been reported for this case. Additionally, the applied fins in the fourth case are acting as a network of heat sources to spread heat in the middle of the system, and utilized metal foam can create a uniform distribution of heat between LIB and ambient. Analyzing the effect of different fin shapes on the performance of optimum BTMS showed that there are no remarkable changes between the battery surface temperature of various fin shapes and it would be hard to find a suitable shape of fins for all environmental conditions.

Influence of thermochemical nonequilibrium on expansion tube air test conditions: A numerical study

Using a Lagrangian solver, thermochemical nonequilibrium simulations are performed for the entire range of practical operating conditions of expansion tubes to isolate the influence of nonequilibrium and identify key features in large-scale facilities. Particular attention is given not only to the influence of the nonequilibrium unsteady expansion but also to the influences of the nonequilibrium region behind the primary shock and non-ideal secondary diaphragm rupture. The nonequilibrium unsteady expansion is found to be the most influential process in the test flow—it can significantly influence the flow properties and cause significant temporal variations in the properties during the test time. The nonequilibrium unsteady expansion is also found to accelerate the secondary shock and contact surface. The non-ideal secondary diaphragm rupture is found to increase the amount of nonequilibrium in the test flow due to the generation of a reflected shock. The nonequilibrium region behind the primary shock may be considered negligible in most conditions. Regarding the creation of thermochemical equilibrium test conditions, important factors for achieving this include having a high acceleration tube fill pressure, large-scale facility, and high total enthalpy. The combined effects of viscosity and nonequilibrium are postulated, and the results are supported by experimental works that report consistent findings. To provide an idea of the sensitivity of the numerical configuration, simulations of fixed-volume reactors at various de-excitation conditions are performed using different nonequilibrium models.

Simulation and validation of the effective power absorbed by a non-equilibrium plasma flow inside the medium-power inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel

A non-equilibrium magneto-hydrodynamic model coupled with a power absorption model was established to calculate the effective power absorbed by the plasma flow inside a 110 kW medium-power inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel. This magneto-hydrodynamic model takes into account the coupling of Navier–Stokes equations, electromagnetic field equations, five species and eight chemical reactions of nitrogen, and a four-temperature model. Moreover, the power absorption model not only considers the power loss from the power supply system but also the coupling efficiency between plasma and the inductive coils. First, the anode loss of an electronic tube and its oscillator circuit efficiency is calculated, respectively, to obtain the total power loss from a radio frequency power supply system. Second, a transformer circuit model of the inductively coupled plasma (ICP) is established to calculate the coupling efficiency between the coil and plasma. Third, the effective power absorbed by the plasma flow and the pathways of the power losses of a medium-power ICP wind tunnel are obtained and discussed. Finally, the flow-field properties of the plasma flow, which are simulated by solving the Navier–Stokes equations coupled with the power absorption model, are obtained and analyzed. Furthermore, the simulated results are compared with corresponding experimental data, and they agree well with each other. It is found that the power loss of the electron tube oscillator accounts for 40%. It is the most dominant part of the total power loss. The effective power absorbed by a plasma flow is about 33.6% for the 110-kW inductively coupled plasma wind tunnel.

Implementation of a non-equilibrium analytical wall model in the local domain-free-discretization method for large eddy simulation

Implementation of a non-equilibrium analytical wall model in the local domain-free-discretization method for large eddy simulation

Cattaneo–Christov heat flux impacts on MHD radiative natural convection of Al2O3-Cu-H2O hybrid nanofluid in wavy porous containers using LTNE

This paper aims to examine impacts of Cattaneo–Christov heat flux on the magnetohydrodynamic convective transport within irregular containers in the presence of the thermal radiation. Both of the magnetic field and flow domain are slant with the inclination angles Ω and γ, respectively. The worked fluid is consisting of water (H2O) and Al2O3-Cu hybrid nanoparticles. The enclosures are filled with a porous medium, and the local thermal nonequilibrium (LTNE) model between the hybrid nanofluids and the porous elements are considered. Influences of various types of the obstacles are examined, namely, horizontal cold elliptic, vertical elliptic and cross section ellipsis. The solution methodology is depending on the finite volume method with nonorthogonal grids. The major outcomes revealed that the location (0.75, 0.5) is better for the rate of the flow and temperature gradients. The higher values of H* causes that the solid phase temperature has a similar behavior of the fluid phase temperature indicating to the thermal equilibrium state. Also, the fluid-phase average Nusselt number is maximizing by increasing Cattaneo–Christov heat flux factor.

Effect of heat transfer on the performance of thermal Brownian heat pump

<p indent="0mm">A finite-time thermodynamic model of the thermal Brownian heat pump is established in this paper. The heat transfer between a reservoir and viscous medium is assumed to obey Newton’s law. The expressions for the heating load and coefficient of performance (COP) are derived. The effects of heat transfer on thermal Brownian heat pump performance are analyzed, and the valid working region of a thermal Brownian heat pump is obtained. The performance characteristics of the Brownian heat pump are compared with those of the macro endoreversible Carnot heat pump. For a fixed total heat-exchanger inventory, the distribution of heat-exchanger inventory is optimized for maximizing the heating load. The results indicate that the new model with thermal resistance delivers less heating load than the nonequilibrium thermodynamic model, and the new performance characteristics are closer to reality. The system performance can be improved by enhancing the heat transfer between the reservoir and the heat pump. An optimal heat-exchanger inventory ratio exists for maximizing the heating load, and the COP is irrelevant to the heat-exchanger inventory. When the total heat-exchanger inventory is infinite, the model becomes a nonequilibrium thermodynamic one. The heating load can be improved by reducing the reservoir temperature difference, and the COP is not affected by the reservoir temperatures.

Hydrodynamic and hydrodispersive behavior of a highly karstified neoproterozoic hydrosystem indicated by tracer tests and modeling approach

Brazilian Neoproterozoic carbonate rocks, dating from about 740–590 million years ago, contain the oldest karst-structured terrains on Earth, resulting in groundwater flow pathways in highly heterogeneous and anisotropic conduit networks. Unlike Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, in Neoproterozoic karst systems, groundwater circulates and stores practically through dissolution features characterized as tertiary porosity, as the rock’s primary porosity is recrystallized, considered negligible. However, studies using hydrodispersive equilibrium and non-equilibrium models to estimate flow and transport parameters to base the hydrodynamic behavior of these areas are not common. This paper proposes this, by a set of techniques involving dye tracer tests and the analysis of breakthrough tracer curves (BTCs) in a highly karstified Neoproterozoic terrain. For this, three karst springsheds, in the east, west, and south areas of the São Miguel river watershed, in Alto São Francisco karst region, Brazil, were choose and studied with dye tracer tests using Rhodamine WT and Uranine during dry and wet seasons, associated with regional/local (hydro)geological-structural, geomorphological, and speleological data. The results identified spatial and seasonal variations of water flow and transport parameters, recharge and discharge zones, and water dynamic and speleogenetic evolutions. BTCs models showed the karst systems are very dynamic with seasonal variations, and heterogeneities (bypass, loops and stagnant zones) control the variation of flow and transport parameters. The hydrodispersive parameters (mean flow velocity, and longitudinal dispersion coefficient) and coefficients of non-equilibrium models (partition, β, and mass transfer, ω) show a direct dependence on hydrogeological and speleogenetic contexts. Furthermore, the comparison with other karst systems around the world showed that Neoproterozoic karst has a more stable hydrodynamic behavior under hydrological conditions.

A novel method for predicting the occurrence of the large-scale shunting in the reverse-polarity plasma torch

The reverse-polarity plasma torch (RPT) is a promising high enthalpy plasma source for material processing, e.g. plasma atomization for spherical powders and plasma synthesis for the nanostructured carbon. The quality and yield of the final product highly depend on the working stability of the RPT, which may be undermined by the large-scale shunting. Large-scale shunting is an abnormal discharge phenomenon existed in the RPT, which leads to the sudden drop of the arc voltage and shrink of the generated plasma jet. Inter-electrodes between the cathode and anode are designed to limit arc fluctuations and thus large-scale shuntings. However, the construction and maintenance of the RPT with inter-electrodes are highly complex. To alleviate the large-scale shunting and retain the advantage of simple structure of the conventional RPT, a novel method for predicting the occurrence of the large-scale shunting is proposed for optimizing the RPT’s internal structure and operation condition. The method is based on the thermal non-equilibrium modelling of the RPT to calculate the thickness of the cold boundary layer (CBL) and breakdown voltage. Then, the occurrence of the large-scale shunting is predicted by comparing the breakdown voltage with the voltage drop between the electrode inner surface and arc column. Three different shapes of the front electrode (cathode) corresponding to different thicknesses of the cold boundary layer (CBL) were manufactured based on the proposed numerical method. Experimental and numerical studies on the effect of the electrode geometry, arc current and gas flow rate on the working stability of the RPT and thickness of the CBL were conducted. Results showed the quantitative correlations between operating parameters and the instability of the RPT and verified that the proposed numerical method is useful for optimizing the design and operation of the plasma torch with minimizing large-scale shunting instabilities.

Adsorption kinetics studies of ciprofloxacin in soils derived from volcanic materials by electrochemical approaches and assessment of socio-economic impact on human health.

The use of antibiotics in the livestock sector has resulted in the entry of these drugs into the soil matrix through the disposal of manure as an organic amendment. To define the fate of these drugs, it is necessary to evaluate kinetic aspects regarding transport in the soil-solution. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the adsorption kinetic parameters of Ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) in Ultisol and Andisol soil which allows obtaining main kinetic parameters (pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models) and to establish the solute transport mechanism by applying kinetic models such as the Elovich equation, Intraparticle diffusion (IPD) and, the Two-site non-equilibrium models (TSNE). The adsorption kinetics of this fluoroquinolone (FQ), on both soils derived from volcanic ashes, is developed using electrochemical techniques for their determination. The experimental amount of CIPRO adsorbed over time (Qt) data best fit with the pseudo-second order kinetic models; R2 = 0.9855, Ɛ = 10.17% and R2 = 0.9959, Ɛ = 10.77% for Ultisol and Andisol, respectively; and where CIPRO adsorption was considered time dependent for both soils but the lower adsorption capacity in Ultisol; with 17.6 ± 2.8 μmol g−1; which could mean a greater risk in environmental. Subsequently, applying models to describe solute transport mechanisms showed differences in the CIPRO adsorption extent for the fast and slow phases. Adsorption isotherms were evaluated, where Ultisol occurs on heterogenous sites as multilayers and Andisol by monolayer with similar Qmax. Finally, the socio-economic impact of antibiotic usage is presented, giving the importance of antibiotics in the livestock sector and their effects on human health.

Constraints on galactic outflows from the metallicity–stellar mass–SFR relation of EAGLE simulation andSDSSgalaxies

ABSTRACTStellar feedback-driven outflows regulate the stellar formation and chemical enrichment of galaxies, yet the underlying dependence of mass outflow rate on galaxy properties remains largely unknown. We develop a simple yet comprehensive non-equilibrium chemical evolution model (NE-CEM) to constrain the mass-loading factor η of outflows using the metallicity-stellar mass–SFR relation observed by Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) at z = 0. Our NE-CEM predicts the chemical enrichment by explicitly tracking both the histories of star formation and mass-loading. After exploring the eagle simulation, we discover a compact yet flexible model that accurately describes the average star formation histories of galaxies. Applying a novel method of chemically measuring η to eagle, we find η can be parametrized by its dependence on stellar mass and specific SFR as $\log \eta \propto M_*^{\alpha }s{\mathrm{SFR}}^{\beta }$, with α = − 0.12 and β = 0.32 in eagle. Our chemically inferred η agrees remarkably well with the kinematic measurements by Mitchell et al. After extensive tests with eagle, we apply an NE-CEM Bayesian analysis to the SDSS data, yielding a tight constraint of $\log (\eta /0.631) = 0.731{\pm }0.002\times (M_*/10^{9.5}\, \mathrm{M}_{\odot })^{-0.222\pm 0.004} (s{\mathrm{SFR}}/10^{-9.5}\, \mathrm{yr}^{-1})^{0.078\pm 0.003}$, in good agreement with the down-the-barrel measurements. Our best-fitting NE-CEM not only accurately describes the metallicity-stellar mass–SFR relation at z = 0, but also successfully reproduce the so-called ‘fundamental metallicity relation’ at higher redshifts. Our results reveal that different galaxies form stars and enrich their gas in a non-equilibrium but strikingly coherent fashion across cosmic time.

Theoretical approaches for understanding the self-organized formation of the Golgi apparatus.

Eukaryotic cells fold their membranes into highly organized structures called membrane-bound organelles. Organelles display characteristic structures and perform specialized functions related to their structures. Focusing on the Golgi apparatus, we provide an overview of recent theoretical studies to explain the mechanism of the architecture of the Golgi apparatus. These studies are classified into two categories: those that use equilibrium models to describe the robust Golgi morphology and those that use non-equilibrium models to explain the stationarity of the Golgi structures and the constant streaming of membrane traffic. A combinational model of both categories was used for computational reconstruction of the de novo Golgi formation process, which might provide an insight into the integrated understanding of the Golgi structure.

Finite driving rate effects in the nonequilibrium athermal random field Ising model of thin systems

Thin disordered ferromagnetic systems driven by varying magnetic field represent a challenge from theoretical, experimental and technological perspective. Understanding their temporal evolution under the mutual influence of finite driving rate with which the external magnetic field changes, geometry of the sample, and the amount of disorder is a complex task. It is studied here within the framework of the nonequilibrium athermal random field Ising model which has a dynamical behavior suitable for this kind of analysis both in statistical physics and physics of magnetism. Our results, obtained by means of numerical simulations performed at a discrete time scale of the model in a wide range of driving rates and domains of disorder, unveil the rate sensitivity exhibited by the response signal and the underlying avalanche distributions, correlation functions of spin-flip events, average avalanche shapes and the values of coercive field. Due to the rate-imposed spreading of multiple avalanches during the same/partially shared intervals of time, the pertaining effective exponents turn out to be rate-dependent as well. Our findings provide new insights on some features of field driven nonequilateral systems that could be applicable for investigations of a variety of thin systems driven at finite driving rates.