Non-enzymatic Electrochemical Detection Of Glucose Research Articles

Study on the performance of MoS2/Au composites for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

Abstract Glucose concentration is considered an indicator for the diagnosis of diabetes, highlighting the importance of accurate glucose detection. Non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors have been extensively studied for glucose detection applications, with nanocomposites composed of molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) and gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) demonstrating high catalytic activity. In this study, a nanocomposite material composed of MoS2 and Au NPs (MoS2/Au) was synthesized and employed to construct a non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensor. The detection limit of this sensor was explored, reaching as low as 1 mM. Additionally, compared to MoS2, the MoS2/Au nanocomposite exhibited a higher linear correlation coefficient and sensitivity, with a linear range of 1-25 mM and a sensitivity of 417.556 μA mM-1 cm-2. The sensor demonstrated excellent performance within the range of human blood glucose concentrations, showing potential for real-time monitoring and precise measurement of glucose levels. Furthermore, it exhibited good stability and reproducibility. These findings indicate the potential applications of MoS2/Au in biosensors and immunoassays.

Fabrication of a novel MOF template-derived ZnCo2O4 composite for the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Glucose detection is one of the frequently occurring research due to increased cases of diabetes and the need for continuous monitoring of glucose. MOF template-derived nanocomposites have shown their potential in the field of sensors to address the shortcomings due to selectivity and sensitivity of the present-day sensors. A novel MOF template-derived ZnCo2O4 Composite (ZnCo2O4@MOF) sensing was designed and prepared in this study, and it was employed as an electrochemical sensor for the non-enzymatic detection of glucose with good selectivity and stability. The electrochemical characteristics of the present sensor were evaluated using a cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), and amperometry i-t. The template-mediated process and the synergism between the metallic components in the electrocatalyst have provided high electroactive surface area, electrolyte diffusion, and excellent stability that promote electron transfer and enhance the response current. With a wide linear range (0.1 − 100 μM), and 24.8 nM of low detection limit (S/N = 3). The constructed non-enzymatic biosensor exhibited long-term stability and remarkable reproducibility. Furthermore, the ZnCo2O4@MOF composite-modified electrode showed an excellent anti-interference ability against the common molecules that interfere during the detection of glucose.

Nanoporous CuZn supported CuO nanoparticle electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

Nanoporous CuZn supported CuO nanoparticle electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

Two-Dimensional Copper/Nickel Metal-Organic Framework Nanosheets for Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection.

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have broad potential applications in electrochemical glucose detection. Herein, a green ultrasonic synthesis process is presented for preparing two-dimensional (2D) copper-nickel metal-organic framework nanosheets (CuNi-MOFNs) for glucose detection. The synthesized CuNi-MOFNs were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectrometer (XPS). The CuNi-MOFN nanocomposites were used to cover the glassy carbon electrode (GCE) and the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode was studied in alkaline media. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometric i-t curves indicated that the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode revealed great electrochemical performances towards glucose oxidation. Due to the ease of access to active metal sites in large specific surface of nanosheets, the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode can effectively improve the electronic transfer rate and enhance electrocatalytic activity of the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode. The CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode showed electrochemical performances for glucose detection with a linear range from 0.01 mM to 4 mM, sensitivity of 702 μAmM-1cm-2, and detection limit of 3.33 μΜ (S/N = 3). The CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode exhibited excellent anti-interference ability and high selectivity in glucose measurements. Hence, the CuNi-MOFNs-modified electrode has good, promising prospects in non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection.

Non-enzymatic glucose detection using free-standing gold nanoparticle loaded carrageenan hydrogel electrodes

The current manuscript reports the development of free-standing nanomaterial-modified hydrogels that can be explored for sensing applications. Most of the nanomaterial-hydrogel systems developed till now rely on the modification of an electrode as the supporting substrate on which the electrochemical reactions can take place. These substrates can be pencil electrodes and or screen-printed electrodes. This widely limits the use of hydrogels which can be used as scaffolds and can be explored for the fabrication of free-standing electrodes. Since the functionality of only hydrogel is quite limited the current manuscript reports the loading of gold nanoparticles inside the hydrogel matrix which makes it functionally active. The successful synthesis of the modified hydrogel was confirmed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and elemental analysis. The rheological data confirmed the positive effect of gold loading on the hydrogel storage modulus. As a proof of concept, the work reports the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose using gold nanoparticle loaded carrageenan hydrogel. The sensor showed a linear response towards varying glucose concentrations (0 to 2.5 mM). The hydrogel systems can be incorporated into wearables and implantable sensors and can be extended for the detection of other biomarkers in bodily fluids.

Morphology-tuned green synthesis of ZIF-67 for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Co-based zeolitic imidazolate framework material (ZIF-67) has both the comprehensive stability of inorganic zeolites and the general advantages of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), and has devolved as a widely concerned material for electrochemical sensing. ZIF-67 materials with rhombic dodecahedron are synthesized in organic solvent, but morphology-tuned synthesis of ZIF-67 materials can be performed in environment-friendly solvents, usually water. In this work, all ZIF-67 materials were synthesized by three green synthetic methods taking water as a solvent without pollutants. The morphology of ZIF-67 was precisely tuned by changing experimental conditions. ZIF-67 materials were characterized by physicochemical methods and electrochemical techniques, and ZIF-67 materials with different morphologies exhibited different electrocatalytic activities toward the oxidation of glucose. To our amazement, ZIF-67 with an ordered flower-like structures (ZIF-67(W3–25)) has the best performances for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose, and will be likely to an ideal modifier for a new generation of enzyme-free glucose sensors.

RGO decorated N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres onto activated carbon cloth for high-performance non-enzymatic electrochemical glucose detection

This paper reports the first effective fabrication of a high-performance non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on activated carbon cloth (ACC) coated with reduced graphene oxide (RGO) decorated N-doped urchin-like nickel cobaltite (NiCo2O4) hollow microspheres. Hierarchically mesoporous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres were synthesized using a facile solvothermal method, followed by thermal treatment in a nitrogen (N2) atmosphere. Subsequently, they were hydrothermally decorated with RGO nanoflakes. The resulting composite was dip-coated onto ACC, and its electrochemical and glucose sensing performances were investigated using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and chronoamperometric measurements in a three-electrode system. The composite electrode sensor demonstrates admirable sensitivity (6122 μM mM−1 cm−2) with an ultralow detection limit (5 nM, S/N = 3), and it performs well within a substantial linear range (0.5–1.450 mM). Additionally, it exhibits good long-term response stability and outstanding anti-interference performance. These outstanding results can be attributed to the synergistic effects of the highly electrically conductive ACC with multiple channels, the enhanced catalytic activity of highly porous N-doped NiCo2O4 hollow microspheres, and the large electroactive sites provided by its well-developed hierarchical nanostructure and RGO nanoflakes. The findings highlight the enormous potential of the ACC/N-doped NiCo2O4@RGO electrode for non-enzymatic glucose sensing.

A facile synthesis of CuZrO2 nanoparticle functionalized chitosan for capable and stable non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose and H2O2

Mixed transition metal oxides and organic polymers are receiving a lot of interest because of their positive characteristics, such as high permeability, large specific surface area, and ion dispersion paths.

(Digital Presentation) Paper-Based Sensor for Monitoring Urea Oxidation Using Hierarchical Nickel Cobalt Oxide

Urea has attracted attention because of its various potential applications such as hydrogen production, fuel cells, fertilizers, and electrochemical sensors. [1] Their long-term usages can lead to soil acidification and eutrophication, disturbing the ecosystem.[2] As an end-product of human metabolism, urea is a crucial biomarker that can access various human disorders such as kidney and renal function. Thus, the rapid sensing of the urea level in urine can play an important role in diagnostic areas, especially point-of-care testing devices. Most electrochemical biosensors rely on the enzymatic method. However, the utilization of the enzyme for the sensors appears to be limited due to complex processes of enzyme immobilization, high cost, short shelf life from the denaturation of the enzyme. [3] To overcome the limitations from using enzyme, non-enzymatic catalyst, especially nickel oxide, has been attracted with the advantage of good stability re-usability, high sensitivity, simplicity, low cost, and an excellent catalytic activity on detection of urea by the formation of the redox couple of Ni(II) and Ni(III).[4]Despite many efforts to achieve a higher catalytic effect with bimetallic oxides with Co[5], Mo[6], and Mn[7], the improvement of electrochemical response of oxidation of urea is still challenging due to the low exposure of active sites. Therefore, the formation of hollow structured hierarchical catalysts can be considered to improve the sensitivity of urea detection besides exploration of highly performing compositions. Such a hierarchical structure will provide structural stability and facile transport channels for electrolytes by exploiting its inner and outer surface as active sites. For a flexible and disposable sensor platform, the paper has merit due to a porous cellulose matrix. The paper naturally allows a liquid sample to infiltrate the paper matrix by capillary force. Furthermore, the capillary force-driven transport can be utilized in the catalyst loading process to distribute the catalyst and conductive network uniformly within the paper, which made the fabrication process simpler and enhanced performance.In this study, the combination of the hierarchical structure of nickel oxide and the paper matrix has demonstrated an increase in the sensitivity toward electrochemical sensing of urea. A filter paper and CNTs were used for the porous matrix and the conductive network, respectively. The hierarchical nickel cobalt oxide was synthesized with a one-pot hydrothermal method with the variation of Ni:Co atomic ratio, and then applied to the paper substrate. The structure and morphology of paper-based electrodes were characterized by XRD, SEM, and EDS, and the electrochemical response was measured by a potentiostat. A detailed description of the fabrication of paper-based sensors and the effect of hierarchical structure and bimetallic composition will be presented.[1] B. K. Boggs, R. L. King, and G. G. Botte, “Urea electrolysis: direct hydrogen production from urine,” Chem. Commun., no. 32, pp. 4859–4861, Aug. 2009, doi: 10.1039/B905974A.[2] L. Liu, H. Mo, S. Wei, and D. Raftery, “Quantitative analysis of urea in human urine and serum by 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance,” Analyst, vol. 137, no. 3, pp. 595–600, 2012, doi: 10.1039/C2AN15780B.[3] K. Kim et al., “Fabrication of a Urea Biosensor for Real-Time Dynamic Fluid Measurement,” Sensors, vol. 18, no. 8, Art. no. 8, Aug. 2018, doi: 10.3390/s18082607.[4] Nie, Huagui, et al. "Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose using well-distributed nickel nanoparticles on straight multi-walled carbon nanotubes." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 30.1 (2011): 28-34.[5] Ding, Rui, et al. "Facile synthesis of mesoporous spinel NiCo2O4 nanostructures as highly efficient electrocatalysts for urea electro-oxidation." Nanoscale 6.3 (2014): 1369-1376.[6] Liang, Yanhui, et al. "Enhanced electrooxidation of urea using NiMoO4· xH2O nanosheet arrays on Ni foam as anode." Electrochimica Acta 153 (2015): 456-460.[7] Periyasamy, Sivakumar, et al. "Exceptionally active and stable spinel nickel manganese oxide electrocatalysts for urea oxidation reaction." ACS applied materials & interfaces 8.19 (2016): 12176-12185.

Nickel phthalocyanine-borophene nanocomposite-based electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Nickel phthalocyanine-borophene nanocomposite-based electrodes for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Copper Cobalt Sulfide Structures Derived from MOF Precursors with Enhanced Electrochemical Glucose Sensing Properties.

Nonenzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose is popular because of its low price, simple operation, high sensitivity, and good reproducibility. Co-Cu MOFs precursors were synthesized via the solvothermal way at first, and a series of porous spindle-like Cu-Co sulfide microparticles were obtained by secondary solvothermal sulfurization, which maintained the morphology of the MOFs precursors. Electrochemical studies exhibit that the as-synthesized Cu-Co sulfides own excellent nonenzymatic glucose detection performances. Compared with CuS, Co (II) ion-doped CuS can improve the conductivity and electrocatalytic activity of the materials. At a potential of 0.55 V, the as-prepared Co-CuS-2 modified electrode exhibits distinguished performance for glucose detection with wide linear ranges of 0.001–3.66 mM and high sensitivity of 1475.97 µA·mM−1·cm−2, which was much higher than that of CuS- and Co-CuS-1-modified electrodes. The constructed sulfide sensors derived from MOF precursors exhibit a low detection limit and excellent anti-interference ability for glucose detection.

Fabrication of cerium oxide and β-Ni(OH)2 nano hexagonal architectures assembled on reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Fabrication of cerium oxide and β-Ni(OH)2 nano hexagonal architectures assembled on reduced graphene oxide for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose in Neutral Solution Using PBS-Treated Electrodeposited Copper-Nickel Electrodes.

Transition metals have been explored extensively for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. However, to enable glucose oxidation, the majority of reports require highly alkaline electrolytes which can be damaging to the sensors and hazardous to handle. In this work, we developed a non-enzymatic sensor for detection of glucose in near-neutral solution based on copper-nickel electrodes which are electrochemically modified in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Nickel and copper were deposited using chronopotentiometry, followed by a two-step annealing process in air (Step 1: at room temperature and Step 2: at 150 °C) and electrochemical stabilization in PBS. Morphology and chemical composition of the electrodes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry was used to measure oxidation reaction of glucose in sodium sulfate (100 mM, pH 6.4). The PBS-Cu-Ni working electrodes enabled detection of glucose with a limit of detection (LOD) of 4.2 nM, a dynamic response from 5 nM to 20 mM, and sensitivity of 5.47 0.45 at an applied potential of 0.2 V. In addition to the ultralow LOD, the sensors are selective toward glucose in the presence of physiologically relevant concentrations of ascorbic acid and uric acid spiked in artificial saliva. The optimized PBS-Cu-Ni electrodes demonstrate better stability after seven days storage in ambient compared to the Cu-Ni electrodes without PBS treatment.

Development of Ag–Ni NPs loaded on MWCNTs for highly sensitive, selective and reproducible non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Development of Ag–Ni NPs loaded on MWCNTs for highly sensitive, selective and reproducible non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose

Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose using Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide through a one-step synthesis strategy.

In this work, Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (Ni-Cu ANPs/RGO) was successfully fabricated through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method, where simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide, nickel salt and copper salt was performed, and relevant characterization studies were executed. This synthetic method does not require surfactants and high temperature treatment, and is recommended as a green, convenient and effective way to produce composites. The unique two-dimensional architecture of the RGO provides a large specific surface area, contributing to loading more Ni-Cu ANPs, while the uniformly distributed Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles enhance the electrocatalytic performance of glucose oxidation. The non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on Ni-Cu ANPs/RGO showed a wide linear range (from 0.01 μM to 30 μM), low detection limit (0.005 μM), and excellent sensitivity (1754.72 μA mM-1 cm-2). More importantly, the high reliability and the excellent selectivity in actual sample detection will broaden its practical application in electrochemical sensing.

Synthesis of non-enzymatic biosensor based on selenium dioxide nanoparticles in order to detection of glucose under electrochemical method

In this project, a novel electrochemical biosensor was produced for the glucose recognition. Selenium dioxide Nanoparticle (SeNPs) synthesized a two-step process with a hydrothermal method. The SeNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, the size distributions of nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), that more than 90 percent in the size range of 58–100 nm. The electrochemical performance of the SeNPs electrode for detection of glucose was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). SeNPs show high electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation in alkaline medium and are used for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The biosensor also had a linear response to glucose in the range of 0.5-2.5 mM and a low detection limit of 1.3 μM glucose (S/N=3). Therefore, the sensor shows great promise for simple, sensitive, and quantitative detection and screening of glucose and real sample (glucose in the human serum). This novel structured electrode holds great promise for the development of biosensors and other electrochemical devices.

The non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose and ammonia using ternary biopolymer based-nanocomposites

Novel biopolymer-based nanocomposites exhibit significant electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and aqueous ammonia detection with high sensitivity and low detection limits.

Silver cluster (Ag6) decorated coronene as non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and H2O2

Silver-graphene quantum dots are promising electrochemical sensors due to their unique electronic properties. Herein, we report the comprehensive DFT study to explore the electronic properties of silver cluster (Ag6) decorated coronene as model for silver graphene quantum dots. The current study aims to investigate the sensing ability of silver-coronene complex for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose & H2O2. The stability of the complexes of analytes with silver decorated coronene is supported by their greater interaction energies (−36.7 to −44.9 kcal mol−1). NBO charge analysis and charge decomposition analysis (CDA) reveal donor-acceptor charge transfer interactions in the complexes. Frontier molecular orbital analysis illustrates that charge is transferred from analytes to silver decorated coronene during excitation from HOMO to LUMO. The Uv–visible results show that λmax is red shifted during interactions of analytes with silver decorated coronene. The NCI analysis illustrates the strong non-covalent (M … O) and unusual M … H–O interactions in the complexes. The precedent sensing performance of Ag6-coronene might be attributed to the synergistic effect of both silver clusters and coronene in the composite. The evaluated results validate the excellent sensing ability of silver-graphene quantum dots for the detection of glucose & H2O2. The outcome of the current study and its prospects will open the avenue for the rational development of smart sensors.

MOF Ni-BTC Derived Ni/C/Graphene Composite for Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

In comparison with enzymatic detection, non-enzymatic detection of glucose has lower cost, better stability, and simpler immobilization operation, but it still lacks sensitivity. Rational design and controllable synthesis of materials with unique morphology are important for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) is utilized as structure-directing agent for the hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-BTC, followed by pyrolysis to obtain graphene decorated with Ni nanoparticles and carbon (Ni/C/G). GO confines the growth of Ni nanoparticles and GO-derived graphene improves the dispersion of Ni nanoparticles. Ni/C/G demonstrates higher sensitivity for non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical detection. In contrast, pyrolysis of Ni-BTC without GO produces micro-size rod-like Ni/C with poor performance towards glucose detection. Thus, the introduction of GO as the stabilizer in the hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-BTC is an effective approach to synthesize electrocatalysts containing metal nanoparticles. Furthermore, this strategy can be utilized to synthesize other low-cost nanomaterials for non-enzyme glucose detection.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose with and without the presence of insulin using rGO/ZnO

In the present work, the combination of the electrophoretic deposition of ZnO nanostructures with size not exceeding 50 nm, and the reduced graphene oxide (rGO) on gold electrodes was performed to study the non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The effect of insulin insertion on glucose detection and regulation was studied and the electrochemical responses were compared with and without this molecule. The results showed that the GO/insulin/ZnO electrode is much more sensitive for the glucose detection, in addition to its ability to drop the insulin protein hormone under a negative voltage. That bears interest as dual function sensor for detection and regulation of glucose.