Non-enzymatic Glucose Detection Research Articles

2D metal azolate framework as nanozyme for amperometric detection of glucose at physiological pH and alkaline medium.

Thesynthesis of Co-based two-dimensional (2D) metal azolate framework nanosheets (MAF-5-CoII NS) is described usinga simple hydrothermal method. The product was isostructural to MAF-5 (Zn). The as-prepared MAF-5-CoII NS exhibited high surface area (1155m2/g), purity, and crystallinity. The MAF-5-CoII NS-modified screen-printed electrode (MAF-5-CoII NS/SPE) was used for nonenzymatic detection of glucose in diluted human blood plasma (BP) samples with phosphate buffer saline (PBS, pH7.4) and NaOH (0.1M, pH13.0) solutions. The MAF-5-CoII NS nanozyme displayed good redox activity in both neutral and alkaline media with the formation of CoII/CoIII redox pair, which induced the catalytic oxidation of glucose. Under the optimized detection potential, the sensor presented a chronoamperometric current response for the oxidation of glucose with two wide concentration ranges in PBS-diluted (62.80 to 180μM and 305 to 8055μM) and NaOH-diluted (58.90 to 117.6μM and 180 to 10,055μM) BP samples, which were within the limit of blood glucose levels of diabetic patients before (4.4-7.2mM) and after (10mM) meals (recommended by the American Diabetes Association). The sensor has a limit of detection of ca. 0.25 and 0.05μM, respectively, and maximum sensitivity of ca. 36.55 and 1361.65mA/cm2/mM, respectively, in PBS- and NaOH-diluted BP samples. The sensor also displayed excellent stability in the neutral and alkaline media due to the existence of hydrophobic linkers (2-ethyl imidazole) in the MAF-5-CoII NS, good repeatability and reproducibility, and interference-free signals. Thus, MAF-5-CoII NS is a promising nanozyme for the development of the disposable type of sensor for glucose detection in human body fluids. Graphical abstract.

Non-enzymatic glucose detection based on cuprous oxide thin film synthesized via electrochemical deposition

In this study, a non-enzymatic glucose sensor is proposed which offers a simple approach for glucose detection with a considerable sensitivity and cost-effectivity. In this regard, an electrodeposited Cu2O/ITO electrode as electrochemical sensor and its analytical performances evaluation for glucose detection in alkaline medium are performed. The as-prepared Cu2O/ITO sample has been characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy in order to investigate its structure and morphology. The developed electrochemical sensor enables the detection of glucose with a sensitivity of 2322.5 µA mM−1 cm−2, over a linear range from 0.04 to 0.4 mM (R2 = 0.9989) and low detection limit of 4 μM. In addition, a good anti-interfering ability and a high stability were obtained.

Synthesis and characterization of metal-organic framework (MOF) CoBTC as a non-enzymatic electrochemical biosensor for glucose

Diabetes mellitus is one of the highest causes of death globally, caused by high glucose levels in the blood. Thus, monitoring glucose levels in the blood becomes very important. Non-enzymatic glucose detection is currently an emerging research area, one of which uses Metal-Organic Material (MOF), which has advantages such as having a large surface area and having many micropores. The purpose of this study was to synthesize MOF CoBTC and see its performance as a glucose sensor. The synthesis method used is the solvothermal method, while the sensor performance testing method uses an electrochemical method. The solvothermal method of the CoBTC was carried out at a temperature of 100°C, and the duration of synthesis of 10 hours. The structural characterization of the synthesized samples by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy, Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) Surface Area Analyzer showed that we successfully synthesized CoBTC. Furthermore, the electrochemical characterization via cyclic voltammetry (CV) and amperometry results showed the sensor's optimal working potential at 0.4 V, the sensitivity of 53.455 μA mM-1 cm-2 and the limit of detection (LOD) at 5.49 μM.

AgCoO2/MWCNTs with three-dimensional accessible surface as novel electrocatalyst for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

AgCoO2/MWCNTs with three-dimensional accessible surface as novel electrocatalyst for highly sensitive nonenzymatic detection of glucose

Au (111)-like electrode in highly ordered SiO2-cavity: a novel nonenzymatic amperometric detection of glucose

Au (111)-like electrode in highly ordered SiO2-cavity: a novel nonenzymatic amperometric detection of glucose

Nonenzymatic glucose detection using Au nanodots decorated Cu2O nanooctahedrons

Au nanodots decorated Cu2O nanooctahedrons were fabricated by a facile liquid-phase process combined with a galvanic replacement reaction for nonenzyme glucose detection. A simple rapid test strip based on the nanooctahedrons was proposed to evaluate the possibility of commercial application in nonenzymatic glucose detection. This test strip shows excellent response toward glucose. Linear response was obtained over a concentration ranging from 0.05 mM to 15 mM, and the detection accuracy is 0.05 mM. The good detection performance in selectivity, stability, and feasibility proving the great potential application in human blood glucose monitoring. This study demonstrated the possibility of a high-performance nonenzyme glucose test strip based on metal-oxide nanostructures decorated by catalysts.

Non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose using Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles loaded on reduced graphene oxide through a one-step synthesis strategy.

In this work, Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles supported on reduced graphene oxide (Ni-Cu ANPs/RGO) was successfully fabricated through a one-step hydrothermal synthesis method, where simultaneous reduction of graphene oxide, nickel salt and copper salt was performed, and relevant characterization studies were executed. This synthetic method does not require surfactants and high temperature treatment, and is recommended as a green, convenient and effective way to produce composites. The unique two-dimensional architecture of the RGO provides a large specific surface area, contributing to loading more Ni-Cu ANPs, while the uniformly distributed Ni-Cu bimetallic alloy nanoparticles enhance the electrocatalytic performance of glucose oxidation. The non-enzymatic glucose biosensor based on Ni-Cu ANPs/RGO showed a wide linear range (from 0.01 μM to 30 μM), low detection limit (0.005 μM), and excellent sensitivity (1754.72 μA mM-1 cm-2). More importantly, the high reliability and the excellent selectivity in actual sample detection will broaden its practical application in electrochemical sensing.

A comparative electrochemical study of non-enzymatic glucose, ascorbic acid, and albumin detection by using a ternary mesoporous metal oxide (ZrO2, SiO2 and In2O3) modified graphene composite based biosensor.

In this study, we present an electrochemical investigation of a ternary mesoporous metal oxide (ZrO2, SiO2 and In2O3) modified graphene composite for non-enzymatic glucose, ascorbic acid, and albumin detection in urine at physiological pH. Synergetic property of ZrO2–Ag–G–SiO2 and In2O3–G–SiO2 were investigated via cyclic voltammetry (CV) using FTO glass and copper-foil electrodes with no prerequisite of solid antacid expansion. The mesoporous ZrO2–Ag–G–SiO2 and In2O3–G–SiO2 composites were synthesized and characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman spectroscopy, XPS, DRS, BET, and photocurrent measurements. Upon increasing the glucose concentration from 0 to 3 mM, CV results indicated two anodic peaks at +0.18 V and +0.42 V versus Ag/AgCl, corresponding to Zr3+ and Zr4+, respectively, considering the presence of glucose in urine. Moreover, the effects of high surface area In2O3–G–SiO2 were observed upon the examination of ZrO2–Ag–G–SiO2. In2O3–G–SiO2 demonstrated a decent electrochemical pattern in glucose, ascorbic acid, and albumin sensing. Nevertheless, insignificant synergistic effects were observed in In2O3-G, ZrO2-G, and ZrO2–G–SiO2. In2O3–G–SiO2 performed well under a wide range of electrolytes and urine, and showed no activity toward uric acid, suggesting potential for biodetection in urine.

Nanosized CuO encapsulated Ni/Co bimetal Prussian blue with high anti-interference and stability for electrochemical non-enzymatic glucose detection.

Non-enzymatic glucose sensors based on metal oxides are receiving remarkable attention owing to their outstanding characteristics of being easy-to use, low cost, and reusability. However, the disadvantage of weak anti-interference associated with poor selectivity significantly restricts their applicability. Herein, we report a two-step in situ fabrication of nanosized CuO encapsulated Ni/Co bimetal Prussian blue (PB) with a typical core-shell structure, which can be efficiently used for non-enzymatic glucose detection, ascribing to the permeability and abundant active sites of out-shelled crystalline porous Ni/Co PB and the high catalytic activity and conductivity of embedded CuO nanoparticles, afforded by their mutual synergistic interactions. The glassy carbon electrode modified with the hybrid of the CuO-encapsulated Ni/Co PB (simplified as the Ni/Co-PB/CuO/GCE electrode) exhibited a high glucose sensitivity of 600 μA mM-1 cm-2 with a low detection limit of 0.69 μM (S/N = 3), a fast response time (less than 3 s), and excellent long-term stability. In addition, the CuO-encapsulated Ni/Co PB showed favorable anti-interference ability in the presence of ascorbic acid (AA), L-lysine (Lys), dopamine (DA), cysteine (Cys), dopamine (DA), and KCl interferences. The reusability and long-term stability, as well as the practicability of the Ni/Co-PB/CuO/GCE sensing electrode verified by testing real serum samples were also investigated, and the experimental results demonstrated the applicability of the core-shell NiCo-PB/CuO based flexible electrochemical sensor for non-enzymatic glucose sensing in practical applications.

Synthesis of non-enzymatic biosensor based on selenium dioxide nanoparticles in order to detection of glucose under electrochemical method

In this project, a novel electrochemical biosensor was produced for the glucose recognition. Selenium dioxide Nanoparticle (SeNPs) synthesized a two-step process with a hydrothermal method. The SeNPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Also, the size distributions of nanoparticles were determined by dynamic light scattering (DLS), that more than 90 percent in the size range of 58–100 nm. The electrochemical performance of the SeNPs electrode for detection of glucose was investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV). SeNPs show high electrocatalytic activity toward glucose oxidation in alkaline medium and are used for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose. The biosensor also had a linear response to glucose in the range of 0.5-2.5 mM and a low detection limit of 1.3 μM glucose (S/N=3). Therefore, the sensor shows great promise for simple, sensitive, and quantitative detection and screening of glucose and real sample (glucose in the human serum). This novel structured electrode holds great promise for the development of biosensors and other electrochemical devices.

The non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose and ammonia using ternary biopolymer based-nanocomposites

Novel biopolymer-based nanocomposites exhibit significant electrocatalytic activity towards glucose and aqueous ammonia detection with high sensitivity and low detection limits.

Efficient improvement in non-enzymatic glucose detection induced by the hollow prism-like NiCo2S4 electrocatalyst.

Hollow prism-like NiCo2S4 materials (NiCo2S4 HNPs) were successfully fabricated by a two-step method. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the morphology and structure of the as-prepared NiCo2S4 nanoprisms. A non-enzymatic sensor based on NiCo2S4 HNPs was constructed with outstanding electrochemical activity towards glucose oxidation in alkaline medium. The sensor showed a rapid response time (∼0.1 s), a high sensitivity of 82.9 μA mM-1 cm-2, a wide linear range (0.005-20.2 mM) and a detection limit of 0.8 μM (S/N = 3) with a good selectivity and reproducibility. Additionally, the proposed electrode also confirmed the feasibility in practical blood serum. These results indicate that NiCo2S4/ITO has great potential in the development of non-enzymatic glucose sensor applications.

Cu2O ordered nanoarrays for non-enzymatic glucose detection

ABSTRACT Non-enzymatic glucose sensors have been proposed and widely investigated due to their better stability and higher durability against external environmental conditions compared with enzymatic sensors. In this work, the Cu2O long-range ordered nanoarrays with periodic bamboo-like nanostructure were in situ assembled by 2D electrochemistry method for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Combined with ion sputtering, we developed a portable non-enzymatic glucose sensor based on Cu2O ordered nanoarrays. The sensor exhibits excellent sensitivity and specificity toward glucose and a linear relationship with glucose concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 15 mM. In short, the Cu2O ordered nanoarrays developed with special periodic and long-range order nanostructure are expected to be used for the application of non-enzymatic glucose sensors.

Cu-nanoparticle-decorated sulfur-based polymers for highly sensitive nonenzymatic glucose detection

The synthesis of a Cu@S-co-BIM composite was achieved and the nonenzymatic sensing of glucose was carried out using a Cu@S-co-BIM-modified electrode.

Nitrogen-doped carbon dodecahedron embedded with cobalt nanoparticles for the direct electro-oxidation of glucose and efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensing

Developing high-performance sensors for glucose detection is extremely desirable for clinical diagnostics and life sciences. Particularly, it is greatly attractive to exploit composite materials with large surface area, doped heterojunction and non-precious metal as highly active electro-catalysts for nonenzymatic glucose sensing. Herein, we reported a N-doped carbon dodecahedron embedded with Co nanoparticles (Co@NCD) for the direct electro-oxidation of glucose and efficient nonenzymatic glucose detection. Co@NCD was synthesized by the pyrolysis of zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF). Field emission scanning electron microscope, high-resolution transmission electron microscope, powder X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption-desorption experiments were performed to investigate Co@NCD. A well-defined dodecahedron morphology with uniform size and shape was observed. Besides, the original framework was carbonized after pyrolysis leading to a hollow and porous graphite dodecahedron containing N-doped carbon heterojunction. Moreover, Co nanoparticles were evenly distributed into the dodecahedron. With porous structure, N-doped carbon and embedded Co nanoparticles, Co@NCD displayed a notable electro-catalysis towards the direct oxidation of glucose (onset potential: 0.20 V). By using Co@NCD as electro-catalyst, an efficient nonenzymatic glucose sensor was obtained with a rapid amperometric response (within 1 s), low detection limit (0.11 μM) and broad detection range (0.2 μM–12.0 mM). In addition, remarkable selectivity, repeatability, reproducibility and long-term stability were also observed. Finally, Co@NCD prepared sensor was also successfully applied to the detection of glucose in human serum. Our results suggested that ZIF templated method could be an innovative solution for active composite catalysts in biomolecular electro-catalysis and Co@NCD prepared sensor could be a substantial preferable sensing platform for the nonenzymatic glucose detection.

Synthesis of NiCo2O4 Nanostructures and Their Electrochemial Properties for Glucose Detection.

In this work, we prepared spinel-type NiCo2O4 (NCO) nanopowders as a low-cost and sensitive electrochemical sensor for nonenzymatic glucose detection. A facile and simple chemical bath method to synthesize the NCO nanopowders is demonstrated. The effect of pH and annealing temperature on the formation mechanism of NCO nanoparticles was systematically investigated. Our studies show that different pHs of the precursor solution during synthesis result in different intermediate phases and relating chemical reactions for the formation of NCO nanoparticles. Different morphologies of the NCO depending on pHs are also discussed based on the mechanism of growth. Electrochemical performance of the prepared NCO was characterized towards glucose, which reveals that sensitivity and selectivity of the NCO are significantly related with the final microstructure combined with constituent species with multiple oxidation states in the spinel structure.

Silver cluster (Ag6) decorated coronene as non-enzymatic sensor for glucose and H2O2

Silver-graphene quantum dots are promising electrochemical sensors due to their unique electronic properties. Herein, we report the comprehensive DFT study to explore the electronic properties of silver cluster (Ag6) decorated coronene as model for silver graphene quantum dots. The current study aims to investigate the sensing ability of silver-coronene complex for non-enzymatic electrochemical detection of glucose & H2O2. The stability of the complexes of analytes with silver decorated coronene is supported by their greater interaction energies (−36.7 to −44.9 kcal mol−1). NBO charge analysis and charge decomposition analysis (CDA) reveal donor-acceptor charge transfer interactions in the complexes. Frontier molecular orbital analysis illustrates that charge is transferred from analytes to silver decorated coronene during excitation from HOMO to LUMO. The Uv–visible results show that λmax is red shifted during interactions of analytes with silver decorated coronene. The NCI analysis illustrates the strong non-covalent (M … O) and unusual M … H–O interactions in the complexes. The precedent sensing performance of Ag6-coronene might be attributed to the synergistic effect of both silver clusters and coronene in the composite. The evaluated results validate the excellent sensing ability of silver-graphene quantum dots for the detection of glucose & H2O2. The outcome of the current study and its prospects will open the avenue for the rational development of smart sensors.

Gold nanorods modified Eu: Y2O3 dispersed PVA film as a highly sensitive plasmon-enhanced luminescence probe for excellent and fast non-enzymatic detection of H2O2 and glucose

This article addresses a high sensitivity, non-invasive, and use-throw in nature type biocompatible Eu: Y2O3 dispersed PVA film with gold nanorod (AEYCP film) fluorescent sensing probe for non-enzymatic detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glucose (C6H12O6). The fluorescence spectra of the as-synthesized AEYCP fluorescent film consist of some sharp emission (most intense peak at ∼611 nm, owing to the 5D0-7F2 transition) which corresponds to electrical and magnetic dipole transitions. In the presence of H2O2 and glucose, the fluorescence intensity of the AEYCP film gets quenched due to the reduction of electron-hole pair, at the Eu center. The AEYCP film shows excellent fluorescence quenching in the presence of H2O2 at ∼500 nM (with a low detection limit of 1.80 × 10−9 M) and glucose (with a low detection limit 1.60 × 10-6 M).Herein, we envision that our result provides an insight for the synthesis of rare earth metal-doped oxide flexible,non-enzyme mimicking fluorescent probe for different biomedical applications.

MOF Ni-BTC Derived Ni/C/Graphene Composite for Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Electrochemical Glucose Detection

In comparison with enzymatic detection, non-enzymatic detection of glucose has lower cost, better stability, and simpler immobilization operation, but it still lacks sensitivity. Rational design and controllable synthesis of materials with unique morphology are important for non-enzymatic glucose detection. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) is utilized as structure-directing agent for the hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-BTC, followed by pyrolysis to obtain graphene decorated with Ni nanoparticles and carbon (Ni/C/G). GO confines the growth of Ni nanoparticles and GO-derived graphene improves the dispersion of Ni nanoparticles. Ni/C/G demonstrates higher sensitivity for non-enzymatic glucose electrochemical detection. In contrast, pyrolysis of Ni-BTC without GO produces micro-size rod-like Ni/C with poor performance towards glucose detection. Thus, the introduction of GO as the stabilizer in the hydrothermal synthesis of Ni-BTC is an effective approach to synthesize electrocatalysts containing metal nanoparticles. Furthermore, this strategy can be utilized to synthesize other low-cost nanomaterials for non-enzyme glucose detection.

Highly Sensitive Non-Enzymatic Detection of Glucose at MWCNT-CuBTC Composite Electrode

A novel electrochemical glucose sensor was developed, based on a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)-copper-1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid (CuBTC)-epoxy composite electrode, named MWCNT-CuBTC. The electrode nanocomposite was prepared by a two-roll mill procedure and characterized morphostructurally by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The CuBTC formed defined crystals with a wide size distribution, which were well dispersed and embedded in the MWCNTs. Its electrical conductivity was determined by four-point probe contact (DC) conductivity measurements. The electroactive surface area, determined using cyclic voltammetry (CV), was found to be 6.9 times higher than the geometrical one. The results of the electrochemical measurements using CV, linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), chronoamperometry (CA) and multiple pulse amperometry (MPA) showed that the MWCNT-CuBTC composite electrode displayed high electrocatalytic activity toward the oxidation of glucose and, as a consequence, very high sensitivity. The best sensitivity of 14,949 µAmM−1cm−1 was reached using MPA at the potential value of 0.6 V/SCE, which was much higher in comparison with other copper-based electrodes reported in the literature. The good analytical performance, low cost and simple preparation method make this novel electrode material promising for the development of an effective glucose sensor.