Non-conventional Energy Sources Research Articles

Machine learning assessment of IoT managed microgrid protection in existence of SVC using wavelet methodology

<abstract><p>In the last decade, research has been started due to accelerated growth in power demand has mainly concentrated on the large power production and quality of power. After the digital revolution, non-conventional energy sources, many state-of-art equipment, power electronics loads, reactive power compensating devices, sophisticated measuring devices, etc., entered the power industry. The reactive power compensating devices, connected electrical equipment, renewable energy sources can be anticipated/unanticipated action can cause considerable reactions may be failure issues to power grids. To deal with these challenges, the power sector crucially needs to design and implement new security systems to protect its systems. The Internet-of-Things (IoT) is treated as revolution technology after the invention of the digital machine and the internet. New developments in sensor devices with wireless technologies through embedded processors provide effective monitoring and different types of faults can be detected during electric power transmission. The wavelet (WT) is one of the mathematical tools to asses transient signals of different frequencies and provides crucial information in the form of detailed coefficients. Machine learning (ML) methods are recommended in the power systems community to simplify digital reform. ML and AI techniques can make effective and rapid decisions to improve the stability and safety of the power grid. This recommended approach can contribute critical information about symmetrical or asymmetrical faults through machine learning assessment of IoT supervised microgrid protection in the presence of SVC using the wavelet approach covers diversified types of faults combined with fault-inception-angles (FIA).</p></abstract>

Life cycle assessment of methanol production by natural gas route

Climate change is becoming a major concern worldwide, and sustainable development of the processes is becoming ever so important. Being one of the largest chemical commodities produced and consumed worldwide, the sustainability study of the methanol production process was conducted using a life cycle assessment approach. The natural gas route was selected for this study. The ‘Cradle to Gate’ approach was used to calculate the impact associated with the methanol produce from raw material extraction to the final product. To assess hotspots, the process was divided into 5 sub-sections. The reforming process resulted in a higher carbon footprint. The distillation and synthesis sections were the major contributor to ecological as well as human toxicity. Coal-based electricity production created a higher impact compared to other conventional and non-conventional energy sources. Based on our analysis, the recommendations are given based on several materials and impact categories such as electricity consumption, catalyst regeneration, metal extraction, and processing to make methanol production more environmentally sustainable.

Dynamics of Ag+ ions in CdI2 doped electrolytes

The extensive use of renewable and non-conventional energy sources in the modern world has led to study and synthesis of ionic materials having high conductivity which will have vast applications as a good electrolyte. In search of it a new silver oxysalt system with dopant salt CdI2 has been synthesized using melt quenching route and conductivity studies have been explored of the system. The information gathered from the analysis of the system xCdI2 - (1-x) (0.3 Ag2O − 0.3 V2O5 − 0.3 P2O5 − 0.1 ZnO); x = 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 has shown remarkable outcomes. The conductivity of the as prepared system increases with the increment in CdI2 content. It has been detected that higher dopant salt concentration is favorable atmosphere for the silver ions conduction. Hopping frequency plays the vital role in the electrical conductivity of the system under study. The current system may be suitable as a good electrolyte that may be used in a battery as the nature of DC conductivity for the system is stable enough.

Organosulphur, organoselenium and organotellurium compounds for the development of heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems for Suzuki coupling.

Suzuki-Miyaura cross-coupling (SMC) is an extremely useful reaction in organic syntheses. During the last two decades, many researchers across the world have employed organochalcogen compounds in various ways for the development of catalytic systems for this reaction. Chalcogen-ligated molecular complexes have been designed using such compounds as ligands, and applied as homogeneous catalytic systems. During the period 2013-2022, various heterogeneous and nano-catalytic systems have also been developed using organosulphur, organoselenium and organotellurium compounds. The main advantages associated with such systems are their easy synthesis and air- and moisture-insensitivity. This article aims to provide insights into the synthetic methodologies pertaining to the preparation of (i) these catalytically relevant and useful compounds and (ii) the heterogeneous and nano-catalytic systems designed using them. Another major focus of the article is to rationalize and critically analyse the effect of chalcogen donor on the size, composition, morphology and shape of the nanostructure. A critical analysis of the applications of all such catalytic systems in Suzuki-Miyaura coupling is presented in detail. Various factors (e.g., temperature) which affect the catalytic performance are also rationalized. The effects of binding mode, ligand framework, chalcogen donor atom and metal are also covered, along with all other factors that influence the catalytic potential of the systems. Various other aspects such as green catalysis (in aqueous medium and in air), and use of non-conventional (ultrasonic radiation) energy sources are analysed. Applications of heterogeneous and nanocatalytic systems apart from Suzuki coupling are also highlighted, and challenges and future scope are elaborated.

Developments in Nanoparticles Enhanced Biofuels and Solar Energy in Malaysian Perspective: A Review of State of the Art

The rapid rise in global oil prices, the scarcity of petroleum sources, and environmental concerns have all created severe issues. As a result of the country’s rapid expansion and financial affluence, Malaysia’s energy consumption has skyrocketed. Biodiesel and solar power are currently two of the most popular alternatives to fossil fuels in Malaysia. These two types of renewable energy sources appear to be viable options because of their abundant availability together with environmental and performance competence to highly polluting and fast depleting fossil fuels. The purpose of adopting renewable technology is to expand the nation’s accessibility to a reliable and secure power supply. The current review article investigates nonconventional energy sources added with nanosized metal particles called as nanomaterials including biodiesel and solar, as well as readily available renewable energy options. Concerning the nation’s energy policy agenda, the sources of energy demand are also investigated. The article evaluates Malaysia’s existing position in renewable energy industries, such as biodiesel and solar, as well as the impact of nanomaterials. This review article discusses biodiesel production, applications, and government policies in Malaysia, as well as biodiesel consumption and recent developments in the bioenergy sector, such as biodiesel property modifications utilizing nanoparticle additions. In addition, the current review study examines the scope of solar energy, different photovoltaic concentrators, types of solar energy harvesting systems, photovoltaic electricity potential in Malaysia, and the experimental setup of solar flat plate collectors (FPC) with nanotechnology.

A Prototype Development and Fabrication: Electricity Generation from Speed Breaker

Electricity is the fundamental need of human society. Any nation's growth depends on energy. The worldwide electricity consumption increases and conventional electricity sources are causing pollution. Therefore, some non-conventional energy recourses are mandatory to be designed and developed for electricity generation, and they are useful and environment-friendly. In this study, a renewable, non-conventional energy source prototype has been developed, based on the mechanism of power generation from speed breaker with ratchet and pawl mechanism. This study aims to convert the kinetic energy of vehicles into electrical energy which can be used for street and highway lighting and conservation of electrical energy.

Energy Evolution: Forecasting the Development of Non-Conventional Renewable Energy Sources and Their Impact on the Conventional Electricity System

The development of the world’s electric power systems goes back over a century. During this period, the overwhelming majority of states have formed stable, typically centralized systems for generation, transmission, and distribution of electrical energy. At the same time, technologies, primarily for energy generation, are steadily developing, which leads to the emergence of potentially effective technological solutions based on fundamentally new energy sources. The most rapidly expanding group at the moment are renewable energy sources (RES). This fact is due to the significant coverage of the potential environmental and economic benefits of using technologies based on RES in the information environment. At the same time, the process of transformation of traditional electric power systems, by integrating generation technologies based on the use of renewable energy sources, is extremely resource-intensive, and also potentially reducing the level of sustainability and efficiency of the entire system functioning as a whole. This thesis is primarily true for exclusively centralized power systems. The purpose of this study is to create a forecasting model for the development of non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES) for short, medium, and long term, which makes it possible to form an action plan to ensure a reliable and uninterrupted supplying of consumers, taking into account the existing electric power system. The developed model made it possible to identify the most promising directions of NCRES from the integration point of view, and for them the quantification and clustering of the information environment was carried out, which made it possible to identify key trends and the specifics of the development of technological solutions for these directions of renewable energy sources. The developed tool and systemic conclusions formulated on the basis of its application make it possible to develop mathematically sound solutions in the direction of managing the development of traditional electric power systems based on the integration of NCRES.

Chromium (III) doped polycrystalline MgAl2O4 nanoparticles for photocatalytic and supercapacitor applications

A significant increase in demand for non-conventional energy sources has occurred recently. The most promising and dependent energy storage devices are supercapacitors. The mixed metal oxide MgAl2O4 has appreciable dielectric behavior but its application as an electroactive material is limited due to its low conductivity. In the present work, we demonstrated the exceptional supercapacitor application of doped MgAl2O4. Chromium (Cr3+)-doped (5 mol%) MgAl2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by solution combustion method. The morphological and structural features of the synthesized NPs were confirmed by the application of modern techniques. The Cr3+-doped MgAl2O4 NPs showed excellent photocatalytic activity against Acid Red-88 (AR-88) dye, with 89.2% degradation compared to 77.5% for undoped MgAl2O4. The electrochemical activity of Cr3+-doped MgAl2O4 NPs over the undoped counterpart was compared using cyclic voltammetric and electrochemical impedance spectroscopic measurements in an alkaline medium. The positive impact of Cr3+ on the conductivity and electrochemical activity of MgAl2O4 was evident with the attainment of higher specific capacitance value of 955.3 F g−1 at 1 A g−1 current density compared to 816.8 F g−1 for undoped MgAl2O4, and a high cycle life of over 2000 cycles. We report the superior electrochemical behavior of Cr3+-doped MgAl2O4 as anodic material for supercapacitor applications compared to undoped MgAl2O4. In addition, the synthesized Cr3+-doped MgAl2O4 NPs exhibited 89.2% degradation efficiency against AR-88.

Interval Type-2 Fuzzy Logic Control-Based Frequency Control of Hybrid Power System Using DMGS of PI Controller

The load frequency control of a microgrid is one of the emerging areas due to the changes in demand and supply in power system. So the controllers’ implementation must be changed accordingly. This paper proposes an interval type-2 fuzzy logic-based, dual-mode gain scheduling (DMGS) of the proportional and integral controller in which the gains of the PI controller werescheduled through the dynamic selector. This proposed controller was implemented ina hybrid microgrid power system in which nonconventional energy sources wereadded to each area of the conventional power plant, which madethe system much more prone to frequency variations. The controller was designed for three areas, consisting of a photovoltaic (PV) system, a wind power system, a fuel cell and a diesel engine/hydropower generator in which the generation rate constraint (GRC) was considered as a nonlinearity. The proposed power system was investigated under various load conditions in the MATLAB/SIMULINK environment. A comparative evaluation of changes in frequency, tie-line power fluctuations and variations in area control errors for the test system showed the effectiveness of the current approach over simple fuzzy PI and a conventional PI-controlling approach.

FORMATION OF THE CATEGORY APPARATUS OF NATIONAL LEGISLATION IN THE FIELD OF ALTERNATIVE ENERGY

The purpose of the article consists in the analysis of the norms of national and international legislation for the elimination of the discrepancies in the legal understanding of the definitions in the field of alternative energy, that is definition and scientific and theoretical substantiation of the notions «alternative sources of energy», «non-conventional sources of energy» and «renewable sources of energy», which will serve for the elimination of terminological discrepancies in national legislation, and will become a basis for uniform practical use of the latter in the field of alternative energy. Urgency of the research is conditioned by the reorientation of world energy sector in the direction of the substitution of conventional fuel sources for those alternative. Since global warming and increasing of the level of anthropogenic emissions as a result of human activity is one of the biggest ecological problems of the universe, international community, together with ecologists and climatologists of all the world are involved in the development and implementation of highly efficient international strategies, which are directed at the decrease of harmful impact of anthropogenic emissions on surrounding natural environment and human health. In order to prevent the climate change and to mitigate global warming the scientists of the entire world proposed a wide range of variants for the mitigation of climate changes of Earth. Among which the key place belongs to alternative and renewable energy sources, which have been identified as the main strategically successful directions of reducing anthropogenic emissions into the natural environment. Today, we can see a trend towards a reorientation of the global energy sector to more environmentally friendly, alternative and renewable energy sources and a departure from traditional fossil energy resources. At the same time, unambiguous interpretation and understanding of the conceptual and terminological apparatus is an important condition for the development and practical use of knowledge. Therefore, it is important to delineate the clear boundaries of the technologies included in the concepts of alternative and renewable sources of energy, as there are differences in the use of these concepts, both in national legislation and between national and international legislation. The article analyzes and systematizes the knowledge as to the categorial instrument in the field of alternative energy and proposes the definition of renewable and alternative energy sources in accordance with the rules of construction of conceptual and terminological apparatus taking into account international experience in this field. The proposed wording of these concepts serves to eliminate terminological inaccuracies in national legislation, and will address the gaps between national and international legislation in the field of application of the categorial instrument in the field of alternative energy.

Economic Profitability of a Hybrid Approach to Powering Residual Households from Natural Sources in Two Wind Zones of the Lubuskie Voivodeship in Poland

The research was a response to the search for alternative energy sources and the assessment of their profitability and legitimacy of use. The assessment used combined energy sources in the form of wind, solar, and natural gas energy. The research was carried out in various locations with varying degrees of sunlight and in various wind zones, which was motivated by the adopted strategy of increasing the importance of non-conventional energy sources and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. The evaluation was performed using the Homer Grid software. The studies showed the justification for the use of hybrid energy sources, combining renewable and non-renewable sources, at the current stage of development. In the conditions of the Lubuskie Voivodeship, the level of insolation was more important than the more favourable wind zone in such a model. Higher economic efficiency of the hybrid model was obtained in the southern location, with slightly less favourable conditions for wind installations. At the same time, the investments were economically profitable and allowed for their return in the perspective of at least eleven years, even at current prices.

Influence of renewable energy sources on the scheduling on thermal power stations and its optimization forCO2reduction

AbstractThe thermal power of the total power demand accounts for the total of 60% in India, with the penetration of the nonconventional energy sources the grid management becomes a tedious job in maintaining the grid stability, and adding to the woes the environmental norms become stricter as it is a tough job to maintain to lesser CO2emissions in the atmosphere. Hence this article aims with the integration of the grid management with the renewable energy sources and reduction of CO2and also strives for the grid stability with the smart grid. And the thermal scheduling optimization is done with the novel bat algorithm.

Electrical Power Generation through Speed Breaker

Abstract: In the present situation power becomes basic need for human life. Energy is responsible for major developments of any country’s economy. Conventional energy sources generate most of the energy of today’s world. But the population is increasing day by day and the conventional energy sources are diminishing. Moreover, these conventional energy sources are polluting and responsible for global warming. So, nonconventional sources are needed to be developed for power generation which are clean, environment friendly and sustainable. In this research we propose a renewable non-conventional energy source based on speed breaker mechanism. Our project is to enlighten the streets utilizing the jerking pressure which is wasted during the vehicles passes over speed breaker in roadside. We can tap the energy generated by moving vehicles and produce power by using the speed breaker as power generating unit. The kinetic energy of the moving vehicles can be converted into mechanical energy through rack and pinion mechanism and this mechanical energy will be converted to electrical energy using generator which will be used for lighting the street lights. Therefore, by using this mechanism we can save lot of energy which can fulfill our future demands. Keywords: kinetic energy, speed breaker, rack & pinion, generator, non-conventional energy, street light.

Optimal Generation Start-Up Methodology for Power System Restoration Considering Conventional and Non-Conventional Renewable Energy Sources

Power system restoration must be accomplished as soon as possible after a blackout. In this process, available black-start (BS) units are used to provide cranking power to non-black-start (NBS) units so as to maximize the overall power system generation capacity. This procedure is known as the generation start-up problem, which is intrinsically combinatorial with complex non-linear constraints. This paper presents a new mixed integer linear programming (MILP) formulation for the generation start-up problem that integrates non-conventional renewable energy sources (NCRES) and battery energy storage systems (BESS). The main objective consists of determining an initial starting sequence for both BS and NBS units that would maximize the generation capacity of the system while meeting the non-served demand of the network. The nature of the proposed model leads to global optimal solutions, clearly outperforming heuristic and enumerative approaches, since the latter may take higher computational time while the former do not guarantee global optimal solutions. Several tests were carried out on the IEEE 39-bus test system considering BESS as well as wind and solar generation. The results showed the positive impact of NCRES in the restoration processes and evidenced the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed approach. It was found that including NCRES and BESS in the restoration process allows a reduction of 24.4% of the objective function compared to the classical restoration without these technologies.

Greener Approaches to Selected Asymmetric Addition Reactions Relevant to Drug Development

Asymmetric organic synthesis is of paramount importance in the development of drugs. Asymmetric addition reactions such as aldol reaction, Michael addition, and Mannich addition reactions are important carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions and have been employed in the synthesis of a broad range of biologically important molecules. Many of these reactions have been developed under solvent-free conditions or in greener solvents like water. Several reactions have been developed at room temperature or by using a non-conventional energy source such as microwave irradiation. Several greener catalysts have been developed for such reactions. The present review article discusses the application of green chemistry parameters in the development of selected asymmetric addition reactions leading to biologically important molecules during the last ten years. Asymmetric aldol reactions, asymmetric Michael reactions, and different asymmetric addition reactions involving imines such as Mannich reaction, aza-benzoin reaction, etc. in aqueous media or under solvent-free conditions have been reviewed. Application of different types of catalysts such as prolinamides, 1,2-diamines, polymer and magnetic nanoparticle-supported chiral catalysts is demonstrated.

Indications of the Potential of Shale Gas for Non-Conventional Energy Sources in Indonesia


 
 
 
 Shale Gas is a potential non-conventional energy source to be developed. However, currently shale gas has not been developed optimally in Indonesia. Therefore, the authors aim to help develop the potential of shale gas by indicating the potential for distribution in Indonesia. The research study was conducted by reviewing literature sourced from literature such as journals, articles and books. Based on the research conducted, potential shale gas reserves are found in the North Sumatra Basin, Central Sumatra Basin and South Sumatra Basin. Geochemical method which includes parameters of Total Organic Carbon (TOC), type of kerogen and maturity level (Ro) used to develop shale gas potential in an area. Shale gas can be a substitute for conventional fossil fuels, so further studies are needed so that it can be produced commercially
 
 
 

Designing and software realization of an ANN-based MPPT-Fed bladeless wind power generation

The use of non-conventional energy sources has increased in recent years due to the benefits of low power interruptions, unlimited power supply, and non-polluting power generation. Wind power generation has become one of the clean energies whose use will be a viable solution to global warming and power outages. One such proposed system consists and modelling of bladeless wind power generation, which uses wind as an energy source while producing power without the use of blades. Due to the fact that wind energy isn’t really constant, an MPPT with an artificial neural network is being intended to keep the voltage and current of a bladeless wind generator at their maximum peak values regardless of whether environments. The wind generator’s outcome has been fed into a single-phase induction motor that can be used for pumping stations application fields. The proposed wind generator’s architecture as well as findings has been modeled using MATLAB Simulink.

Renewable Source Automatic Switching System Apprised on IOT

Now a days non pollution power production is popular because of less pollution and eco-friendly. This paper presents a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for automatic energy management system of renewable energy source. In today’s technology driven world electricity is one of the foremost things for our day-to-day life activities. As we all are oblivious of the fact that the renewable sources of energy are depleting at a lightning-fast rate. So, it’s time for us to shift the focus from conventional to non-conventional sources of energy to produce electricity. The output of the electricity produced by non-conventional sources is less than their counterparts. Renewable sources do not have any detrimental effect on the environment. Solar- wind and main automatic energy management system of renewable energy is basically an integration of solar plant and a wind energy plant. It will help in providing the uninterrupted power supply. As during bad weather conditions, the production can be shifted from one source to other with the help of a microcontroller. A microcontroller ensures the optimum utilization of resources and it also increases the efficiency of the combined system as compared to the individual mode of generation. It helps in decreasing the dependence on one single source and makes the system more reliable. The system can be used for both industrial and domestic applications. This configuration allows the two or more sources to supply the load depending on the availability of the energy sources and priority.

Electrochemical reduction of CO2 using oxide based Cu and Zn bimetallic catalyst

Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (ERCO2) driven by non-conventional sources of energy is a favorable approach to generate closed loop CO2 cycle. It will reduce CO2 emissions by lowering CO2 levels in the atmosphere and converting it into high-energy-density carbon-based fuels like alcohols and hydrocarbons. Monometallic copper based catalysts are largely reported for ERCO2 to a variety of industrially important carbon products. But, challenges such as high over potential, uncontrollable product selectivity, and catalyst deactivation inhibit their progress. Oxide derived bimetallic CuZnx electrocatalysts have been suggested as alternatives for achieving high selectivity for different valuable products. In this study, the co-precipitation approach has been used to prepare CuO with various quantities of ZnO dopants. HRTEM, FESEM, XRD, and XPS were used to conduct detailed morphological and elemental studies on the electrode. The electrochemical performance was measured using H-type electrochemical cell in aqueous 0.1 M KHCO3 electrolyte. The evaluation of different CuO-ZnOx (where x=5, 10, 15 and 20 wt.%) catalysts for ethanol productivity and Faradaic efficiency are of particular importance. Amongst studied electrocatalysts, the highest Faradaic efficiency of 22.27 % was obtained for ethanol using CuO-ZnO10 at -0.80 V (vs RHE) with the production rate of about 121 µmol h−1 L−1. The optimized electrode (CuO-ZnO10) shows long term stability for at least 12 h. Post characterization of the catalyst was also conducted to obtain an insight into the active sites, which indicated that CO2 reduction took place on reduced oxide sites (i.e. metallic sites) rather than metal oxides.

Application of Renewable Energy Sources Cathodic Protection and Their Economical Aspects.(Dept.E)

As cathodic protection systems are fed from 0.C. sources, a difficulty will be faced to find a suitable 0.c, source if such systems are used to protect petroleum tanks or pipe lines which lie in isolated areas far away from the existing transmission lines, Usually 3 methods could be adopted here: i) Installing a transmission link with a rectifier substation between the nearest convenient existing transmission line and the D.C. cathodic protection source. ii) Using private motor-generator sets; where the motor as a prime mover works by convenient fossil fuel. iii) Using storage battery systems, the capacity of which must be large enough to supply the required protective current during a period necessary for charging a second battery at the nearest charging station and replacing the one in use. In this case the charging battery system may he fed from rectifier substations, or private D.C. generating sots whose prime movers operate with conventional or non-conventional energy sources. This paper presents the limitations and conditions required for the conveniency of applying the non-conventional energy sources (photovoltaic) and their economical aspects in charging such batteries; together with examples of calculations clarifying the analytical steps and assumptions adopted in this study by means of which the final conclusions and results presented here were deduced. A simplified approach for the solar specific annual energy cost calculations using nomogram analysis and performance charts applied to local conditions in this respect is present od also in this paper.