Non-compliance Issue Research Articles

A Study on Suitable Bulk Packaging for Fresh Agricultural Products

This paper aims to investigate suitable packaging for large and bulky agricultural products and to suggest recommendations to enhance packaging-based types of products. Packaging of agricultural products plays a vital role in protecting products from damage and facilitating transportation activities. In Malaysia, regulations for packaging purposes have been outlined under the Grading, Packaging, and Labeling of Agricultural Products (GPL) Regulations enacted under Section 3(2) (c) of Act 141 for the target group, namely manufacturers, wholesalers, exporters, importers, and retailers. However, standard agricultural product packaging practices among these players are not only unable to provide maximum protection in terms of quality, hygiene, and durability, but have negative impacts on agricultural products. There is also a non-compliance issue for bulk packaging weights exceeding 30 kilograms, especially large-sized agricultural products. This research provides a comprehensive, up-to-date review of bulk packaging of fresh agricultural products from the point of view of materials use, cost, and packaging weight. A total of 189 respondents, represented by wholesalers and exporters, were selected. This study found that bulk packaging used by most wholesalers for large-sized fruits in the domestic market must comply with the weight outlined by the GPL regulations. However, all exporters follow the GPL and importing countries' rules. This study also found that Thailand, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Japan mainly used plastic baskets, wooden pallets, and corrugated cardboard boxes and packaging for fresh agricultural produce widely used for export activities. However, the type and packaging materials used varied according to the type of agricultural product.

Intelligent information extraction from government on-site inspection reports of construction projects: A graph-based text mining approach

Government inspection reports detail unsafe acts and conditions that arise on construction sites, especially front-line managers’ non-compliance practices, which are hardly identified during self-inspections. Such information serves as a valuable learning source for better construction management. However, non-compliance issue records in inspection reports are typically stored in unstructured text formats, making data analysis challenging. In response, an intelligent text mining framework integrating graph analysis and visualization is presented. The proposed framework comprises data collection and preprocessing and three levels of text analysis: word, sentence, and document. The main tasks of the word-level analysis include (1) extracting keywords using KeyBERT and (2) identifying non-compliance issue types based on community detection in a keyword co-occurrence graph. The sentence-level analysis is performed to automatically classify text data from inspection reports by determining the degree of similarity between texts and communities and assigning the most similar community to each text. The document-level analysis aims to identify the interrelations between various non-compliance issues through association rule mining and a community interaction network. The framework is validated by a total of 6,153 text data featuring non-compliance issues from 322 government on-site inspection reports in Shanghai, China. The results demonstrate that the critical word-level features of non-compliance issues can be accurately identified using KeyBert, which outperforms other state-of-the-art methods. Our approach can also automate the development of a data-driven taxonomy for non-compliance issues and the classification of the corresponding records, requiring less manual intervention than conventional text classification models.

What Are the Ready-to-Use Endoscope Channels Hiding?: Unraveling the Risks of Safe Reuse.

Contamination due to failures or omissions in the reprocessing steps of gastrointestinal endoscopes is common in clinical practice. Ensuring the proper execution of each step is a challenge for reprocessing personnel. This cross-sectional study was conducted in an endoscopy setting between March and May 2021. We performed interviews about reprocessing practices, analyzed the life history of the equipment, and performed inspections through a borescope video of gastrointestinal endoscope channels that were stored and ready for use. A borescope is a complementary tool used to validate endoscope reprocessing, evaluate the internal visualization of channels, and identify changes that can compromise the safety of its use, which are often not detected in the leak test. Thirteen biopsy channels from stored gastrointestinal endoscopes were inspected. We found that 85% had stains and grooves, 69% contained moisture, and 46% had debris. There was at least one noncompliance issue in all of the channels inspected.

Fast Melt Cocoa Butter Tablet: Effect of Waxes, Starch, and PEG 6000 on Physical Properties of the Preparation.

A fast melt tablet (FMT) is well regarded as an alternative delivery system that might help resolve a patient’s non-compliance issue. The main objective of this study was to develop a cocoa butter-based FMT. Additives, namely 5–15% of PEG 6000, beeswax, paraffin wax, and corn starch, were incorporated into the cocoa butter-based FMT to study the effects of these additives with the physical characteristic of a cocoa butter FMT. An optimum-based formulation was chosen according to the desired hardness and disintegration time and the taste masking property achieved with the model drug—dapoxetine. The analysis demonstrated that incorporating beeswax (15%) and paraffin wax (15%) could prolong the disintegration time by at least two-fold. On the contrary, the presence of corn starch was found to cause an increase in the hardness and reduction of the disintegration time. The disintegration mechanism might be presumed due to the synergistic effect of starch swelling and cocoa butter melting. The hardness value and in vitro disintegration time of the optimum formulation were recorded at 2.93 ± 0.22 kg and 151.67 ± 6.98 s. In terms of dissolution, 80% of dapoxetine was released within 30 min and the dissolution profile was comparable to the innovator product. The formulation was palatable and stable for at least 1 year. The exposure of the FMT formulation at 30 °C for 12 months was reported to be stable. Along with the sound palatability profile and high drug load capacity, the current formulation possesses the desired characteristics to be scaled up and marketed.

Assessing the Microbiological Safety Parameters of Minas Artisanal Cheese Samples in Retail Environments in São Paulo, Brazil

Minas artisanal cheese is the best known and most consumed type of cheese in Brazil. Prepared with raw bovine milk and starter cultures, these cheeses face many opportunities for post-processing contamination during their transport to commercial establishments as well as in how they are stored, displayed, and maintained for cutting/slicing at retail establishments. It is a common practice for retailers to purchase entire cheeses from the producers, cut them into smaller pieces for retail sale, and store them at room temperature instead of properly refrigerating them. This study evaluated the microbiological safety parameters of samples of Minas artisanal cheeses collected at retail establishments in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, to more realistically assess consumer exposure to the most common pathogens. Samples were submitted for investigation of Salmonella spp., Listeria monocytogenes, and the counts of total coliforms, Escherichia coli, and coagulase-positive enterotoxigenic staphylococci using culture and real-time PCR methods. A worrisome number of samples failed to comply with the current Brazilian legislation for foods in retail environments and presented more than one non-compliance issue. Results highlighted that quality and safety management tools, such as good hygiene practices and HACCP, in retail environments deserve more attention to reduce the possible risks to consumer health.

Bayesian phase II clinical trial design with noncompliance.

Noncompliance issue is common in early phase clinical trials; and may lead to biased estimation of the intent-to-treat effect and incorrect conclusions for the clinical trial. In this work, we propose a Bayesian approach for sequentially monitoring the phase II randomized clinical trials that takes account for the noncompliance information. We adopt the principal stratification framework and propose to use Bayesian additive regression trees for selecting useful baseline covariates and estimating the complier average causal effect (CACE) for both efficacy and toxicity outcomes. The decision of early termination or not is then made adaptively based on the estimated CACE from the accumulated data. Simulation studies have confirmed the excellent performance of the proposed design in the presence of noncompliance.

Categories for Non-Compliance of Movement Control Order in Malaysia: A Review through Online News Report

The Movement Control Order (MCO) has been enforced on 18th March 2020 following the COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia. This MCO is hoped that it is able to lower the number of infection cases in Malaysia. However, some groups of societal members were found as non-compliant with the MCO as reported by the online news. The objective of this research was to identify the display category on the news of non-compliant citizens in MCO period. Data analysis had been performed on online news starting from 18th March 2020 until 28th April 2020 which is based on MCO Phase 1 up to Phase 3. More than 100 online news headlines about MCO violation had been analysed using content analysis method based on Social Interaction Theory. The research outcome has found that social interaction plays a vital role in non-compliance issue within the enforcement period of MCO as reported by online news. The categories for non-compliance of MCO are as follows i) Movement without a valid reason, ii) Sports and recreational activities, iii) Religious activities, iv) Visiting and having feast, v) Chatting at restricted area, vi) Drugs-related violation, vii) Crime involvement and police record, viii) Gambling and Entertainment, ix) Intake of drinks leading to intoxication and imagination and x) Violation by foreigners. The use of social interaction theory in this research has clearly illustrated that non-compliance of MCO shows self-control of the perpetrator as a result of social control is very weak. Generally, the violation of MCO has a relationship with the environment of social interaction. Social interaction has a conflict that leads to deviant act which causes the breach of rules and norms.

Non-compliance in Pediatric Nephrotic Syndrome

Background: Non-compliance to medications and health advice significantly impact care of patients as well as impose financial burden in nephrotic syndrome (NS) patients. Aim: The aim of this article is to determine the cause and consequence of non-compliance in NS patients. Materials and Methods: This prospective study was conducted between March 2020 and February 2021 in the department of Pediatric Nephrology of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh. Seventy-seven NS patients were recruited randomly. In-person interviews were conducted with attendents of patients, along with patients if possible. Clinical and laboratory data were collected from medical records. Residence, financial constraints, educational status, health advices (daily bed side urine test), relapses of disease, different types of immunosuppressive medications, etc. were provided for the cause of non-compliance. Consequences of non-compliance were observed through the experience of relapses, asthma attack or infection, and drug toxicity. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20. Results: A total of 77 patients were analyzed and among them 74.02% were non-compliant and 25.98% were compliant. Among the non-compliant patients, non-compliance to asthma medication, prednisolone, second-line immunosuppressive drugs, and third-line immunosuppressive drugs were 43.87%, 31.57%, 14.03%, and 10.53%, respectively. About 56.14% of the patients did not do bed side urine for albumin (BSUA). Remote location (63.15%), financial constraints (36.84%), low parental education (35.09%), ignorance (17.54%), and undetermined cause (17.50%) were observed as main contributing factors for non-compliance. Among study populations, 77.19% experienced more relapses in comparison to compliance (10%). Non-compliant patients experienced more asthma attack (70.17%, 40/57), pneumonia (63.2%), and steroid toxicity (36.8%) in comparison to the compliance group (45%, 36.8%, and 10%, respectively). About 31.57% of the non-compliant group had spent 30,000–70,000 taka in comparison to 5% in the compliance group and it was statistically significant (P = 0.031). Conclusion: Poor compliance to medications and health-related advices have diverse effects including frequent relapse, drug toxicity, higher rates of complications and hence increased healthcare cost. Remote location, ignorance, and idiopathic causes were major contributing factors behind non-compliance issue. Appropriate counseling might change this prevailing non-compliance scenario in future.

A hair raising EMC predicament

Because you are reading the EMC Magazine, we know you are involved in the EMC industry. You may be a test-lab technician, a consulting engineer, or a product designer, and it is likely that you have had occasions to resolve a non-compliance issue. However, some people whose career is far removed from EMC can be told they are expected to know how to resolve a non-compliance issue as well.

Abstract P5-13-19: Addressing non-adherence for breast cancer screening across ethnicity in southern Arizona

Abstract Background In Arizona, female breast cancer has the highest incidence rate and the second highest death rate compared to all other cancers. This ongoing single arm intervention study investigates non-adherence with recommended annual mammography or follow-up breast imaging. Data collected for this study is both retrospective, using the university Electronic Health Record (EHR) system (January 1, 2014 to September 30, 2017), and prospective, implementing a questionnaire during the intervention phase. Potential study participants were identified using EHR and categorized by BI-RADS (Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System) 0 to 5. With IRB approval from University of Arizona, we designed a questionnaire to measure barriers to adherence and we navigate participants to schedule and attend follow-up appointments. This study's overall specific aims are to increase first time mammography screening by 25% among women in Southern Arizona; increase adherence or repeat screening rate by 20% among women lost to follow-up; establish the framework for a community- academic partnership in ethnically diverse areas. Women, age 40 and older who are not compliant with recommended annual mammograms or recommended follow-up screenings after a suspicious finding are eligible to participate in this study. Men and children, as well as women for whom breast imaging is not recommended are excluded from participating in this study. Results Patient's age was summarized by mean ± standard deviation for continuous variables and frequency and the associated percentage for categorical variables. BI-RADS scores were classified into Negative, Benign, Possible Malignancy and Proven Malignancy and compared between ethnic and racial groups using Fisher's exact test. Of 8823 non-compliant woman over nearly 4 years of data, 0.2% are BI-RADS 4 and 5, 2.2% are BI-RADS 3, 96% are BI-RADS 1 and 2, and 0.3% are BI-RADS 0. The mean age is 61.59 years, with 25% reporting as Hispanic, 66% reporting as non-Hispanic women (NHW), and 10% preferring to receive care in Spanish. Initial data shows only .24% with proven malignancies. Further, the data reveals that Hispanics have a slightly higher rate of possible malignancy (.36%) than NHW (.18%); however, NHW show a slightly higher rate of proven malignancy (.27% compared to .18%, respectively). Discussion These data provide valuable information for the direction of this study; in particular, understanding the disparity between Hispanic and NHW malignancies and developing culturally competent interventions and education materials to increase compliance with breast cancer screening recommendations. Further, these data indicate our focus should be on screening compliance for BI-RADS 1 and 2. These data also point to a possible high non-compliance issue. Comparing non-compliance data from other regional clinics will continue to shape this study's direction. The target sample size for this study is 300 participants. We accept a 95% confidence level and a 5% margin of error. Out of 420 recruitment letters mailed, the navigators have reached 152 potential participants by phone and have a 26% study recruitment rate (n=40). Citation Format: Huff AJ, Gomez J, Calhoun E, Hsu C-H, Chalasani P, Fitzpatrick K, Borders M, Lang L, Prado Y. Addressing non-adherence for breast cancer screening across ethnicity in southern Arizona [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2018 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2018 Dec 4-8; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P5-13-19.

Hurdle Poisson Regression Model for Identifying Factors Related to Noncompliance and Waiting Time for Confirmatory Diagnosis in Colorectal Cancer Screening.

Population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening programs that use a fecal immunochemical test (FIT) are often faced with a noncompliance issue and its subsequent waiting time (WT) for those FIT positives complying with confirmatory diagnosis. We aimed to identify factors associated with both of the correlated problems in the same model. A total of 294,469 subjects, either with positive FIT test results or having a family history, collected from 2004 to 2013 were enrolled for analysis. We applied a hurdle Poisson regression model to accommodate the hurdle of compliance and also its related WT for undergoing colonoscopy while assessing factors responsible for the mixture of the two outcomes. The effect on compliance and WT varied with contextual factors, such as geographic areas, type of screening units, and level of urbanization. The hurdle score, representing the risk score in association with noncompliance, and the WT score, reflecting the rate of taking colonoscopy, were used to classify subjects into each of three groups representing the degree of compliance and the level of health awareness. Our model was not only successfully applied to evaluating factors associated with the compliance and the WT distribution, but also developed into a useful assessment model for stratifying the risk and predicting whether and when screenees comply with the procedure of receiving confirmatory diagnosis given contextual factors and individual characteristics.

Development and evaluation of metronidazole loaded carbopol 934P mucoadhesive microcapsules for sustained drug release at the gastric mucosa

ABSTRACT Metronidazole [1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) is a broad spectrum antimicrobial agent used for the eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Due to the short biological half-life (6 to 8 h) and bitter taste which may lead to non-compliance issue; the purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate metronidazole loaded carbopol 934P mucoadhesive microcapsules for sustained drug release at the gastric mucosa. Metronidazole mucoadhesive microcapsule was formulated by ion gelation technique using 32 factorial designs. A 32 full factorial design was used to derive a statistical equation, ANOVA analysis, contour plots and 3D response surface plots. FT-IR spectroscopy result showed interaction between the drug and polymers combined. The optimized formulation exhibited a high drug entrapment efficiency of 87.74±0.01%, particle size of 845.40±0.02 (μm), percentage yield of 97.80±0.02%, swelling index of 102.33±0.03%, % mucoadhesion after 8 h was 64.00±0.01% and the drug release 52.30±0.01%. The microcapsules adhered more strongly to the gastric mucous layer and could be retained in the gastric mucosa for an extended period of time consequently increasing bioavailability, improving patient’s compliance and reducing dosing frequency; which is more effectively used for sustained drug release to the gastric mucosa in the treatment of upper GIT infection.

Is intuition really cooperative? Improved tests support the social heuristics hypothesis.

Understanding human cooperation is a major scientific challenge. While cooperation is typically explained with reference to individual preferences, a recent cognitive process view hypothesized that cooperation is regulated by socially acquired heuristics. Evidence for the social heuristics hypothesis rests on experiments showing that time-pressure promotes cooperation, a result that can be interpreted as demonstrating that intuition promotes cooperation. This interpretation, however, is highly contested because of two potential confounds. First, in pivotal studies compliance with time-limits is low and, crucially, evidence shows intuitive cooperation only when noncompliant participants are excluded. The inconsistency of test results has led to the currently unresolved controversy regarding whether or not noncompliant subjects should be included in the analysis. Second, many studies show high levels of social dilemma misunderstanding, leading to speculation that asymmetries in understanding might explain patterns that are otherwise interpreted as intuitive cooperation. We present evidence from an experiment that employs an improved time-pressure protocol with new features designed to induce high levels of compliance and clear tests of understanding. Our study resolves the noncompliance issue, shows that misunderstanding does not confound tests of intuitive cooperation, and provides the first independent experimental evidence for intuitive cooperation in a social dilemma using time-pressure.

Tax Non-Compliance Behaviour: Taxpayers View

New Zealand is among the early implementers of the self-assessment system that requires voluntary compliance among taxpayers. Despite its long experience (of more than a decade) with the system, its tax authority is still facing the non-compliance issue among their taxpayers. However, very few have been written on this issue. Thus, this study attempts to investigate the underlying reasons for non-compliance behaviour among individuals in relation to their income tax obligation. Data was gathered through telephone interviews with thirty participants, and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings suggest that sources of income, attitude, perceived behavioural control, tax knowledge, tax complexity and fairness perceptions have partly contributed to taxpayers non-compliance behaviour.

Chronic care model for diabetics by pharmacist home health in Bangkok Metropolitan: A community based study

Diabetes was increased in Thailand with increasing burden of morbidity and mortality. There were 42.8% of diabetes patients in Bangkok who had been treated, but the disease conditions were uncontrolled. Diabetes with drug related problems (DRPs) frequently occurred, leading to problems of uncontrolled disease conditions. The objective of this study was to apply chronic care model (CCM) which has been introduced using medication therapy management (MTM) services by community pharmacist home health care and monitor patients’ drug utilization in diabetic patients at home. An action research was conducted in the community in Bangkok Metropolitan. The uncontrolled diabetes conditions were purposively selected and identified by nurse home care team. The community pharmacists provided the MTM service 3 times as the delivery service design template that was planned over the 6‑month period. The study implemented on CCM with MTM services as the main delivery system. The outcomes were evaluated on three aspect of ECHO model. Data were gathered for 288 uncontrolled diabetic patients with high prevalence of drug related problems. The number of drug were taking mean standard deviation (SD) 7.1 (3.1) per patient at enrollment. The 2.98 number problems per patient and 95.8% non-adherence were identified by community pharmacist. After 3 interventions, non-adherent patients’ state was changed to adherent medication level and partially medication adherent level by 18.2 and 26.0%, respectively. The pharmacists identified problems and improved in safety issues (adverse drug reactions, drug interactions), adherence issue and effectiveness issue (sub-therapeutic dosage). The clinical outcome found the average systolic and diastolic blood pressures to improve significantly in 48.6% patients with hypertension including those in pre-hypertension, stage I and stage II. The data was limited and results showed that the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was not significantly reduced from baseline due to lack of linkage among hospital and community settings. The non-compliance issue had an effect on excessive medications per patient on the average of $543.24 per year. This study concluded that implementation MTM service through CCM by community pharmacist home health care could alleviate patients’ medication utilization problems and would thus improve overall quality of patient care. Key words: Chronic care model (CCM), drug related problems (DRPs), medication adherence, home health care, medication therapy management (MTM)

A SysML-based approach to traceability management and design slicing in support of safety certification: Framework, tool support, and case studies

ContextTraceability is one of the basic tenets of all safety standards and a key prerequisite for software safety certification. In the current state of practice, there is often a significant traceability gap between safety requirements and software design. Poor traceability, in addition to being a non-compliance issue on its own, makes it difficult to determine whether the design fulfills the safety requirements, mainly because the design aspects related to safety cannot be clearly identified. ObjectiveThe goal of this article is to develop a framework for specifying and automatically extracting design aspects relevant to safety requirements. This goal is realized through the combination of two components: (1) A methodology for establishing traceability between safety requirements and design, and (2) an algorithm that can extract for any given safety requirement a minimized fragment (slice) of the design that is sound, and yet easy to understand and inspect. MethodWe ground our framework on System Modeling Language (SysML). The framework includes a traceability information model, a methodology to establish traceability, and mechanisms for model slicing based on the recorded traceability information. The framework is implemented in a tool, named SafeSlice. ResultsWe prove that our slicing algorithm is sound for temporal safety properties, and argue about the completeness of slices based on our practical experience. We report on the lessons learned from applying our approach to two case studies, one benchmark and one industrial case. Both studies indicate that our approach substantially reduces the amount of information that needs to be inspected for ensuring that a given (behavioral) safety requirement is met by the design.

WTO Enforcement Issues

In theory, the WTO dispute settlement system is expected, via an elaborate system of sequential legal maneuvers to ensure the implementation of the dispute settlement body (DSB) recommendations. In reality when trade issues rise above some critical threshold to a respondent, the theory behind the DSU enforcement breaks down and the well meaning legal system only leads to prolonging the dispute rather than resolving it. Since 1995, more than 300 complaints have been filed through the WTO dispute settlement system. In most cases, the parties reach a mutually satisfactory solution in accordance with the WTO Agreements through consultations without having recourse to the panel and Appellate Body review. When the consultation process fails the resulting process of Panel reports and Appellate Body reports result in a removal or modification of the violating measures. In those cases where there is no removal or modification of the violating measures, the period of non-compliance tends to be very long and leads to core questions about the true intent of the DSU. In particular, was the DSU designed to ensure a legal process for the settlement of a dispute and to recommend a remedy to the offending violation but was not designed to secure compliance. The intent of this paper is to show that this is indeed the case. Moreover, if one treats the WTO as a contract, then the non-compliance issue may be viewed as an `efficient breach' and the only efficient remedy is a `fine' rather than the usual practice of suspension of concessions or other obligations to the offending Member. Under our suggested enforcement rules, it may be possible for a Member to continue to breach her obligation to the WTO contract while simultaneously compensating for damages created by the offending measure. The end result will be more efficient than the current system of diplomatic maneuvering designed to pressure the Member to remove or modify the offending measure.

The reliability, validity, and stability of a measure of physical activity in the elderly

Objective: To assess the reliability, validity, and stability of an accelerometer-based monitor of physical activity in an elderly population. Design: Six studies were conducted to assess the Tritrac, a newly available accelerometer capable of storing three-dimensional activity data collected in minute epochs. After initial bench testing, the waist-worn devices were assessed for test-retest reliability during sitting and treadmill walking at 1mph and 2mph. Validity testing examined the Tritrac's ability to discriminate between different levels of physical activity and also compared the Tritrac with an established wrist-worn acclerometer, the Actigraph. Stability of the measure was examined over a period of 3 to 7 days, and in a subset of subjects this measurement was performed for a second week. Setting and Subjects: Residents of a VA Nursing Home ( n = 40; mean age = 76), participants in an in-home nonaerobic exercise program ( n = 36; mean age = 77), and community participants in an aerobic exercise program ( n = 10; mean age = 71). Results: Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) for both the bench testing and test-retest reliability were .97. The device discriminated among subjects independently categorized as sedentary, moderately active, or active ( F = 49.4, p = .0001) and between specific activities of varying intensity ( F = 114.5, p = .0001). Tritrac and Actigraph measurement comparison showed a correlation of r = .77, p = .0001. Stability of the measure was demonstrated by ICCs = .81 and .78 for mean activity values and proportion of time spent in sedentary activity, respectively. No significant differences were observed when comparing activity measured for two separate weeks. Conclusion: The Tritrac is a reliable and valid instrument producing activity measurement that was stable over time in the elderly population we studied. During our longitudinal testing, 20% of the subjects did not comply with wearing the device; this noncompliance issue must be considered in any use of the Tritac.

A complex issue: Special education in corrections

Correctional administrators generally cite three reasons for their inability to comply with The Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975 (PL 94-142). The uniqueness of the correctional setting, lack of interagency cooperation, and lack of trained correctional special educators are typical reasons for noncompliance. The current status of each noncompliance issue is discussed. Emphasis, however, is placed on the need to train correctional special educators to help implement the law.