Non-Chernozem Region Research Articles

The effectiveness of accelerated cultivation of degraded agrarian sod-podzolic soil in crop rotations of different intensity

The hidden depleting degradation of the effective fertility of previously cultivated agrarian sod-podzolic soils is one of the most significant risks for the development of agriculture in the Non-Chernozem region and its food security. In a stationary long-term experiment, established in the Leningrad region in 2006, a comprehensive assessment of the effectiveness of accelerated cultivation of degraded sandy loam agrarian sod-podzolic soil to a good and high level of cultivation was performed. The objects of the research were three types of soil (medium-, well- and highly cultivated) and crops of cereal and row six-field crop rotations, cultivated in a three-variant scheme of a complete mineral fertilizer system. During the study in the second rotation of crop rotations (2012–2016), it has been established that the responsiveness of crops to accelerated soil cultivation and complete mineral fertilizer is determined by a combination of their biological and varietal characteristics with weather, climatic and phytosanitary conditions. The average annual productivity level of studied crop rotations on medium-cultivated soil amounted to 3.9 and 3.8 thousand grain units per ha. On well–cultivated and highly cultivated soil the productivity increased by 34 and 67, 50 and 86 %, respectively, and from the use of a complete mineral fertilizer system – by 28 and 18 %, respectively. The level of profitability of soil cultivation varied from 51–97 % in the crop rotation with cereals, and to 234–301 % in the row crop rotation with an average annual net yield of 12.1–13.1 and 97.1–110.4 thousand rubles/ha. The payback period for accelerated cultivation to a good and high level was 3.3 and 5.1 years in the crop rotation with cereals and 0.6 and 1.2 years in the row crop rotation, respectively.

Water Consumption and Drip-Irrigation Regimes for Fruit and Berry Seedlings in the Central Non-Chernozem Region

Water Consumption and Drip-Irrigation Regimes for Fruit and Berry Seedlings in the Central Non-Chernozem Region

Effect of Fertilizers, Seeding Rates of the Legume Component and Weather Conditions on Yield and Accumulation of Plant Residues of LupineCereal Mixtures on Grain in the Center of the NonChernozem Region

On mediumcultivated mediumloamy sod-podzolic soils of the Central NonChernozem region, well provided with mobile phosphorus and potassium (IV–V class), the cultivation of lupine–cereal mixtures for grain with the participation of narrowleaved lupine varieties Ladny, spring wheat, barley and oats varieties of Nemchin breeding after grain precursors in a changing climate ensured grain production in an average of 5 up to 3.0–3.7 t/ha with a share of the legume component of 29–57% and the remaining dry mass of plant residues in the soil up to 6–8 t/ha with the accumulation of total nitrogen in it up to 40–60 kg/ha and biological – 12–17 kg/ha. In arid conditions (GTK = 0.80–0.92), a mixture of lupine and barley was distinguished for the better in terms of yield and weight of plant residues, and in case of waterlogging (GTK = 2.47) – mixtures with oats and spring wheat. The inclusion of liquid micronutrients of organic nature in the technological process with a stimulating effect for non-root top dressing eliminated the need for pre-sowing application of nitrogen fertilizer and, in conditions of moderate aridity, increased grain yield, depending on the composition of the mixture, to 3.9–4.9 t/ha (by 53–59%), the yield of plant residues – up to 7–11 t/ha (by 54–139%) and in them there is an accumulation of symbiotically bound nitrogen – up to 15–25 kg/ha or 5–8 times more than without their use.

The Spatial Structure of the Moscow Metropolis

Due to the scale of population and economic concentration, Moscow is a mega-polis forming a vast zone of influence around itself. The accumulated economic and financial potential of the capital, as well as its huge consumer demand, consistently act as the most important factors in the development of the surrounding regions of the Non-Chernozem region. These regions can be considered as the periphery of the Moscow Metropolis, a supra-agglomeration spatial structure developing around Moscow. During the post-Soviet period, there has been a steady trend towards the centralization of demographic, economic and investment resources in Moscow and the Moscow region. Active population growth, investment penetration and active suburbanization in the 50-60-kilometer zone closest to Moscow are taking place against the background of socio-economic depression in rural areas, small and medium-sized urban centers in areas more remote from the capital. Today, Moscow and the 60-kilometer zone around it concentrate 65% of the metropolitan population, as well as over 80% of its gross product and investments in fixed assets. This is also the zone of active daily pendulum labor migrations to Moscow (up to 1.5 million people daily), which are carried out by 15 to 60% of the total able-bodied population living here. Along with this, there are prerequisites for promising development as part of the metropolis and more remote territories. In particular, there is an integration of regional labor markets with Moscow, through alternative work formats – over a million residents of the periphery are othodniki (shift workers), remote and hybrid employment is widespread. An important factor in the socio-economic development of the “bloodless” rural area of the peripheral metropolis is the filling of its 4 million summer residents in the summer season. Thus, joining the Moscow Metropolis of the regions surrounding the capital, along with risks, creates unique integration opportunities for them and sets a strategic vector for their spatial development.

Water consumption and drip irrigation regimes of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the central Non-Chernozem region

Water consumption and drip irrigation regimes of seedlings of fruit and berry crops in the central Non-Chernozem region

The green-leaved direction in soybean production in conditions of moisture supply in the Central Non-Chernozem region

The green-leaved direction in soybean production in conditions of moisture supply in the Central Non-Chernozem region

Multiyear variations of soil moisture availability in the East European Plain

This study aims to examine the impact of climate change on the water storage across the East European Plain, utilizing archived digital materials from several remote sensing satellites, including the Terra/Aqua (MODIS), the Global Precipitation Climatology Project, GRACE, and GRACE FO satellites, as well as data from digital maps of Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficients. The spatial resolution of the analyzed data ranged from 1x1 km to 250x250 km. Aiming to enhance the spatial resolution of Selyaninov coefficient maps, a new version of the Selyaninov hydrothermal coefficient was suggested, leveraging satellite remote sensing data. Both visual and computer analyses of these materials reveal a consistent reduction in water storage in the southern regions of the East European Plain, accompanied by a slight increase in the Novgorod Oblast. This information suggests that the non-chernozem region of the East European Plain will play a crucial role in supplying agricultural products to the population in the next decades. The observed stable water storage in the northern part of the East European Plain, encompassing the Komi Republic and the Novgorod Oblast, hints at the potential of increased agricultural production in these areas. However, achieving sustainable growth in agricultural production in these regions necessitates a focused investment policy.

Адаптация территориальной организации сельского хозяйства периферийного региона к деятельности агрохолдингов

Agricultural holdings are often cited as the main beneficiaries, on the one hand, of organisational and structural changes in Russian agriculture during the post-Soviet period, and on the other, of the transformation of state policy in response to contemporary geopolitical challenges. This paper examines the adaptation of the territorial and sectoral structure of agriculture in a socioeconomically peripheral region in response to the expansion of agricultural holdings. This study draws on official statistical data, the SPARK database, resources from the VetIS Federal State Information System, the Unified Federal Information System on Agricultural Land, and the authors’ extensive field research. The study demonstrated that the operations of agricultural holdings can completely transform the agricultural profile of a non-Chernozem region with a declining population in terms of specialisation and organisational structure, leading to economic recovery in agriculture. The example of the Pskov region illustrates how the expansion of agroholding assets is swiftly extending into peripheral areas with abundant land and low rural population density. The interviews confirmed that livestock agricultural holdings, primarily those specialising in pork production, benefit from the social desertification of rural areas. This is accompanied by a further weakening of rural community economies, as livestock and poultry have completely disappeared from private and subsistence farms. The new pork production specialisation in the Pskov region has, as expected, led to other changes in agriculture, including an increase in grain farming. While production volumes have risen, new territorial centres have not emerged.

The effect of complex fertilizers on the productivity of potato varieties on reclaimed lands in the Central Agricultural District of the Russian Federation

On a reclaimed site in the conditions of the Central NonChernozem region of Russia (Tver region), the productivity of potato varieties Sadon and Gala was studied on two backgrounds of mineral nutrition (N120P160K180 and N120P160K180 + trace elements) with different variants of non-root top dressing (control (without top dressing), Aquarin 12 (2x top dressing), Humate +7 (2x top dressing); Aquarin 12 (1st top dressing) + Humate +7 (2nd top dressing)). As a result, it was revealed that the highest yield and crop quality were obtained from the Sadon variety, which in 2023 formed 32.8 thousand plants/ha, 40.7 t/ha of tubers with a dry matter content of 20.4%. The microelement additive provided a significant increase in yield (1.9 t/ha) only for this variety. Against the background without a trace element additive, the highest tuberous productivity in the Sadon variety was provided by 2-fold use of the preparation Humate+7 (an increase of 6.4 t/ha), in the Gala variety – Aquarin 12 + Humate+7 (an increase of 6.7 t/ha). Against the background of the microelement additive for the Sadon variety, the increase in yield was ensured by the use of all foliar dressings (3.9 - 4.6 t/ha). A strong direct relationship was found between the yield of tubers and the density of plants standing for harvesting and the chlorophyll content index (CCI) (correlation coefficient r = 0.76 – 0.80).

Effect of chemical plant protection products on yield and grain quality of winter wheat in the conditions of Central Non-Chernozem region of Russia

Relevance. The use of phytosanitary means to ensure high and stable yields of winter wheat is one of the tasks of growing winter wheat. Field experiments were conducted in 2021 and 2022 at the Federal Research Center “Nemchinovka” in the central non-chernozem zone of the Moscow region.Methods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effect of various plant protection preparations on the productivity and quality of winter wheat varieties by intensity levels: basic (the purpose of using the biological potential of the variety by more than 50%), intensive (involving the use of intensive varieties and the creation of conditions for a more complete realization of their biological potential) and high–intensity (a set of measures aimed at ensuring the realization of the potential of the variety is more than 85%). Treatments included fertilizers, pesticides and growth regulators in various combinations and concentrations. Results. Three varieties of winter wheat were studied: Nemchinovskaya 85, Moskovskaya 40 and Moskovskaya 27. Insecticides (Picus 1.0 l/t, Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Danadim Power 0.6 l/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vantex 60 ml/ha, Picus 1.0 l/t + Vincit forte 1.5 l/t and Picus 0.7 l/t + Vantex 50 ml/ha), fungicides (Impact Exclusive 0.75 l/ha, Alto Super 0.5 l/ha, Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha + Consul 1.0 l/ha and Consul, CS 0.8 l/ha), herbicides (Aton 0.06 kg/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Exactly Extra 35 g/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha, Tandem 0.03 kg/ha + Foxtrot 1.0 l/ha, Tandem 30 g/ha + Foxtrot Extra 0.4 l/ha + Agroxon 0.5 l/ha and Lintur 180 g/ha) have confirmed their effectiveness. Nemchinovskaya 85 increased yield by 1.14–3.10 t/ha, Moscow 27 — by 0.64–3.62 t/ha, Moscow 40 — 0,71–3,21 t/ha.

Оценка возможности интродукции люпина белого (Lupinus albus L.) в центральные районы Нечернозёмной зоны РФ на основе результатов экологического сортоиспытания

Исследования проводились на Полевой опытной станции РГАУ–МСХА им. К. А. Тимирязева в 2022–2023 годах. Целью работы было сравнение по хозяйственно ценным признакам сортов и сортообразцов люпина белого с последующей их оценкой для выявления хозяйственной целесообразности выращивания в условиях Нечернозёмной зоны. Объектом исследования служили наиболее распространённые сорта Дега, Гана, Тимирязевский, Мичуринский. Они отличаются по биохимическим характеристикам и показателям продуктивности. В качестве стандарта был взят сорт Дега как занимающий наибольшие посевные площади в производстве. Также испытывались два сортообразца белого люпина — БГУ-М и Пищевой-М, которые имеют мутантное происхождение и перспективу предложения производству. По результатам двухлетних исследований вегетационный период у сортообразцов Пищевой-М и БГУ-М составил 99 и 102 дня соответственно, эти показатели говорят об их скороспелости. Поэтому Пищевой-М и БГУ-М можно в перспективе рекомендовать для использования в центральных районах Нечернозёмной зоны РФ. Средняя урожайность зерна сорта-стандарта в течении 2 лет испытаний составила 3,61 т/га. Некоторые сорта по продуктивности незначительно превысили сорт-стандарт. Наибольшее превышение отмечено у сорта Гана (+0,13 т/га), в то же время снижение зафиксировано у вариантов Мичуринский и Пищевой-М — –0,23 и –0,06 т/га соответственно. Анализ средней урожайности сортообразцов в экологическом сортоиспытании за 2 года (2022–2023 годы) не выявил существенной разницы в урожайности по отношению к сорту-стандарту. Это, скорее всего, вызвано различиями погодных условий по годам. Урожайность в 2023 году у всех вариантов сортоиспытания была выше, чем в 2022 году. This investigation took place at the Field Research Station of the Russian Timiryazev State Agrarian University in 2022–2023. The aim of this research was to evaluate the economically important traits of the genotypes of white lupine to be cultivated in the Non-Chernozem region. The objects of this investigation were such varieties as Dega, Gana, Timiryazevskiy, Michurinskiy. They differed in biochemistry and productivity. Dega was used as a standard since it occupies the largest farm areas. Additionally, two mutant genotypes were grown — BGU-M and Pishchevoy-M. BGU-M and Pishchevoy-M being the short-season varieties had the growing seasons of 99 and 102 days, respectively. Therefore, both genotypes can be recommended for the cultivation in the Central Non-Chernozem region of the Russian Federation. The standard produced 3.61 t ha-1 for 2 years. Several varieties exceeded insignificantly the standard in productivity. Gana had the highest yield increase of 0.13 t ha-1. The yields of Michurinskiy and Pishchevoy-M dropped by 0.23 and 0.06 t ha-1, respectively. The Ecological Variety Trial (2022–2023) showed no significant yield increase among the genotypes possibly due to the variation in weather conditions. The productivity of all the genotypes was higher in 2023 than in 2022

Study of the soybean varieties quantitative traits variability in the Central Non-Chernozem Earth Region conditions

In the experiments, the formation of the yield of new early-ripening soybean varieties Georgiy, Slavyanka and Snezhana under the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem Region was studied and an assessment was made of the influence of hydrothermal conditions on the variability and conjugation of soybean agronomic traits. Field experiments were carried out in 2020-2022. at the Institute of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies, a branch of the FGBNU FNAC VIM (Ryazan region), located in the forest-steppe agro-climatic zone of the Non-Chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. The soil is dark gray forest, heavy loamy in granulometric composition, of medium fertility (humus content - 4.54%), with an average content of exchangeable potassium and mobile phosphorus. Through correlation analysis, a significant positive relationship was established between the duration of the growing season and the HTC (r = 0.916 + 0.09), with the average daily temperature in August (r = 0.896 + 0.04). The height of plants and the height of attachment of the lower bean in the varietal section changed to an average degree (V = 7.96-21.38%). The greatest variability over the years was noted for the number of beans (V=31.92%) and the weight of seeds per plant (V=38.03%). The weight of 1000 seeds changed the least during the years of the study (V = 8.54-13.38%). The yield of the studied varieties is directly related to the number of beans and seeds per plant, and has no significant relationship with the height of the plant. The results of the research were used in the development of varietal technologies for the cultivation of soybeans in the conditions of the Ryazan region.

Regional Dynamics of Industry, Agriculture and Population in Russia in 1990–2020: Geoecological Interpretation

Abstract—The grouping of Russian regions by the type of conjugate dynamics of industry, agriculture and population for 1990–2020, indirectly reflecting the dynamics of the integral anthropogenic load on nature, is carried out. The zones most severely affected by the transformational depression have been identified, which cover practically the entire European Non-Chernozem region, south of Eastern Siberia and the Far East. And a significant increase in loads is observed in the North Caucasus, the Russian Baltic States, the sub-latitude area of the regions stretching from the Bryansk region to Bashkortostan, as well as the Tyumen region. The increase in load occurred primarily within the steppe and forest-steppe zones, which were most transformed by anthropogenic activity. In general, “pressure” on nature increases in a well-developed territory (about 1/10 of the country, where about a third of the population lives), and decreases in a vast poorly developed territory (about half of the territory and 1/6 of the population of Russia). A new environmentally unfavorable trend in the dynamics of pressures on nature is their relative shift to coastal regions, to vulnerable to impacts and scarce in the country recreationally attractive coasts of the Atlantic seas, as well as the Caspian Sea-lake. It has been established that the increase in all types of loads in the leading regions is much more significant than their reduction in the regions of maximum decline. Therefore, the deterioration of the environmental situation in the regions of strong growth in loads is more likely than its improvement in the regions leading their decline. The increase in the load occurred primarily within the steppe and forest-steppe zones, most transformed by anthropogenic activity. In general, the “pressure” on nature increases in a well-developed area (about 1/10 of the country, where about a third of the population lives), and decreases in a vast underdeveloped area (about half of the territory and 1/6 of the population of Russia). A new environmentally unfavorable trend in the dynamics of loads on nature is their relative shift to the coastal regions, to the recreationally attractive coasts of the Atlantic seas, as well as the Caspian Sea–lakes, vulnerable to impacts and scarce in the country. It has been established that the increase in all types of loads in the leading regions is much more significant than their reduction in the regions of maximum recession. Therefore, the deterioration of the environmental situation in the regions of a strong increase in loads is more likely than its improvement in the regions-leaders of their decline.

The effect of biofertilizers on the productivity of oats and clover-thymopheic mixture in the conditions of the Non-Chernozem region

In the link of crop rotation of fodder crops on sod-podzolic soil (83% of arable land) in the conditions of the Novgorod region, the use of Azotovite and Phosphatovite for the cultivation of crops on two backgrounds of mineral fertilizers was studied. The use of biofertilizers in technological operations twice (pickling of seed material and non-root spraying) against the background of full mineral fertilizer, in accordance with the plan, received the highest yield of cultivated crops: oat grains 4.3 t/ha and green mass of a clover-thistle mixture of 1 year of use (2 mowing) 60.9 and 2 year of use (1 mowing) 38.4 t/ha and the maximum nutritional value of feed per hectare: collection of dry matter 0.7, 15.2, 9.6; feed units–4.3, 13.0, 8.4 thousand tons; digestible protein 0.37, 1.16 and 0.74 tons with low energy intensity of production of cultivated crops 3.1, 0.7 and 1.0 GJ/thousand tons k units and high energy efficiency coefficients of 5.3, 16.1 and 12.5 units, respectively.

Ecological and chemical assessment of the state of the Desna river by bottom sediments on the example of the Bryansk region, Non-Chernozem region of the Russian Federation

Studies of the state of bottom soils of the city Desna river (Bryansk) were carried out as part of the recommended studies of state environmental monitoring. The purpose of the work is to identify the current state of the urban watercourse on the basis of ecological and analytical indicators of bottom soils for diagnosing the state of the surface waters of the Desna river. The study of the bottom sediments of the Desna river in the reference areas (cross-sections) showed that the content of heavy metals is within the normal range. The exception is the section of the river in the background region. The excess of concentrations for cobalt and chromium is 8.0 and 1.1 times from the established standards. The highest content of titanium oxide, chromium and cobalt was noted in samples on the right bank of the Desna river in the background area, which indicates that the area is silty. On average, the excess of chromium in spring was 7.5 times, and in summer - 8 times. For cobalt, the excess of the indicator compared to the maximum allowable amounted to 1.1 times throughout the entire spring-summer period. For the first time, the data of three-year studies on the state of bottom sediments are summarized, allowing the development of effective environmental programs and the creation of a constantly updated monitoring base.

Орошаемое луговодство и лизиметрические исследования в Федеральном научном центре кормопроизводства и агроэкологии имени В.Р. Вильямса (К 85-летию Б.И. Короткова)

Agricultural land reclamation is of great importance in the creation and life of grass ecosystems. Even V.R. Williams in his book "Meadow Farming" (1901) wrote about the need for reclamation of meadows by drainage and irrigation, which is a necessary condition for obtaining high and stable yields. In 1969, an irrigation system on an area of 85 hectares was put into operation at the V.R. Williams Forage Research Institute, and in 1970 — a drainage system (closed drainage) on an area of 25 hectares. After the organization of the problem laboratory of "Irrigated Meadow Farming" in 1970, senior researcher and later the head of the laboratory B.I. Korotkov conducted research here on the study of irrigation regimes of hayfields and pastures. He was born on February 20, 1938 in the village of Mordviny, Kovrovsky district, Vladimir region. After graduating from school, he studied in 1955–1960 at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (TAA) with a degree in "Scientist agronomist" and worked for 5 years as an agronomist-meadow farmer of the Vladimir Meliovodstroy Trust. In 1965–1968, B.I. Korotkov entered and successfully graduated from the graduate school of the TAA, defended his PhD thesis on the topic "The experience of using irrigated by sprinkling cultural pastures in the Non-Chernozem zone". Together with his teacher, the famous scientist N.G. Andreev, B.I. Korotkov developed the topic of irrigation of pastures and hayfields of the Non-Chernozem region, including in combination with other methods of intensification of forage lands, developed criteria for pre-irrigation soil moisture, determined the capacity of the active water exchange layer, irrigation and irrigation norms. The result of their joint scientific activity was the book "Irrigated and cultural pastures" (1979), which summarizes the experience and achievements of science in our country and abroad. B.I. Korotkov made a significant contribution to the development of science and practice of irrigated meadow farming. He is the author of more than 100 scientific papers.

The effect of magnesium-containing fertilizers on spring soft wheat in the Central Non-Chernozem region

Mineral nutrition from all external factors has a leading role on the size and quality of the crop. The results of scientific research on the basis of the Institute of Seed Production and Agrotechnologies - a branch of the Federal State Budgetary Institution FNAC VIM on the optimization of mineral nutrition in spring wheat crops are presented. All experimental studies were carried out on spring soft wheat crops of the Arsea variety. The variety is medium-ripened, highly productive, resistant to lodging and diseases. It has high and stable baking qualities over the years: protein 14-17 %, gluten content in flour 32-44 %, valuable wheat. The use of magnesium fertilizers made it possible to increase the productivity of the crop and form grain with high quality indicators. It was found that the use of magnesium fertilizers in all variants allowed to obtain additional harvests of spring soft wheat more control by 0.04-0.37 t/ha or 0.8-7.0 %. They also affected the formation of a productive stem by increasing it by 4.1-19.0 % or by 19-90 pcs/m2. Magnesium fertilizers also showed a positive effect on the formation of structural elements, the number of grains from the ear and the weight of grain from the ear increased by 2.3-7.4 % and 1.9-7.8 %, respectively. The mass of 1000 grains with the use of fertilizers increased by 0.9-4.3 % compared to the control. In our studies, in addition to crop productivity, the effect of fertilizers on grain quality was evaluated. The maximum dose of application of granulated Agromage to the soil (200 kg / ha) and subsequent additional top dressing on the sheet of Agromage Actimax at a dose of 6 l / ha allowed to improve the quality of products, the protein content in grains increased by 0.9 %.

Indicators of Water Balance at Various Agrobackgrounds in the Forest-Steppe Zone of the Non-Chernozem Region

В многофакторном стационарном опыте на стоковых площадках проводились наблюдения за снегоотложением, промерзанием и влажностью почвы, снеготаянием и водопоглощением. Целью исследований являлась разработка теории формирования весеннего стока при уровнях природных факторов выше лимитирующих, изучение закономерностей характера снегоотложения в комбинированной стокорегулирующей лесной полосе с низкорослым кустарником и предотвращение глубокого промерзания почвы. В результате научных исследований выявлена роль главных природных факторов и их взаимодействие на формирование поверхностного стока талых вод. Установлено, что при неглубоком промерзании почвы (до 50 см) весенний сток не формируется. За три года наблюдений промерзание почвы было слабым, что способствовало постепенному поглощению всей талой воды почвой. Водопоглощение на контрольных вариантах без лесной полосы было меньшим и колебалось от 34 до 110 мм, а на агрофонах зяби с лесополосой и низкорослым кустарником было выше на 17-36 мм. Эрозии почв не наблюдалось. Полученные материалы исследований позволили выявить влияние основных природных и антропогенных факторов на формирование весеннего стока талых вод. Это даёт возможность разработать новые приёмы регулирования снегоотложения на склонах в стокорегулирующих лесных полосах комбинированной конструкции с низкорослым кустарником. Это направление является актуальным и в наших условиях проводится впервые. Для успешной защиты почв от смыва и размыва необходимо знать закономерности эрозионных процессов, особенности их проявления в зависимости от совокупности определяющих природных факторов.

Продуктивность севооборота в зависимости от систем применения удобрений в длительном опыте

The problem of increasing soil fertility is one of the main tasks of agriculture in the Udmurt Republic and the Non-Chernozem region. The most acceptable way of solving this problem is biologisation, which provides for a decrease in the amount of chemicals and an increase in the amount of biologicalagents. If there is a lack of fertiliser, the use of green manure or straw alone will not solve the problem. On acidic soils, a complex action on the soil is needed, starting with liming and the use of optimal doses of mineral fertiliser, which help to increase land productivity and crop rotation in a short period of time. Since 1971, the Udmurt Research Institute of Agriculture has been studying different fertilizer systems in 8-field crop rotations (1 – fallow; 2 – winter rye; 3 – potato, corn; 4 – spring wheat; 5 – clover; 6 – clover; 7 – winter rye; 8 – barley). Factor A are backgrounds: 0 – “zero” [10]; I2 – lime per one hydrolytic acidity (4.9 t/ha CaCO3) in the first rotation + two hydrolytic acidities (7.5 t/ha) in the second rotation; Н5С – manure 40 (first rotation) + 60 t/ha (2d‑5th rotations) + green manure (6th rotation); L2M5GM – lime + manure + green manure similarly. Factor B are options. Options without fertiliser and NPK are considered. Lime reduced soil acidity to a neutral level, slightly increased in the 4th rotation. The content of P2O5, K2O, and humus reached the highest level in the 5th rotation on manured backgrounds, resulting in 3.23 and 3.31 tce/ha in six rotations (18.3 and 22.0% more than without fertiliser). In lime and manure systems, mineral fertiliser increased crop rotation productivity by 32.4–35.7% on average over the entire period. Optimal doses for 3.0–4.0 t grain units/ha were 40–50 kg NPK/ha. Reducing the doses from 40–60 to 10–30 kg/ha of NPK in the last two rotations led to a decrease in crop rotation productivity (2.74–2.84) by 0.41–0.49 t grain units /ha. The lime-organomineral fertiliser system in the 3d, 4th and 5th rotations with “the addition of micronutrient fertiliser (zinc for winter rye, cobalt for potatoes, copper for spring wheat and barley, boron and molybdenum for clover)” [9] provided the highest crop rotation productivity – 4.67; 4.25; 3.32 t grain units/ha, with the highest increases – 2.05; 1.12; 1.05 t grain units/ha or 78.2; 35.8; 46.2%, respectively, in rotations. Manure can only be replaced periodically with a pea-oat mixture.

Plants of the calcifilic flora exposition of the N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, listed in the regional Red Data Books of Central Russia

The results of conservation of plants of the exposition of the calciphilous flora of the Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, listed in the regional Red Data Books of Central Russia, are shown. For 12 years, in the culture of GBS RAS, in the conditions of Moscow, 118 calciphilous species listed in the regional Red Books, represented by 77 genera from 34 families, were studied. Among them, in terms of introduction resistance, resistant ones prevail - 46% and highly resistant - 35.5%, weakly resistant - 13.5%, unstable - 5%. The main groups according to ecological confinement are considered: obligate (25%) and facultative (75%) calciphilic species. The experiment proved the importance of using special agricultural techniques for the successful adaptation of representatives of this group. In total, an average of 70% of calciphilous taxa of regional protected lists were tested. The representation of calciphilic species in the regional Red Data Books of Central Russia is different and is due to the natural features of the distribution of their classical habitats. In the regions of the Chernozem region, this figure ranges from 55% in the Belgorod region to 24% in the Tambov region. In the Non-Chernozem region: Bryansk, Ryazan, Tula regions, calciphilic species in relation to the total number of protected species also represent a significant part - 25%. For Vladimir, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Smolensk, Tver, Yaroslavl regions and the federal city of Moscow, calciphilic taxa represent an average of 9% of protected lists. The share of calciphilous species of categories: 0, 1, 2 in the regional Red Data Books of Central Russia averages 58%, which indicates a high vulnerability of this group and the need for ex situ study