Nominal Stem Research Articles

On the Notion of anabhihite in the Cāndra Grammar

Comparing the kāraka theory as presented in Pāṇiniʼs (ca. fifth-fourth century BC) and Candragominʼs (ca. fifth century AD) systems of grammar, Joshi and Roodbergen observed that in the Cāndrasūtra, the heading rule Pāṇ 2.3.1 (anabhihite), which plays an important role for all the kāraka rules, is missing. Deshpande, however, criticized their understanding. According to him, Patañjali (ca. second century BC), in his Mahābhāṣya, already dealt with the question of whether the general principle uktārthānām aprayogaḥ can justify the omission of this heading rule; under the influence of Patañjali, Candragomin took the position that it is not necessary to explicitly provide Pāṇ 2.3.1. The present paper revisits this issue on the basis of some newly edited Cāndra materials, the Cāndrapañjikā and the Śabdārthacintā, which were both written by the eminent Sinhalese grammarian Ratnamati or Ratnaśrījñāna (ca. tenth century AD). Ratna’s detailed explanation not only confirms that Deshpande’s assumption is correct, but it also clarifies that the problem pointed out by Pāṇinians in the case of the omission of Pāṇ 2.3.1 can be solved by resorting to the theory of the fivefold meaning of a nominal stem.

ქართველურ ენათა ლინგვისტური ანოტაცია: I. სახელები (პრობლემები და მათი გადაჭრის გზები)

The international standards of morphemic analysis of texts have outlined completely new prospects of research for the languages with rich morphological structurebecause typological linguistics systematizes and classifies language facts and phenomena based on the structural content and the number of structural markers. The unity of these markers is relevant for the definition of the essence of language as such, the very phenomenon of language. Morphologically, of great interest with regard to any language are the noun and the verb, because they are structural units of ample syntagmatic data. This proves the importance of the outcomes of morphemic analysis, as well as the vast grammatical capacity of these parts of speech. Kartvelian languages embrace the empirical material of four languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz and Svan) with diverse and multifunctional morphemic data. Their systemic research is urgent, important and vital for the definition of the typology of Kartvelian languages as well as for the general typological research. Modern challenges have created the need for the new,reliable and knowledge-based research product that will meet contemporary international standards. Linguistic morphological analysis is carried out based on the synchronic data. Due to the morphonological changes peculiar of nominal stems, we should take into account the diachronic-etymological factors in order to identify the original forms and meanings of words. The problems of linguistic annotation of the nominal parts of speech in Kartvelian languages are analyzed based on the grammatical categories of case and number:The issues of segmentation and qualification of the nominal parts of speech with postpositions are discussed with reference to all the four Kartvelian languages.In Megrelian and Laz, especially in Megrelian, the definition-identification of the nominal stem is specific with regard to the following:a. The former genitive cases (secondary cases).b. Due to the phonetic insertion in the singular and plural forms (the insertion that separates consonants or vowels).c. Due to the phonetic transformation of the stem and the case-marker.d. Due to the changes in some case-markers caused by phonetic rules.In Megrelian anthroponyms (maiden names) a gender suffix -ხე /xe/ is usually found.It is traditionally considered that Svan nouns are more complex than Svan verbs. This opinion is based on the existence of two/three stems in the Svan declension system and the existence of double declension paradigm. The empirical material is diverse, taking into account the dialectal data as well. Out of Kartvelian languages, only Svan has the so-called “prepositional-postpositional“ cases. Such forms express semantic nuances, and, in this, they are close to double local cases found in the highland dialects of the Svan language. The lexical-grammatical patterns denoting names of clans-families are also extremely diverse in the Svan langauge.In the process of annotation (segmentation-marking) of the nominal lexemes, alongside with formal data, we should take into account the semantic peculiarities. Besides, description-qualification of the formal mechanisms of nominal parts of speech will be complete and accurateonly if it reflects the outcomes of the phonetic transformation of forms. Annotation, including morphological annotation, is conventional (achieved on the basis of agreement). However, the theoretical foundation should be consistent, especially in condition of diverse opinions.

Differences between two sequential uncemented stem sizes in total hip arthroplasty: A comparative biomechanical study and potential clinical implications.

Early failure of uncemented femoral stems associated with incorrect sizing is a known postoperative complication. Surgeons are often faced with the question of whether an uncemented stem of adequate stability or a larger-sized stem should be implanted, especially when the proximal femoral cancellous bone is adequate. The biomechanical effect of sub-optimal stem sizing in the femur remains unclear. This study investigated the mechanical behaviour of two sequential sized uncemented stems of the same type. Six laboratory models of synthetic non-osteoporotic femora were randomly divided into two groups and implanted with either a nominal or oversized uncemented hydroxyapatite-coated nonporous titanium collarless stem. Stiffness, uniaxial strain, and pattern of strain distribution were measured under an anatomical one-legged stance. Oversized stems demonstrated a higher overall stiffness compared to nominal; however, this was not statistically significant. The nominal stem showed a higher strain in the neck and the proximal medial diaphyseal region. The oversized stem showed higher strains in the distal region around the implant tip. Opting to use a larger stem may potentially increase primary stability, thus allowing safer early mobility. However, higher stiffness may lead to stress shielding, bone loss, and thigh pain in the long term. In addition, strains in the diaphysis and the tip of the stem may predispose to periprosthetic fractures, especially in osteoporotic bones, making this a relatable aspect for users and biomechanical loading. Given the wide range of complex factors that need to be considered when choosing stem size in uncemented THA surgery, this study's results should be interpreted cautiously.

Brunvata sist’emis sc’avlebisatvis sajaro sk’olashi /ბრუნვათა სისტემის სწავლებისათვის საჯარო სკოლაში [For Teaching the Case System in the Public School

In parallel with the developing modern technologies, it becomes increasingly important to produce textbooks that are based on logical approaches. Our goal is to develop such ”standardized rules of the declension of nominals that will facilitate both analysis and synthesis of word forms of nominals in modern Georgian ”. The article deals with the issue of teaching the case system of Georgian by taking into consideration the 5th- and 7th-grade textbooks written by different authors using different approaches. In the available textbooks, Georgian cases are taught separately from the so-called postpositional forms of cases; this prevents the pupils from having a systemic understanding of the material. The origin of the problem should be sought in the definition of the category of case and the confusion of diachronic and synchronic aspects in textbooks: the history of the development of the grammatical phenomenon is one thing, the current state of it is another. The article deals with the classification of the case system in Georgian on the synchronic level based on logical rules – the approach is a particular novelty in terms of the methodology of teaching the case system of the Georgian language. The basic postulates are as follows: 1. The term “case” is defined as the morphological category of nominals, within the scope of which the formative suffix adds the grammatical function to a wordform (leaving the lexical meaning unchanged); 2. The case is a combination of a noun stem and a case marker; 3. The case marker may be simple (-ს [-s], -ის [-is], -ით[-it], ად[-ad], etc.) or complex//compound (-სში [-sši] “in”, -ისგან [-isgan] “from (anim.)”, -იდან [-idan] / -დან [-dan] from (inanimate), -ამდე [-amde] / -მდე [-mde] “up to”, etc.). According to the classification on the synchronic level, three logically differentiated types of cases are identified in the Georgian language: 1. a simple case: nominal stem + simple case marker (დედა-ს [deda-s] “mother/to mother”, ქვეყნ-ად [kveqnad] “on the earth”); 2. a complex (compound) case: nominal stem + complex (compound) case marker (ლომ-ივით [lomi-vit] “like a lion”, ხე-სთან [xe-stan] “at the tree”); a complex case marker is constructed by merging a simple case marker with a postposition and expresses additional grammatical or semantic nuances; 3. a case with a postposition: nominal stem + simple case marker + separate auxiliary word //postposition (კაც-ის მიერ / გამო [kac-is mier/gamo “by / because of a man”). The proposed approach will simplify the process of learning and understanding the paradigm of the noun in a systemic way, on the one hand, and will assist in developing the software for machine translation, on the other hand. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენა, ბრუნვათა სისტემა, რთული და მარტივი ბრუნვები, თანდებულიანი ბრუნვები. Keywords: Georgian language, case system, simple and complex cases, cases with postpositions.

О проблемном статусе лексико-семантической группы псевдопричастий/прилагательных в норвежском, датском и шведском языках

Not only do the grammatical and lexical systems of the continental Scandinavian sister languages have much in common but also their structural differences are interrelated. The modern Norwegian language (bokmal) has a special group of qualitative-attitudinal inflexible adjectives, the so-called pseudo adjectives that are formed from nouns; they take the form of genuine weak passive participles of weak verbs, but many derive from the nominal stem. The modern Danish language has a similar lexical and semantic group of adjectives largely derived from the same roots as those in Norwegian. These adjectives are formed from nouns or verbs by means of the suffix -et and they take the same form as participles of weak verbs of the first class. Contrary to the Norwegian bokmal, the Danish language does not have an inflexible variant of pseudo participles ending in -ete. These word formation patterns are highly productive and frequent both in vernacular speech and in dialects of Norwegian and Danish. Yet, in the Swedish language, adjectival vocabulary of such semantics is modeled not on the participle II pattern, but by taking affixes, mainly the suffix -ig. Also, there are derivatives formed with suffixes -aktig, -sam and -ad. Stricter rules governing the functioning of genuine participles and the supine in the Swedish language seem to have curbed the capacity of the participle ending to be affixed to any base morphemes other than the verbal stem.

Iranian *zganda- ‘mounted messenger’, *zgad- ‘to ride’ and Greek σφαδᾴζω

This article argues that Greek σφαδᾴζω ‘struggle, toss one’s body about’ is etymologically related to Proto-Iranian *zgad- ‘to ride, gallop’ and *zganda- ‘messenger’, the source of loanwords σαγγάνδης and ἀσγάνδης in Greek. Iranian nominal stems *zgandá - ‘rider, mounted messenger’ and *zgánda- ‘riding’ (reflected in Sogdian non-finite forms) suggest the reconstruction of a Proto-Iranian root *zgand-, the zero-grade form of which is found in tudáti-type verbal stem *zgadá-ti ‘rides, gallops’ (*zgad- < *zgn̥ d-). The correspondence between Greek σφ- and Iranian *zg- is unproblematic, since these are regular reflexes of PIE *sgwh- in both languages, compare Younger Avestan zgərəsna- ‘round, circular’ vis-à-vis Greek σφαῖρα ‘sphere, ball, globe’. Importantly, in its earliest attestations Greek σφαδᾴζω is used to refer to horses that are prancing, struggling, and moving violently: the application of the verb to human agony is demonstrably secondary. The Greek verb is best analyzed as a denominative *σφαδαι-ιζωderived from an unattested adjective *σφάδαιος, itself made from a nominal stem *σφάδη or *σφαδή, cf. ματᾴζω ‘speak foolishly’ ← μάταιος‘foolish’ ← μάτη ‘foolishness’; the underlying unattested noun, whether *σφάδη ‘kicking, tossing’ or *σφαδή ‘kick, toss’, is based on a thematic verbal stem *σφαδε/ο- ‘to kick, toss, move swiftly (of horses)’ identical in origin with Proto-Iranian *zgadá-ti. On the basis of these forms, a new PIE root *sgwhend- / *sgwh ̥n d- ‘to move quickly (of horses)’ can be reconstructed.

The origin and spread of the ‘i-mutation’ paradigm and the prehistory of the Luwic nominal stem classes

In this article it is argued that the Luwic paradigm known as ‘i-mutation’ originated in ablauting i-stems, which lost the oblique suffix by sound law and spread categorically, through the identity of the oblique cases, initially to the consonant stems, and later to the o-stems. The ā-stems, which are argued to survive as a class not only in Lycian but also in Luwian, escaped the spread because their oblique cases were not identical. The same goes for the u-stems, except in those cases where the stem vowel was consonantal

A Study on the Acquisition of the Sibilation of Korean Nominal Stem Final Coronal Consonants by Chinese Korean Advanced Learners: A Sociolinguistic Approach

A Study on the Acquisition of the Sibilation of Korean Nominal Stem Final Coronal Consonants by Chinese Korean Advanced Learners: A Sociolinguistic Approach

From Fusion to Agglutination: The Case of Asia Minor Greek

AbstractThis article examines the nominal inflectional system of a group of Asia Minor Greek dialects (Dawkins , ), which developed, in parallel with the fusional inflectional system, an agglutinative one due to language contact with Turkish. We argue that the ‘old’ fusional ending or the theme vowel was reanalyzed as part of the nominal stem. This novel structure was actualized by means of two competing options: in some dialects, the reanalysis was actualized transparently in all inflectional forms rendering an agglutinative pattern of inflection, whereas in dialects with limited agglutination the actualization took the form of a special type of vowel assimilation. More specifically, as part of the nominal stem, the ‘old’ theme vowel signals its merge with the root by allowing it to absorb some or all of its features. Formally, the phonological process is treated as an instance of indirect licensing (Walker 2011), according to which the theme vowel acts as a trigger due to its privileged position as a segment of the categorizer n, i.e. the head of the stem.

Minimalist Interfaces: Evidence from Indonesian and Javanese by Yosuke Sato

Reviewed by: Minimalist Interfaces: Evidence from Indonesian and Javanese by Yosuke Sato Michael Yoshitaka Erlewine Yosuke Sato. 2010. Minimalist Interfaces: Evidence from Indonesian and Javanese. Linguistik Aktuell 155. xiii + 159. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ISBN 978-902-72-5538-9. €95, US$143, hardcover. Puzzles do not exist in a vacuum. Empirical observations rise to the level of puzzles only when cast against a particular theoretical backdrop. Their careful investigation, then, has the potential to elucidate not only the nature of particular linguistic phenomena, but also aspects of the design of the human language faculty itself. This stance is apparent in Yosuke Sato’s 2010 monograph, based on his 2008 University of Arizona doctoral dissertation, which studies four aspects of the grammar of Indonesian and Javanese and highlights their theoretical relevance within the framework of the Minimalist Program and to more general questions of grammatical architecture. The book is structured around these four case studies—on reduplication, active voice deletion, preposition-stranding sluicing, and nominal interpretation—with brief introduction and conclusion chapters that provide a theoretical framing.1 The title of this volume makes reference to Sato’s Minimalist Interfaces thesis, the idea that syntax proper is “functionally blind,” constructing complex syntactic objects “without ever caring about the fate of the objects thus created, leaving the task of their convergence/interpretability entirely to the language-external, sound- and meaning-related modules” (2). At both the sound- and meaning-related interfaces, a set of “domain-specific operations … legitimatize otherwise illicit objects created by syntax” (1). As made explicit in the conclusion, this view of the interfaces differs from common and influential “filtration” models of the interfaces (Chomsky and Lasnik 1977, among many others): “the role of the interfaces is not to constrain the forms of objects created by the syntactic derivation; they work instead to improve them” (134). Under this framework, it is, then, essential to investigate the inventory of such possible improvement strategies at the interfaces. Save for a few references to this overarching Minimalist Interfaces thesis in the introduction or conclusion of a chapter, each chapter is self-contained, presenting its own relevant background and terms as necessary. The book reads as a collection of four papers, and this is not an accident—versions of three of the four content chapters have by now appeared elsewhere as independent journal articles. I will, therefore, begin with a summary and evaluation of each individual case study chapter and then return to these questions regarding the entire book and its themes as a whole. [End Page 298] Ch. 2, “Reduplication asymmetries at the syntax-lexicon interface,” studies patterns of reduplication in Indonesian nouns and verbs, and is a revised version of Sato (2009) in the Journal of the South East Asian Linguistics Society. The chapter argues that reduplication in Indonesian must be sensitive to the internal derivational structure of words, which is incompatible with Lexicalism, the idea that words are formed in an independent morphology or lexicon module and are then used as atoms in syntax, as well as weaker forms of Lexicalism where irregular, unproductive morphology must be computed in the lexicon, before syntax. The chapter gives a brief survey of different conceptions of Lexicalism, as well as a brief introduction to a specific non-Lexicalist theory, Distributed Morphology, which is adopted in his proposal. What is shown to be specifically problematic for many of the Lexicalist theories considered is the ordering of reduplication and affixation in cases where reduplication has applied word-internally. Consider the example of buah-buahan ‘many types of fruit’ derived from the stem buah ‘fruit’. The reduplication of the nominal stem buah-buah is a phonologically regular process with a transparent semantics of marked pluralization, which would be considered a type of inflectional morphology. The form buah-buahan, then, must either be the result of this inflectional morphology followed by the derivational morphology -an, or there would have to be an inflectional process of reduplication which reaches inside the already complex buahan and reduplicates just the stem, forming buahbuahan. This is problematic for those Lexicalist theories that strictly order derivational morphology before inflectional morphology, or treat derivational morphology in the lexicon and productive inflectional morphology in syntax...

Class 1 deverbal and nondeverbal nouns in Shona: A comparative analysis

The main aim of this article is to present a comparative analysis of some synchronic morphological properties of Shona class 1 non-deverbal and deverbal nouns. On the surface, these nouns, like most other Bantu nouns, look superficially similar; they comprise a noun class prefix and a noun stem. However, this belies a huge diversity amongst these nouns. We demonstrate that class 1 non-deverbal and deverbal nouns display the following differences: first, the stems of non-deverbal nouns are monomorphemic whereas those of deverbal nouns are minimally bimorphemic and are derived from verb roots. Secondly, the boundaries between the class prefix and the nominal stem behave differently. To this end, we use vowel hiatus resolution as a diagnostic tool to demonstrate the differences. Third, in forming diminutives of non-deverbal nouns, there is substitution of prefixes whereas for the deverbal nouns there is stacking of prefixes. We demonstrate that deverbal and non-deverbal nouns behave differently with respect to their phonology and derivational properties. We conclude that nouns in class 1 are not uniform and a theory of noun classes needs to be rich enough to account for the diversity. This research contributes towards the description and analysis of Shona nominal morphology in particular, and Bantu Linguistics in general.

Homeric κρείων ‘lord’ and the Indo-European word for ‘head’

Abstract An old idea, commonly accepted today,1 is that Homeric κρείων ‘lord, ruler’, Classical Greek κρέων derives from the same verbal root as Vedic śri- ‘beauty, splendor’, śréyas- ‘more beautiful’, Avestan sraiiah- ‘id.’, sraiian- ‘beauty’ and other related forms. In this article, I will challenge this idea, and argue instead that κρείων derives from the PIE nominal stem *ḱrh₂-s- ‘head’. More precisely, κρείων is the outcome of a masculine n-stem derivative PGr. *krāh-on- ‘chief’, derivationally related to (but distinct from) the oblique PGr. *krāhn̥t- ‘head’, the outcome of the PIE neuter *ḱrh₂-s-n-. This PGr. *krāhon- was reshaped as *krāhontafter other nt-stems with a similar meaning, notably γέροντ- ‘old man’.

Early performance of Pinus radiata provenances in the earthquakeravaged dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China

A provenance experiment involving five native provenances and an Australian landrace of Pinus radiata (D. Don) was established over three sites in the dry river valley area of Sichuan, southwest China in 2004 in order to select the most suitable provenance for environmental planting on the dry, steep and degraded slopes to reduce soil erosion. Although with much lower soil moisture supply and mean minimum temperatures in winter compared to P. radiata provenance trials established elsewhere in the world, these sites are within the working limits of the species defined by previous climate modelling and matching. Because of the difficult site conditions and severe natural disturbances after the experiment was established, mortality was high across the three sites in comparison to provenance trials in other countries. The average mortality rate among the provenance by replicate planting units over the three sites varied from 16% to 76% four years after planting, and from 40% to 88% five years after planting. The repeated measurements of tree size over time were analysed using multilevel linear mixed models to derive growth curves for the mean, median, the 75th and the 90th percentiles of the size distribution of each provenance at each site. There were significant site effects on tree growth, but no significant interactions between site and provenance was detected. Among the six provenances, Cambria was the best performer in diameter, height and stem volume growth across all sites. The better than average and the best trees of this provenance, as represented by the 75th and 90th percentiles of the nominal stem volume distribution, were significantly larger than the Australian landrace, Ano Nuevo, and the two island provenances, Guadalupe and Cedros. Monterey was overall the second best performer behind Cambria. The Australian landrace, Guadalupe and Ano Nuevo had similar performances in general. Cedros was significantly and consistently inferior to all other native provenances and the Australian land race. Because the genetic base of the present Australian plantations was derived largely from Ano Nuevo and Monterey, the superior early growth performance of Cambria at such difficult sites brings a new promise to the search of P. radiata provenances for the vast dryland areas in New South Wales and other parts of Australia.

The Opening Formula of Lycian Funerary Inscriptions:mẽtivs.mẽne

Previous articleNext article No AccessArticleThe Opening Formula of Lycian Funerary Inscriptions: mẽti vs. mẽne*Alwin KloekhorstAlwin KloekhorstLeiden University Search for more articles by this author Leiden University*In this article, Lycian inscriptions are transliterated according to the standard transliteration. Line breaks are indicated by |. In syntactic analyses neither line breaks nor word dividers (:) are indicated. TL stands for texts published by Ernst Kalinka, Tituli Lyciae, lingua lycia conscripti, Tituli Asiae Minoris 1, (Vienna, 1901), and N for texts published by Günter Neumann, Neufunde lykischer Inschriften seit 1901 (Wien, 1979).PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Journal of Near Eastern Studies Volume 70, Number 1April 2011 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/658474 Views: 30Total views on this site Citations: 3Citations are reported from Crossref © 2011 by The University of Chicago. All rights reserved.PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:José Marcos Macedo “Nobody else”: word order in Greek funerary inscriptions from Asia Minor and in Lycian, Glotta 97, no.11 (Feb 2021): 158–177.https://doi.org/10.13109/glot.2021.97.1.158Stefan Norbruis The origin and spread of the ‘ i -mutation’ paradigm and the prehistory of the Luwic nominal stem classes, Historical Linguistics 131, no.11 (Dec 2018): 11–45.https://doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2018.131.1.11David M. Goldstein Object agreement in Lycian, Historical Linguistics 127, no.11 (Nov 2014): 101–124.https://doi.org/10.13109/hisp.2014.127.1.101

Dabartinės lietuvių kalbos daiktavardinių veiksmažodžių priesagų ir jų pamatinių daiktavardžių kaitybos klasių santykis

THE RELATION BETWEEN THE SUFFIXES OF DENOMINAL VERBS AND THE INFLECTION CLASSES OF THEIR BASE NOUNS IN MODERN LITHUANIAN Summary It is well known that Lithuanian verbal suffixes - ėti , - y-ti , -o-ti , and -uo-ti are historically related to nominal stems ē , ī , ā , and o respectively. At an earlier stage, the suffix * -eo was added to nominal stems and this addition simply transferred them to the class of verbs without any predictable derivational meaning (cf. Meillet 1937, 219). Later on, the former theme vowels were reanalyzed as verbal (neo-)suffixes, but the relation to certain nominal stems (= inflection classes) still remained to some extent (Skardžius 1943, 488, 493, 504, 509, 521, 534f.; Stang 1966, 360, 364, 366), cf. historically regular seil--ti ‘slobber, slaver’ (← seilės ‘saliva’), vag-oti ‘furrow’ (← vaga ‘furrow’), ak-ýti ‘get holes, become porous’ (← aks ‘eye’), žaibuoti ‘flash (of lightning)’ (← žabas ‘lightning’) alongside (historically) nonregular kand--ti ‘be destroyed by moths’ (← kands ‘moth’), seili-oti ‘slaver’ (← seilės ‘saliva’), dm-y-ti ‘emit smoke’ (← dmai ‘smoke’), etc. In this paper, all synchronically derivationally transparent denominal verbs with - ėti , -y-ti , -o-ti , and -uo-ti found in the dictionary of Modern Lithuanian (DŽ6e) were analyzed and qualified in respect of the relation between the suffix and its historically correlated nominal stem. It is clear that in Modern Lithuanian the distinction can be made between the suffixes with (а) weak ( -ėti , -y-ti ) and (b) strong ( -(i)o-ti , -(i)uo-ti ) relation to the corresponding noun inflection classes -ė , -i- , -(i)o- , and -(i)a- . In the case of group (a), the nouns of historically predictable inflection classes constitute ca. 20–30% of the bases, while in the case of group (b), these classes take up ca. 70% (cf. Tables 1–4). The denominal formations in -ėti (especially the ones which are not based on inflection class ė ) have an easily predictable inchoative meaning, but this has to be an extension of use of inchoative deadjectival -ėti (< * -eh1- ) rather than “semantization” of nominal thematic suffix -ė . In the case of other suffixes, some meanings such as factitive are quite frequent, but they cannot be qualified as specialized and predictable.

Analogy and lexical restructuring in the development of nominal stem inflection from Middle to Contemporary Korean

This paper tries to elucidate the asymmetric distribution of stem-final coronal (SFC) obstruent codas in the nouns of Contemporary Korean (CK) by documenting their historical development from Middle Korean (fifteenth to sixteenth centuries, MK). Examination of historical data suggests that there was an intermediate stage in Korean in which [s] was far and away the most prevalent phonetic value and thus triggered analogical extension to other SFCs through a stage of free variation between [s] and [t]. Subsequent developments involving the completion of the occlusivization of [s] obscure this state of affairs. Two other factors which resulted in the biased distribution of SFCs in CK are also pointed out: (1) the simplification of SFCs’ oppositions in polysyllabic words based on their near-complementary distribution and (2) the type-frequency of MK SFCs, which takes into account compound words as well as simplex (= non-compound) words.

β-catenin Activity in the Dermal Papilla Regulates Morphogenesis and Regeneration of Hair

The activity of keratinocytes in the hair follicle is regulated by signals from a specialized mesenchymal niche, the dermal papilla (DP). Here, mice expressing cre recombinase in the DP were developed to probe the interaction between follicular keratinocytes and the DP in vivo. Inactivation of the beta-catenin gene within DP of fully developed hair follicles results in dramatically reduced proliferation of the progenitors and their progeny that generate the hair shaft, and, subsequently, premature induction of the destructive phase of the hair cycle. It also prevents regeneration of the cycling follicle from stem cells. Gene expression analysis reveals that beta-catenin activity in the DP regulates signaling pathways, including FGF and IGF, that can mediate the DP's inductive effects. This study reveals a signaling loop that employs Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in both epithelial progenitor cells and their mesenchymal niche to govern and coordinate the interactions between these compartments to guide hair morphogenesis.

A Diachronic Research on the Restructuring of the Nominal Stem Final with Coronal Consonants

A Diachronic Research on the Restructuring of the Nominal Stem Final with Coronal Consonants

La reconstruction de quelques mots pour mortier en domaine Bantou

This article proposes reconstructions of words for "mortar" in Bantu languages. Comparative research indicates that a nominal stem of the type *-du - -nu can be reconstructed on a Proto-Bantu level; however, data from related non-narrow Bantu languages seem to indicate greater historical depth. In the eastern Bantu languages, a second nominal stem, O-tode, is reconstructed. It appears to be closely related to the geographical distribution of a cereal in south-eastern Africa. Finally, two other regional stems with less historical depth are reconstructed for the Great Lakes area and the central African forest region, respectively.

Nominal Stem and Adjective Stem Incorporation in Gavião

Nominal Stem and Adjective Stem Incorporation in Gavião