Nominal Operating Research Articles

Impact of synergistic interfacial modification on the electrochemical performance of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode materials

Developing sophisticated lithium-ion batteries with high energy and power density requires using high-voltage positive electrodes. Due to its three-dimensional lithium-ion diffusion and greater nominal operating voltage, spinel LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 has emerged as one of lithium-ion batteries' most viable cathode materials. Electrolyte breakdown, Mn dissolution, and rapid cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) degradation in lithium-ion cells are exacerbated by the high operating voltage of LNMO. Consequently, the long-term cycling of LNMO is hampered by such adverse side effects, making the commercialization of such a battery impractical. Here, we document the enhancement in the electrochemical performance of LNMO by surface modification utilizing a combination of Al2O3 coating and Graphene enveloping employing a facile wet synthesis technique. The presence of highly crystalline spherical secondary microspheres consisting of primary nanoparticles of disordered LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4, the surface modification with Al2O3, and the subsequent graphene wrapping were all confirmed by structural and surface analysis techniques. The fabricated cells containing the enhanced cathode material (LNMO-Al-GO) were cycled at a C/10 rate for 100 cycles in a voltage window of 3.5–4.9 V, providing a specific discharge capacity of 134.7 ± 3.8 mAhg−1. Delivering a capacity retention of 97.7 ± 3.9% compared to the unmodified LNMO sample (84.7 ± 5.3%). Ex-situ XRD, Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) investigations reveal that the alumina coating protects the cathode by acting as a hydrogen fluoride (H.F.) scavenger and minimizes unfavorable phase formations at the CEI, inhibiting Mn3+ dissolution and enhancing cyclability.

Phase Correction of the Channels of a Fully Populated Randomized Multielement Therapeutic Array Using the Acoustic Holography Method

The acoustic holography method was used to characterize a therapeutic focused fully populated 256-element ultrasonic transducer array. Elements of the array with the shape of equal area polygons are densely arranged in an irregular pattern on a spherically concave surface with a radius of curvature of 150 mm and a diameter of 200 mm. The array has a central frequency of 1.2 MHz and is designed to operate in water. The performance of individual array elements was studied based on the holographically reconstructed normal velocity distribution over the array surface. It was shown that with the same electrical signals applied to the elements, their acoustic responses had a phase deviation relative to the nominal values, which can be caused either by the asphericity of the array surface, or by the introduction of additional phase delays by the electrical matching network. To compensate for the detected parasitic phase shifts of the elements and restore the effective sphericity of the radiating surface, the Verasonics V-1 control system was used. The hologram measured after making the correction, as well as the shape of the focal region and acoustic pressure magnitude at the focus, separately measured by a hydrophone, showed that the proposed method reconstructed the nominal operating parameters of the array with high accuracy.

Centralized control of a Wave Energy Farm

As long as an increased number of Wave Energy Converters are reaching their prototypal and pre-commercial stage it is fundamental to analyse in detail the issues arising from the grid integration of such devices. Point absorbers are among the most promising Wave Energy Converters. In this paper a point absorbers wave farm, connected to a weak grid, is simulated in order to evaluate how active and reactive power control strategies can help to fulfil the grid codes and to improve the behaviour of the farm as well as the efficiency of the internal grid. The real test case offered by bimep is used to model the internal grid of the farm. Different farm level control strategies, centralized and decentralized, are considered and compared. Both steady-state and dynamic analyses are carried out in order to assess the performance of the farm under its nominal operation and also to underline the detrimental effect of the energy source intermittency. Fault analyses are performed to evaluate the effect of voltage dips on the system operation.

A Sensing Integrated Metal Additive Manufacturing Platform for Exploring the Use of Non-Standard Powders

Abstract Research applications that rely on commercial directed energy deposition (DED) based metal additive manufacturing (AM) systems are commonly constrained by their inflexibility in handling various non-standard powders, lack of fine system control, and inherent difficulty with sensor integration. In this work, we present the design of a sensing-integrated platform for metal additive manufacturing. A modular design allows easy modification of specific sub-systems, such as laser integration or powder delivery mechanisms, to enable capabilities that are difficult to realize with commercial systems. As an example, we demonstrate DED performance using non-conventional inexpensive powders produced via abrasion and water atomization techniques. System performance is evaluated using integrated sensors and complemented by numerical/ analytical calculations. Based on these results, a nominal operation map combining thermal field with powder flow is generated for determining process parameters suitable for a given material/build combination and can be generally applicable for any DED AM system. In addition to handling non-spherical and alternatively sourced powders, the system capabilities for printing multi-material complex contours are demonstrated.

Wind Velocity and Forced Heat Transfer Model for Photovoltaic Module

This study proposes a computational model to define the wind velocity of the environment on the photovoltaic (PV) module via heat transfer concepts. The effect of the wind velocity and PV module is mostly considered a cooling effect. However, cooling and controlling the PV module temperature leads to the capability to optimize the PV module efficiency. The present study applied a nominal operating cell temperature (NOCT) condition of the PV module as a reference condition to determine the wind velocity and PV module temperature. The obtained model has been examined in contrast to the experimental heat transfer equation and outdoor PV module performance. The results display a remarkable matching of the model with experiments. The model’s novelty defines the PV module temperature in relation to the wind speed, PV module size, and various ambient temperatures that were not included in previous studies. The suggested model could be used in PV module test specification and provide analytical evaluation.

Perovskite-based detector for reactor dosimetry monitoring

Hybrid halide perovskites have demonstrated significant efficiency in detecting a broad spectrum of high-energy radiation, including X-rays, gamma rays (γ-rays), and neutrons. Given the common occurrence of mixed radiation fields, we investigated the performance of a perovskite-based detector in a neutron-gamma mixed field. A large methylammonium lead tribromide (MAPbBr3) single crystal (SC) was synthesized via the oriented crystal-crystal intergrowth method. This SC was used to fabricate a gamma detector with carbon electrodes, which was tested in the CROCUS zero-power reactor cavity. The detector’s photocurrent response exhibited a strong correlation with known gamma dose rates, as measured by an ambient Berthold LB 112 gamma probe, facilitating the accurate conversion of photocurrent to dose rate. Notably, the device did not exhibit degradation under neutron radiation exposure. To further assess the impact of neutrons, X-ray diffraction and electron paramagnetic resonance analyses were performed on small MAPbBr3 SCs grown by inverse temperature crystallization. These SCs were irradiated within the CROCUS reactor core and by a Pu-Be neutron source at liquid nitrogen temperature. Our findings indicate that the perovskite material can withstand the nominal in-core operation conditions of the CROCUS reactor. Additionally, it endures irradiation at liquid nitrogen temperature, corresponding to a fast neutron fluence of approximately 1010 cm-2 and a gamma radiation dose of about 50 Gy, confirming only the temporary creation of defects. No signs of long-term deterioration were observed, suggesting a potential self-healing mechanism. This resilience positions perovskite SCs as viable candidates for in-core radiation detection, supporting the further development of miniaturized MAPbBr3 SC devices for such applications.

A POMDP model-based online risk mitigation method for autonomous inland vessels

Autonomous surface vessels (ASVs) increasingly gain appeal in the maritime industry for their high efficiency and improved navigational capabilities. However, risks originating from various internal and external factors such as faults, traffic, harsh weather conditions, etc., can affect their guidance and control capabilities and impact nominal vessel operations. The existing risk mitigation methods mainly focus on the vessel's guidance system and do not consider unsafe actions due to the control system. In this paper, we propose a new method based on a partially observable Markov decision process (POMDP) model for the online risk mitigation of autonomous inland vessels. The POMDP model-based method utilizes information about situational awareness to assist the vessel's planning and control system in real-time decision-making during hazardous situations, thereby ensuring that the vessel remains in a minimum-risk condition. Based on the identified risk-influencing factors (RIFs), the transition probabilities are updated by a Bayesian belief network (BBN). A case study of an autonomous inland vessel navigating in a confined waterway is presented to demonstrate the capability of the proposed method.

Creating an Environmentally Friendly Propane-Powered Gas Turbine Device

Abstract A hypothesis is proposed on the possibility of creating a gas turbine electric power-generating device working on fuel gas, and propane, and the results of preliminary research experiments are given to evaluate the validity of this hypothesis. The criteria for mixing fuel gas-propane with air and assessing the quality of combustion have been identified. In particular, the colour of the fuel gas combustion and the force acting on the gas turbine blade of the flue gas flow injected from the combustion chamber. At atmospheric pressure, without heating, the optimal content of the mixture of propane and air, and the force acting on the gas turbine blade have been experimentally determined. An experimental relationship between the force acting on the gas turbine blade and the diameter of the combustion chamber has been obtained, by which it is possible to determine the diameter and height required for the chamber of a specific capacity according to the force acting on the gas turbine blade. A simplified method is proposed to determine the possible amount of electrical energy depending on the force acting on the gas turbine blade. It has been shown that when burning an optimal mixture of propane with air, two chambers with a capacity of 0.1 m3 can ensure the nominal operation mode of a 1.5 kW capacity electric generator.

Accounting for the Temperature Dependence of Hardness in Numerical Simulation of Wear in Pivot-Jewel Bearings

Pivot-jewel bearings are important components in rotor systems and flywheel energy storage systems; the relative rotation speed can reach about 10³ rps under nominal operating conditions, while the lifespan can amount to years. Wear calculations of the contact surfaces are necessary in such scenarios to assess the life cycle of friction joints. Accounting for the variation in the surface hardness due to friction heating can considerably affect the amount of wear in the contact surface.

АНАЛИЗ ЭНЕРГОНАСЫЩЕННОСТИ РЫНКА СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ ТРАКТОРОВ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ

The modern level of technical development makes it possible to produce high-power agricultural tractors and at the same time reduce the specific weight of the unit. Most of the US and European markets are represented by tractors up to the 2nd traction class, while in Russia there is a steady increase in the use of tractors of traction class over 2. It is known that an increase in the power of machine-tractor units leads to an increase in nominal operating speeds, as well as fuel and lubricants costs. There is also a decrease in the total mass of machine-tractor units, which, while increasing power, reduces the efficiency of using the unit when performing agrotechnological operations. Underloading of a high-power and low-weight unit leads to incomplete and irrational use of the life of machine-tractor units laid down by the manufacturer. (Research purpose) The research purpose is determining the share of high-power equipment in the markets of the Russian Federation. (Materials and methods) Studied the market of machine-tractor units in the Russian Federation on the basis of well-known works and information on technical data provided in open sources by manufacturers. (Results and discussion) We obtained diagrams describing the percentage of world and domestic agricultural tractor manufacturers in the Russian markets, their price range, the share of countries producing tractors of different traction classes, the number of high-power equipment for various traction classes. Based on the analysis of technical characteristics, we have compiled a summary table of the energy saturation of machine-tractor units in the Russian market. The specific power of each tractor model under study was calculated. The specific power of tractors within each traction class was brought. (Conclusions) It was shown that the results obtained indicate a high specific power of the tractor market in the Russian Federation.

Harmonic analysis of the torque of autotractor engines by speed and load modes of operation

When assessing the cause of torsional vibrations on the crankshaft of tractor engines, forced vibrations are taken into account, which are provoked by torques arising from each cylinder and transmitted to the connecting rod necks, taking into account the order of operation of the cylinders. Researchers have only calculated or experimental values of the torque for different angular positions of the crankshaft with a certain sampling step. The algorithm for solving the torsional vibration problem involves the decomposition of discrete values of the torque of one cylinder into a harmonic series in order to determine its amplitudes and phase shifts. The adequacy of the resulting decomposition is determined by the number of harmonics taken into account and, as a rule, includes 10-12 harmonics. At the same time, it is necessary to perform such decompositions for each speed and load mode, which increases the amount of calculations. An algorithm is proposed that considers these modes separately, and depending on the values of the gas and inertial forces, allows using the characteristics of the nominal operating mode and the decomposition with a smaller number of terms. In this case, the results of the expansions have a satisfactory convergence. The proposed method for determining the parameters of motor harmonics of exciting moments under changing speed and load modes of the internal combustion engine, can be useful in the design of new and fine-tuning dampers of torsional vibrations of crankshafts.

Experimental determination of the parameters of the adaptive support of the power unit of the machine-tractor unit

The research aim is to experimentally determine the parameters of the adaptive support of the power unit of the machine-tractor unit. The need to use adaptive supports for power plants of machine-tractor units is due to a change in their speed and load modes of operation in a wide range. The currently used supports have constant parameters, which are determined, as a rule, by statistical characteristics and characteristics of the nominal operating mode. Reducing the negative impact of vibration on the efficient performance of the power plant is proposed by creating supports with adjustable characteristics. Changes in the damping parameters of the used supports, depending on the modes of its operation, will reduce the vibration amplitudes of the power plant in the entire range of its operation, which will improve its performance indicators. The stiffness and damping coefficient were chosen as the determined parameters of the support. For this, experimental transition functions are fixed on a non-motorized stand, and they are approximated by solutions of differential equations of the first, second and third orders. The previously obtained curves are smoothed. The order of the differential equations depends on the type of transition functions and are selected according to numerical criteria. The adequacy of the obtained values is checked by comparing the experimental and theoretical curves. The scientific novelty lies in the methodological and technical diagnostics based on differential equations that was considered for agricultural units for the first time. The proposed methodology is of interest to engineers and technicians involved in the design of efficient supports for power plants of machine-tractor units.

An EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON DIELECTRIC PARAMETERS OF XLPE INSULATED HIGH VOLTAGE CABLES UNDER DIFFERENT OPERATING CONDITIONS

High voltage underground cables used in distribution systems provide benefits including aesthetics, reliability, low maintenance costs, and resistance to environmental factors. However, their initial installation expenses are considerably higher than overhead lines, and fault detection is quite challenging. Thus, a deep analysis of dielectric parameters is crucial. Typically, electrical specifications of high voltage underground cables provided by the manufacturer are used for nominal operating conditions. However, it is essential to acknowledge that variations in operational conditions have a discernible impact on the dielectric characteristics of cable insulation. This phenomenon results in an accelerated aging process of the insulation material and contributes to unexpected failures. Hence, it is imperative to determine dielectric parameters of cable insulation under varying operational conditions and elucidate the impact of these operational states on insulation properties. This study involved experimental determination of the dielectric parameters, including capacitance, relative dielectric constant, dielectric loss, and tanδ, for a XLPE insulated high voltage underground cable, designed for a nominal voltage of 12/20 kV. These assessments were performed under varying operating conditions, specifically for distinct voltage, temperature, and frequency. Based on the acquired findings, it is evident that the dielectric characteristics of the cable insulation exhibit substantial variations in response to alterations in voltage, temperature, and frequency, even when operating within the defined nominal limits.

Performance Comparison Between Centralized and Hierarchical Predictive Functional Control for Adaptive Cruise Control Application

This paper presents a performance comparison between two different control structures of Predictive Functional Control (PFC), namely centralized and hierarchical architectures for an Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC) system. Centralized PFC utilizes a linearized model of the vehicle longitudinal dynamics to compute the control law, while hierarchical PFC uses a simple kinematic model with inverse vehicle longitudinal dynamics. Based on the simulation results, both control structures produced a satisfactory performance. However, in the presence of disturbances such as road slopes and wind gusts, the centralized PFC becomes more sensitive and conservative than the hierarchical PFC. The main reason is that the linearization model used in centralized PFC is only effective around the selected nominal operating points. Since the decision-making process depends on the internal model performance, centralized PFC cannot compensate for this effect. Besides, it also takes a longer computation time than hierarchical PFC since more mathematical operations must be solved than the kinematic model, especially when physical and operational constraints are considered. The standard performance parameters such as Root Mean Squared Error (RMSE), settling time, and rise time are also used for the analysis. These findings can become a solid justification for using the hierarchical PFC structure in designing an ACC system for future work.

(Invited) Crosscutting Materials Innovation for Transformational Chemical and Electrochemical Energy Conversion Technologies—Solid Oxide Cells

The Solid Oxide Cell (SOC) primarily operated as Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) converts the chemical energy of a fuel such as hydrogen directly into electricity with very high efficiencies. Reverse operation of the exact same SOCs—as Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cells (SOEC) converts electrical energy into chemical energy by using the electricity to split chemical molecules such as steam, carbon dioxide or mixtures of both into hydrogen, carbon monoxide or mixtures of both respectively.The SOC is basically a gas-tight and oxide-ion conducting solid electrolyte, sandwiched between porous oxide ion – and electron-conducting electrode materials—the oxygen electrode and the fuel electrode where the electrochemical conversions occur.Irrespective of operation mode, the choice of SOC materials and processing routes generally aim for maximum performance and lifetime at chosen conversion rate and efficiency at nominal operation. This is as much as the technology can intrinsically offer and by far not enough to guarantee either profitable production of electricity or chemicals hydrogen, carbon monoxide or both. Ultimately the materials and manufacturing costs of the cell, stack, module, and system play a key role in the involved invest. Generally, operation costs such as cost of natural gas or electricity as well as maintenance costs are much more significant in determining the profitability of the technology than the investment costs. These technology-independent factors can in turn orientate the technologist to optimize the cell for either for maximum efficiency or conversion rate capability.In this talk we will discuss specific SOC materials such as doped zirconia, doped ceria, manganates, cobaltites, and titanates. Intrinsic limitations and advantages with respect to performance, durability and costs; how they are withstanding the test of time and the ever decreasing operation temperature from micro/nano structuration, infiltration and exsolution of electrocatalysts through switching of cell supports. We will give a perspective on the dependency of cell material choices based on technology use cases and boundary conditions Figure 1

Analysis of power grid operation modes considering the influence of tooth harmonics

A harmonic analysis of the magnetic field of an asynchronous motor was carried out, taking into account bilateral gearing and magnetic asymmetry of the air gap. The spectrum is obtained in the form of infinite series of spatio-temporal harmonic components. Magnetic asymmetry of an asynchronous motor takes into account static and dynamic eccentricity, magnetic asymmetry of steel. 27 different spatial harmonics of the field in the air gap of the induction motor were obtained. The considered spectrum of harmonics of the magnetic field will be induced in the stator windings by the electromotive force with the corresponding frequencies. The fields with γр ± κ pairs of poles rotate asynchronously with the rotor and are damped by the fields created by the currents of the rotor cage. Thus, the magnetic asymmetry affects the spatial harmonics of the magnetic field, changing the angular velocities of their rotation in the air gap. The appearance of magnetic asymmetry causes a redistribution of the spatio-temporal distribution of the harmonics of the magnetic field of the tooth frequency, which leads to a change in the amplitude and phase relationships between the quantities. This leads to the appearance of an asymmetric system of electromotive force of tooth frequency in the stator windings, and, therefore, to a different effect of the asymmetry of the air gap at the level of symmetrical components. In the general case, at the level of symmetric components, the electromotive force of the gear frequency is influenced by two groups of factors that determine asymmetric or different from the nominal operating modes of an asynchronous motor of the same size. An increase in the magnetic asymmetry of the air gap causes a nonlinear, close to parabolic character of the growth of the existing symmetrical components. Symmetric components of the electromotive force of the toothed frequency cause currents of the corresponding components to flow through the closed circuits of the stator windings of the asynchronous motor and the entire power supply system. The calculation scheme for replacing a three-phase network for toothed harmonics of electromotive force is given. The phase resistances of the windings of rotating electric machines for asymmetric three-phase networks are not the same for different sequences. The main method of calculating the considered network is the method of symmetrical components. The calculation is made for one main phase according to the substitution schemes, which corresponds to the symmetrical components of the electromotive force of the tooth frequency. As a result of theoretical studies, functional dependences of the influence of magnetic asymmetry on the level and distribution of phase currents of the toothed frequency were obtained. The nature of the influence at the level of symmetric components is close to parabolic, and the most sensitive to changes in magnetic asymmetry is the minor symmetric component of the zero sequence. The method of calculating the currents and voltages of the toothed frequencies of asynchronous motors in the conditions of power consumption has been developed. Theoretical propositions are confirmed by experimental studies. It has been established that the levels of toothed harmonics in power supply systems, as a rule, do not exceed 10–15 % of the level of the fundamental frequency. This leads to a decrease in the reliability of the operation of electrical networks and a shortening of the service life of the main energy equipment at the enterprise. However, frequency-amplitude resonance at tooth frequencies causes the greatest threat to the power plants of industrial enterprises. This is due to the specific nature of gear harmonics of asynchronous motors (parity, dependence on load and various technological factors). The biggest threat arises when using the same type of asynchronous motors with similar operating modes. Oscillograms of experimental studies are given.

Investigation of the mechanics of the grappling circuits of robotic manipulators for adaptive uniform gripping objects

There are many designs of robotic manipulator grippers. In this work, a study of adaptive gripping schemes for objects with a spherical shape was carried out. To evaluate the grip, pressure sensors are used, installed on the phalanges of the “fingers” of the grip, the values of which are preset in a certain range. However, there is no universal sensor that responds optimally to the entire range of pressures from very high to minimal values. Therefore, each such pressure sensor has its own range of values; they correspond to the nominal operating mode of the sensor. The European Union has established standards for fruits and vegetables. The shape of these products is approximately spherical, with some slight variations in shape in lemons and oblong tomatoes. The mechanical properties of apples, pears and tomatoes, etc. were also measured. That is, for each type of such product there must be a specific sensor with a specific small range of force changes. In addition, the gripper must, when in contact with the object with all its “fingers,” create equal forces for uniform grasping. To investigate this, grips with flexible traction elements, having several phalanges on the fingers and having an adaptation to the surface of the fetus in their structure, are analyzed here.

Online Condition Monitoring of Industrial Loads Using AutoGMM and Decision Trees

Condition monitoring and fault management approaches can help with timely maintenance planning, assure industry-wide continuous production, and enhance both performance and safety in complex industrial operations. At the moment, data-driven approaches for condition monitoring and fault detection are the most attractive being conceived, developed, and applied with less of a need for sophisticated expertise and detailed knowledge of the addressed plant. Among them, Gaussian mixture model (GMM) methods can offer some advantages. However, conventional GMM solutions need the number of Gaussian components to be defined in advance and suffer from the inability to detect new types of faults and identify new operating modes. To address these issues, this paper presents a novel data-driven method, based on automated GMM (AutoGMM) and decision trees (DTree), for the online condition monitoring of electrical industrial loads. By leveraging the benefits of the AutoGMM and the DTree, after the training phase, the proposed approach allows the clustering and time allocation of nominal operating conditions, the identification of both already-classified and new anomalous conditions, and the acknowledgment of new operating modes of the monitored industrial asset. The proposed method, implemented on a commercial cloud-computing platform, is validated on a real industrial plant with electrical loads, characterized by a daily periodic working cycle, by using active power consumption data.

Capabilities for increasing the technological level of high-power wheeled tractors

BACKGROUND: Solving the problem of efficient use of the Russian-produced energy-saturated 4K4b wheeled tractors of high (235–350 kW) power, which are the basis for the formation of an innovative fleet of mobile energy facilities in the regions of the Siberian Federal District, in zonal tillage technologies with velocity ranges limited by the requirements of agricultural technology and resource saving, is a relevant task.
 AIMS: Determination the conditions for the reasonable configuration of the 4K4b wheeled tractors for operational tillage technologies.
 METHODS: The basis for solving the problems to achieve the aim is the conditions and methods of a multi-level system of technological adaptation of wheeled tractors.
 RESULTS: Based on the results of simulation and experiment, it was determined that the most reasonable method for adapting tractors to tillage technologies in terms of minimum labor costs and the level of capabilities implementation is the formation of the operating mass of the basic configuration at the nominal mode, corresponding to the optimal values of the specific mass atφкр н*=0.40 andVН2=2.90 m/s which aremуд н1*=58.0 kg/kW for single wheels andmуд н2*=62.4 kg/kW for dual wheels, with adjustable axle distribution. The scientific novelty of the study lies in building the model that helps to establish a reasonable traction range of a tractor of various configurations for operational tillage technologies with an interval of nominal operating velocities of 2.5–3.3 m/s, limited by the conditions of resource saving by the modes of maximum traction efficiency and acceptable slipping.
 CONCLUSIONS: The practical value of the study lies in the possibility of using the developed recommendations for the reasonable configuration of tractors in tillage operations.

The ROAD to discovery: Machine-learning-driven anomaly detection in radio astronomy spectrograms

Context.As radio telescopes increase in sensitivity and flexibility, so do their complexity and data rates. For this reason, automated system health management approaches are becoming increasingly critical to ensure nominal telescope operations.Aims.We propose a new machine-learning anomaly detection framework for classifying both commonly occurring anomalies in radio telescopes as well as detecting unknown rare anomalies that the system has potentially not yet seen. To evaluate our method, we present a dataset consisting of 6708 autocorrelation-based spectrograms from the Low Frequency Array (LOFAR) telescope and assign ten different labels relating to the system-wide anomalies from the perspective of telescope operators. This includes electronic failures, miscalibration, solar storms, network and compute hardware errors, among many more.Methods.We demonstrate how a novel self-supervised learning (SSL) paradigm, that utilises both context prediction and reconstruction losses, is effective in learning normal behaviour of the LOFAR telescope. We present the Radio Observatory Anomaly Detector (ROAD), a framework that combines both SSL-based anomaly detection and a supervised classification, thereby enabling both classification of both commonly occurring anomalies and detection of unseen anomalies.Results.We demonstrate that our system works in real time in the context of the LOFAR data processing pipeline, requiring <1ms to process a single spectrogram. Furthermore, ROAD obtains an anomaly detection F-2 score of 0.92 while maintaining a false positive rate of 2%, as well as a mean per-class classification F-2 score of 0.89, outperforming other related works.