Nomenclatural History Research Articles

<p><strong>Correct identification and biosecurity decision-making: Two species instead of one in </strong><strong><em>Aceria</em></strong><strong><em> genistae</em></strong><strong> complex (Acari: Eriophyidae) in New Zealand</strong></p>

In this paper, Aceria genistae (Nalepa) on scotch broom (Cytisus scoparius) from Mandagout, France is redescribed and a neotype is designated. A gall mite on Ulex europaeus L. (Fabaceae) in New Zealand, previously mis-identified by David Manson as A. genistae is here redescribed as a new species, Aceria davidmansoni sp. nov. Taxonomic and nomenclatural history of A. genistae is reviewed.

Dicranoweisia fastigiata, a New Synonym ofHymenoloma antarcticum(Seligeriaceae)

Abstract — A taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Dicranoweisia fastigiata Paris is outlined. The species is taxonomically assessed and it is considered to be conspecific with Hymenoloma antarcticum (Mull.Hal.) Ochyra. Dicranum Hedw. sect. Isocarpus Mitt. is lectotypified with Dicranum antarcticum (Mull.Hal.) Mitt, and this sectional name is reduced to synonymy with Hymenoloma Dusen.

Nomenclatural entanglements associated with Racomitrium chlorocarpum (Grimmiaceae)

A nomenclatural history of one of the most neglected and misunderstood species Racomitrium chlorocarpum is presented. Valid publication of this species name was incorrectly ascribed to M. Fleischer and R. chlorocarpum of 1904 is merely a younger isonym of R. chlorocarpum Paris of 1897. The species name is lectotypified with a specimen from Tasmania, Australia, deposited in the Hooker herbarium (BM), and an isolectotype is present in the herbarium of W. Mitten (NY). Racomitrium chlorocarpum is a typical representative of the genus Bucklandiella, the largest segregate of the broadly interpreted genus Racomitrium and the relevant transfer to this genus is effected as Bucklandiella chlorocarpa, comb. nov. The diagnostic characters of the species are briefly summarised. This is a hydrophytic species, endemic to Australasia and is known from SE Australia, Tasmania and New Zealand.

An assessment of the taxonomy and chemotaxonomy of Ganoderma

The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of the genus Ganoderma and related basidiomycetes is reviewed and compared to recent studies on its molecular phylogeny. A basidiomycete belonging to the genus Ganoderma can often rather easily be recognised in the field from the macro-morphological characters of the sporocarp. The most important species and lineages can also be discriminated well by molecular phylogeny. However, the application of incongruent species concepts and the frequent misapplication of European names by chemists and other non-taxonomists have created confusion in the scientific literature. The identity of the species reported in the course of mycochemical studies can often not be verified, since no voucher material was retained. In this review, an overview on the most important types of specific chemotaxonomic traits (i.e., secondary metabolites of the basidiomes and mycelia) reported from the genus is provided. Albeit certain triterpenoids such as ganoderic and lucidenic acids, steroids (e.g. ergosterol) and triterpenes (e.g. friedelin) appear to have some chemotaxonomic value at the generic rank, their relevance for species discrimination remains to be assessed. We propose that all important names in Ganoderma should be, as required, epitypified by fresh collections for which living cultures should be made available and that these should be examined by a combination of morphological, chemotaxonomic and molecular phylogenetic methods to attain a more stable taxonomy.

Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 (Pterosauria, Pterodactyloidea) from the Upper Jurassic of Bavaria, Germany: the problem of cryptic pterosaur taxa in early ontogeny.

The taxonomy of the Late Jurassic pterodactyloid pterosaur Pterodactylus scolopaciceps Meyer, 1860 from the Solnhofen Limestone Formation of Bavaria, Germany is reviewed. Its nomenclatural history is long and complex, having been synonymised with both P. kochi (Wagner, 1837), and P. antiquus (Sömmerring, 1812). The majority of pterosaur species from the Solnhofen Limestone, including P. scolopaciceps are represented by juveniles. Consequently, specimens can appear remarkably similar due to juvenile characteristics detracting from taxonomic differences that are exaggerated in later ontogeny. Previous morphological and morphometric analyses have failed to separate species or even genera due to this problem, and as a result many species have been subsumed into a single taxon. A hypodigm for P. scolopaciceps, comprising of the holotype (BSP AS V 29 a/b) and material Broili referred to the taxon is described. P. scolopaciceps is found to be a valid taxon, but placement within Pterodactylus is inappropriate. Consequently, the new genus Aerodactylus is erected to accommodate it. Aerodactylus can be diagnosed on account of a unique suite of characters including jaws containing 16 teeth per-jaw, per-side, which are more sparsely distributed caudally and terminate rostral to the nasoantorbital fenestra; dorsal surface of the skull is subtly depressed rostral of the cranial table; rostrum very elongate (RI = ∼7), terminating in a point; orbits correspondingly low and elongate; elongate cervical vertebrae (approximately three times the length of their width); wing-metacarpal elongate, but still shorter than the ulna and first wing-phalanx; and pteroid approximately 65% of the total length of the ulna, straight and extremely thin (less than one third the width of the ulna). A cladistic analysis demonstrates that Aerodactylus is distinct from Pterodactylus, but close to Cycnorhamphus Seeley, 1870, Ardeadactylus Bennett, 2013a and Aurorazhdarcho Frey, Meyer and Tischlinger, 2011, consequently we erect the inclusive taxon Aurorazhdarchidae for their reception.

Moss diversity: New look at old numbers

Moss names published since 1801 and subsequently adjusted by monographic, floristic and molecular work provide a benchmark to review and estimate moss diversity. Information about these names is stored in the TROPICOS data base an on-line, interactive community resource. Nomenclatural data along with associated Web based floristic, monographic and bibliographic projects, provide one view of moss diversity based on the history of moss nomenclature and associated natural history information linked to the names.

<p class="SP90138"><strong><em>Tenuipalpus </em></strong><strong><em>mansoniculus</em></strong><strong><em> </em></strong><strong>(Acari: Tenuipalpidae) of Australia: </strong><strong>redescription of the holotype</strong></p>

The holotype female of Tenuipalpus mansoniculus Ghai & Shenhmar, 1984 (replacement name of Colopalpus mansoni Collyer, 1973) is described and illustrated. The nomenclatural history of this species is documented and errors in the original description are corrected.

Geographic variation in Incilius occidentalis (Anura: Bufonidae), an endemic toad from Mexico, with a redescription of the species and delimitation of the type locality

A taxonomic revision of the populations referable to the wide ranging species Incilius occidentalis was conducted based on 10 morphometric variables and other external morphological traits. Thirty three populations were geographically defined from more than 220 locality records of the species. A brief summary of the nomenclatural history of this species is presented and the external morphological variation is analyzed. Incilius occidentalis is here redescribed on the basis of comparisons with the 3 specimens housed at the Old Collection of the Torino Museum, and over 850 specimens held at several herpetological collections. Statistical analysis using principal components analysis (PCA) demonstrated that SVL concentrates the main part of the variance observed in these populations. No distinguishable populations were detected on the basis of morphometric differences using the Tukey HSD analysis. Body proportions are fairly similar between the 33 populations defined, suggesting the idea that the typical body shape of the bufonid genera is also perceived in this species. The species I. occidentalis is fully redescribed, 1 lectotype and 2 paralectotypes are designated. The geographic range of this species is accurately defined and the type locality is restricted to the City of Guanajuato, and surroundings, Mexico.

Revision of the genusEndochilusWeise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini)

Abstract The members of the endemic African genus Endochilus Weise, 1898 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini) are redescribed, diagnosed, and illustrated. Lectotypes are designated for Endochilus compater Weise, Endochilus minor Weise, Endochilus plagiatus Sicard, Endochilus rubicundus Weise, and Endochilus styx Sicard. One new species is described: Endochilus abdominalis sp. nov. Notes on the genus and nomenclatural history for each species are provided. A key for identification of all species is presented. Adult characters concerning similarities of Endochilus to other genera of African Chilocorini are discussed.

Atlas Florae Europaeae notes 23. The typification and revised taxonomic circumscription of Sorbus bakonyensis (Rosaceae), with a description of Sorbus udvardyana, a new apomictic species endemic to Hungary

The taxonomic and nomenclatural history of Jávorka’s Sorbus bakonyensis is surveyed and its correct authorship and bibliographic citation is provided. The identity of the original material of S. bakonyensis and the history of its interpretations are discussed. The name S. bakonyensis is applicable to an endemic of the eastern Bakony Mountains, restricted to the vicinity of the village of Márkó in Hungary. The illegitimate name S. majeri is a synonym of S. bakonyensis. A new name, S. udvardyana, is introduced here for the species occurring in the western Balaton region of Hungary, which was erroneously named “S. bakonyensis” in recent Hungarian literature.

Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand macroalgal flora: synonymic checklist of the red algal order Gracilariales with selection of lectotypes and description of a new species

The nomenclatural history of the New Zealand members of the red algal order Gracilariales is summarized, including lectotypification of three species and the provision of a name, Curdiea furcata sp. nov., for an invalidly described species, currently known as Curdiea flabellata V.J. Chapm. This article is a contribution towards clarifying the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of New Zealand plants for the electronic Flora of New Zealand.

Interstitial cystitis and the painful bladder: A brief history of nomenclature, definitions and criteria

"Practically every author writing on this subject has suggested a new name which only adds to the confusion and multiplication" (Kretschmer H, 1922). Despite multiple names and many definitions and classifications over the past two centuries, the medical world is no closer to discovering the cause or causes of this enigmatic bladder disorder, currently known as interstitial cystitis, bladder pain syndrome or painful bladder syndrome and hypersensitive bladder. International consensus on nomenclature, definitions and diagnosis is now essential to ensure that studies are carried out on the same basis, thereby generating meaningful data that can be relied on for further use. In our electronic age, multiple names and definitions cause confusion for researchers, clinicians and patients, even leading to the patient's diagnosis being unrecognized by authorities, resulting in refusal to reimburse treatment or provide social benefits. As the key to the puzzle lies in the patients, with all their symptoms and comorbidities, and as patients are directly affected by changes in nomenclature and definitions, patient organization representatives should be given every opportunity to participate in discussions on guidelines, taxonomy, definitions and terminology.

Agave dealbata E.Morren ex K.Koch (Asparagaceae), the correct name for Agave dasylirioides Jacobi & C.D.Bouché (Nomenclature of Agave L. I)

The genus Agave Linné (1753: 323; Asparagaceae-Agavoideae) has played an important role for the indigenous civilizations of North America (“man-Agave symbiosis”) and is of considerable economical and horticultural importance (Gentry 1982). Many new Agave species were introduced between about 1860 and 1890 particularly from Mexico. Frequently, new taxa have a complicated nomenclatural history with often multiple introductions or descriptions by different, partly competing authors and in publications often difficult to access (e.g., Govaerts & Thiede 2013). This has led to a considerable number of incorrect author citations and/or places of publication in taxonomic treatments as well as databases such as IPNI (2013). In the framework of a second, updated edition of a taxonomic synopsis of Agave (Thiede, in prep.), at least some uncertain and controversial nomenclatural issues will need to be addressed, starting here with A. dealbata.

Morphology and typification of Mastogloia smithii and M. lacustris, with descriptions of two new species from the Florida Everglades and the Caribbean region

The names Mastogloia smithii Thwaites ex Smith and M. smithii var. lacustris Grunow have been attributed to a variety of related diatom morphologies, partly due to the poor availability of type material and complicated nomenclatural history. The history is detailed, clarifying the type morphologies of M. smithii and reconfirming a neglected elevation of M. smithii var. lacustris to M. lacustris (Grunow) Grunow. Populations reported as M. smithii and M. lacustris from the temperate zone (Ontario, Canada and Iowa and Michigan, USA), karstic wetlands of the subtropical Everglades (Florida, USA) and the tropics (Jamaica, Mexico and Belize) are compared with each other. Based on morphological differences including density of partecta, striae and areolae, M. calcarea sp. nov. and M. pseudosmithii sp. nov. are described from the Everglades and the Caribbean region, and a lectotype of M. smithii and a neotype of M. lacustris are designated.

On two reports associated with James Wood-Mason and Alfred William Alcock published by the Indian Museum and the Indian Marine Survey between 1890 and 1891: implications for malacostracan nomenclature.

Two rare documents associated with the Indian Museum and the Indian Marine Survey for the administrative year April 1890 to March 1891 have been examined and found to have nomenclatural consequences for malacostracan crustaceans. Even though they constitute available published works according to the International Code for Zoological Nomenclature, these reports have rarely been cited. Dating these two publications is of importance as they make decapod scientific names available and, in a few instances, describe the same taxa. After searching the collections deposited in the Asian and African Room, British Library, the Administration Report of the Indian Marine for the year April 1890 to March 1891 could be dated with some degree of certainty as 25 August 1891. In contrast, dating the Indian Museum Annual Report proved more difficult because after examination of copies held by the General Library in the Natural History Museum, London, it was evident that not all of these reports were consistently published on time to meet an end of year deadline. However, the publication of volume XXII of the Indian Museum Annual Report for the year April 1890 to March 1891 appeared to be contemporary with the year printed at the bottom of the title page. As no exact date could be established with confidence, the publication date for this volume was fixed as 31 December 1891 in accordance with ICZN Art. 21.3.2. Therefore the Administration Report of the Indian Marine (published 25 August 1891) is considered to take precedence over the Indian Museum Annual Report (published 31 December 1891) and as such the names made available in the former take priority. As original copies of the Administration Report of the Indian Marine are not readily available in most libraries and few scientists have actually had access to these publications, the relevant Appendix No. XIII, in which the names of several malacostracan taxa are made available, is reproduced here. Since the appendix is not conclusively attributable to a specific author, it is considered to be written anonymously and should therefore be cited as Anonymous (1891). A number of names in Appendix No. XIII are available since they are accompanied by a brief description of the taxa they denote, and are either attributable to James Wood-Mason or remain with anonymous authorship; others are nomina nuda without a diagnosis or indication, or have been diagnosed previously in the "Natural History Notes from H.M. Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator". The nomenclatural implications for eight names made available in Anonymous (1891) are discussed: Glyphocrangon caeca, Glyphocrangon sculptus var. coecescens, Psalidopodidae, Psalidopus, Psalidopus mirabilis, Psathyrocaris, Psathyrocaris fragilis and Psopheticus crepitans. The nomenclatural history of various other taxa, initially denoted by unavailable names in Anonymous (1891), is also documented. The authorships of the various crustacean taxa collected by the Indian Marine Survey Steamer Investigator during the seasons 1889-1890 and 1890-1891, and published in two series of connected parts in the Annals and Magazine of Natural History, are also re-assessed and summarised. A rare document containing the list of R.I.M.S. Investigator stations for the period 1884-1913 is reproduced for the future benefit of the scientific community.

The nomenclatural history of Salsola sedoides L. and Salsola sedoides Pall. (Suaedoideae and Camphorosmoideae, Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae)

AbstractThe original circumscriptions and nomenclatural history of the homonyms Salsola sedoides L. 1759 and Salsola sedoides Pall. 1771 are discussed, and lectotypes or neotypes are designated for both names and their synonyms. Two species were involved in the protologue of Salsola sedoides L.; its earliest history, the latest material and the proposed lectotype correspond to its current interpretation as Suaeda maritima from the North Sea coasts, whereas its validating statement is referable to Suaeda splendens from the Mediterranean. The unused name Salsola cinerea Waldst. & Kit. is the earliest legitimate name for the later homonym Salsola sedoides Pall. To avoid creating a new transfer of this epithet to Sedobassia, the name Salsola sedoides Pall. is proposed for conservation against its earlier homonym S. sedoides L.

Revision of the genus Endochilus Weise (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini).

The members of the endemic African genus EndochilusWeise, 1898 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae: Chilocorini) are redescribed, diagnosed, and illustrated. Lectotypes are designated for Endochilus compater Weise, Endochilus minor Weise, Endochilus plagiatus Sicard, Endochilus rubicundus Weise, and Endochilus styx Sicard. One new species is described: Endochilus abdominalissp. nov. Notes on the genus and nomenclatural history for each species are provided. A key for iden- tification of all species is presented. Adult characters concerning similarities of Endochilus to other genera of African Chilocorini are discussed.

A tale of two holotypes: Rediscovery of the type specimen of Edestus minor

Edestus is a Carboniferous chondrichthyan genus known mainly from its triangular, serrated teeth. A maximum of around ten teeth are joined at their bases to form tooth whorls. Edestus minor Newberry, 1866, was described on the basis of a single, isolated tooth. A tooth whorl containing seven teeth, described and figured by Hitchcock in 1856, but not named by him, was later referred to E. minor by Newberry, who came to regard it as the holotype. However, the isolated tooth remains the holotype, since it is the sole specimen upon which the original description was based. The distinction is not trivial, because the crown of the holotype of E. minor differs from those present in Hitchcock's specimen. Edestus mirus Hay, 1912, was designated as a new species, based on differences from the Hitchcock specimen, although the crowns are not distinguishable from those of the holotype of E. minor. Thus, E. mirus is almost certainly a junior synonym of E. minor, while the Hitchcock specimen may require a new name. If so, it should probably be referred to Edestus minusculus Hay, 1910. Recently, the holotype of E. minor was located at the American Museum of Natural History, where it had not been recognized as a type specimen. Published documents as well as nineteenth- century museum labels provide some insight into this tangled nomenclatural history.

Conservation of Rhodococcus equi (Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 and rejection of Corynebacterium hoagii (Morse 1912) Eberson 1918

A recent review of the nomenclatural history of Rhodococcus equi and its heterotypic synonyms reveals a situation in which the strict application of the Rules of the International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes have resulted in the renaming of this known zoonotic pathogen, which may be reasonably viewed as a perilous name. This situation can be remedied only by the Judicial Commission rendering an opinion to conserve the name Rhodococcus equi and to reject its earlier heterotypic synonym, Corynebacterium hoagii.

A nomenclatural history of Audubon's Shearwater with designation of a neotype forPuffinus lherminieriLesson, 1839 (Aves: Procellariidae)

The nomenclatural history of the small Antillean species that now goes by the name Audubon's Shearwater Puffinus lherminieri is briefly summarized. The type material of Puffinus lherminieri Lesson, 1839, supposed to be in a museum in Rochefort, France, could not be located and is presumed lost. The stated type locality “ad ripas Antillarum” is so general as to encompass almost the entire breeding range of the species, which is widely distributed in the Antillean region and has been regarded as showing variation meriting subspecific designation. Although the type locality was apparently legitimately restricted to Guadeloupe in 1948 or earlier, it was elsewhere erroneously restricted to “Straits of Florida” from 1931 to 1998 and up to the present. To resolve these numerous conflicts and uncertainties, a neotype collected in Saint Barthélemy, once administratively part of Guadeloupe, is here designated.