Nombre De Research Articles

Legal and procurement practices for sustainable development

The current relationships between post-construction liability, insurance, procurement and the concept of sustainable development were the focus of Symposium C at the 1998 CIB Gävle World Building Congress. A number of issues were identified as impacting on procurement: ethical and human rights, higher environmental standards, eco-design principles, life cycle implications and performance specification, understanding clients' cultural values. Alternative procurement strategies will be required to incorporate sustainability issues. The impact of environmental and sustainability issues on liability presents increased risks and this results in new forms of insurance coverage for all environmental risks. Les relations qui existent actuellement entre la responsabilité post-construction, les assurances, les approvisionnements et le concept de développement durable étaient au coeur du Symposium C du Congrès Mondial du CIB à Gävle en 1998. Un certain nombre de questions ont été recensées comme ayant un impact sur les approvisionnements: droits éthiques et droits de l'Homme, normes plus strictes en matière d'environnement, principes de conception écologique, implication des cycles de vie et spécification des performances, compréhension des valeurs culturelles de la clientèle. D'autres stratégies d'approvisionnement devront être élaborées de façon à incorporer les questions de durabilité. L'impact des questions d'environnement et de durabilité sur la responsabilité présente des risques accrus et cela se traduira par de nouvelles formes de couverture par les assurances pour tous les risques liés à l'environnement.

Landscape, Gender, and Community: Andean Mountain Stories

On southern Bolivian altiplano fight between a male and a female mountain peak marked region in distinctive ways, defining physical space and humans' relationship to it. Considering landscape from perspective of one community, we learn about reworking of history and gender, and individuals' ability to use story creatively. [storytelling, Andes, landscape, gender, mountains] Azanaques got married to a woman from south named 'Munapa . . (Braulio Choque). . . . Finally she came to rest by Thunapa, marrying him. Thunapa said that he would produce salt to make a living and so he did - he's there still . . . (Francisca A.). She dug into earth where she squeezed out her milk to leave for her child who was following. This place now a small reddish salt pan (Molina R., nd.: 48). Ecaco, 1. Thunupa: Nombre de uno de quinn los indios antiguos cuentan muchas fibulas: y muchos adn en ese tiempo las tienen verdaderas: assi seria, bien procurar dechacer esta persuasion6n que tienen, por embuste del Demonio . . . (Bertonio, 1984[1612]: 52). Introduction Arriving as an outsider to take up residence on Bolivian altiplano, I did not realize that even landscape was beyond my reach. What I initially saw was flat expanses of sandy pampa bounded by hills, some of them standing alone, watery vision of Lake Poop,6 with its salty outline to one side of my new home, subtle changes in color from salt to desert sand to rusty browns. This initial impression of desolate beauty had little to do with how Condenos viewed this scene. Little by little, learning or legends about gods who animated this terrain, I was taught to identify personages here and there and marks of their relationships and disputes: that rock catapulted from a sling during a fight, this hill as a hat knocked off during a fight, this salt and sand a trail of breast milk and barley flour, this hill an abandoned child, those red rocks blood of a wounded mountain/ god. But surprisingly this learning process did not result in exchange of one vision of landscape for another. Rather in listening and looking I learned to apprehend always-unfolding possibilities for considering scene around me, some of them contradictory. Stories about important mountains, overseers of Condeno communities, were recounted differently by various community members, not necessarily in conformity with each other. The telling of folk tales influenced by age and sex of individual storyteller, as well as by community affiliation of that person and which parts of landscape are particularly important to him or her. The aim of this article to explore ways in which people from San Pedro de Condo are able to position themselves and their community socially and politically and to negotiate relationships by focusing on their local geography - in this case through one particular story about it. This case has implications for ways in which oral tradition viewed by anthropologists in that here I show oral tradition as a reflection of immediate experience, but also as a way of shaping that lived experience. In this discussion I consider an example of Condeno oral tradition as capable of revealing multiple levels of communal and individual experience. I argue that part of Condeno storytelling about landscape comes through their sensory experience of it (see Classen 1993b). Unlike a neutral landscape that serves as a backdrop for human activity, Condenos fashion their landscape creatively. They are placemakers in way Basso describes for Western Apache, for whom he argues that activity of place-making is a way of constructing history itself, of inventing it, of fashioning novel versions of 'what happened here' (1996: 6). Recognizing that senses of place are the possessions of particular individuals (p. xv), Basso goes on to explore how people exchange information about places in order to invoke specific emotional states, often associated with stories everyone knows about certain places and how these places earned their names. …

Building environmental assessment methods: applications and development trends

The construction and property sector has seen the development of a number of methods for evaluating the ‘greenness’ of buildings in the 1990s - both for new designs and existing buildings. These range from very detailed life cycle assessment methods, which account for all the embodied and operational environmental impacts of building materials, to higher level environmental impact assessment methods, which evaluate the broader implications of the building's impact on the environment. In between these two are environmental assessment methods such as BREEAM, BEPAC, LEED, and GBA. In this paper, we discuss the potential market applications of these systems and compare and contrast several of the major environmental assessment methods. Le secteur de la construction et de l'immobilier a été le témoin du développement d'un certain nombre de méthodes permettant d'évaluer les performances écologiques des bâtiments dans les années 1990, tant sur le plan des nouveaux concepts que des bâtiments existants. Ces méthodes vont de l'évaluation très détailée du cycle de vie, qui tient compte de l'impact spécifique et des incidences opérationnelles des matériaux de construction sur l'environnement, jusqu'à une évaluation de l'impact environnemental à un niveau plus élevé. Entre ces deux extrêmes, on trouve des méthodes d'évaluation environnementale telles que BREEAM, BEPAC, LEED et GBA. Dans cet article, nous examinons les applications commerciales potentielles des ces systèmes; nous comparons, en les opposant, plusieurs méthodes majeures d'évaluation environnementale.

:Spain's Men of the Sea: Daily Life on the Indies Fleets in the Sixteenth Century

In the sixteenth century, Spain's control over its vast New World empire depended on the sailors and officers who manned the galleons and merchant vessels of its Atlantic fleets. In Spain's Men of the Sea, Pablo E. paints a stunning portrait of daily life aboard the ships of the Spanish Main. With a novelist's eye for both detail and drama, evokes the golden age of seafaring in this thoroughly researched and generously illustrated account. Spain's Men of the Sea begins in Seville, the gateway to the New World. One of Europe's most cosmopolitan cities, Seville attracted people and goods from around the world. From Seville, follows the Spanish fleets to the West Indies ports of San Juan de Ulda, Veracruz, Cartagena, Nombre de Dios, Portobelo, and Havana. He profiles the men and boys who went to sea-from the scions of seafaring dynasties and fugitives from justice to the orphans and destitute children apprenticed into service as cabin boys. Some signed on because of family tradition, more signed on because of the lure of New World treasure or simply to obtain free passage to the Americas. Most sailors were poorly paid, but the more enterprising among them supplemented their meager wages by small-scale trade or smuggling. also describes relations among the ship owners, officers, and crews, and traces the intervention of the Spanish government in disputes over pay and cases of insubordination and mistreatment. paints a bleak picture of life at sea and its physical and mental effect on seamen and passengers alike. The seafaring life was defined by cramped quarters, abominable food, seasickness, vermin infestation, and disease. More frightening still was the threat of shipwreck and assault by corsairs and pirates that accompanied all sea voyages. Not surprisingly, most sailors were highly superstitious, and closes his vivid study with an exploration of their unorthodox religious beliefs, which combined Christian and pagan elements. A significant contribution to maritime history, Spain's Men of the Sea also succeeds as a compelling tale of everyday life and death in the maritime community. Perez-Mallaina writes well and has an engaging sense of humor. The work is richly illustrated, and the illustrations, including many color plates, are well chosen...This book should appeal to all aficionados of the romance of the sea as well as to specialists in Spanish and Latin American colonial history.-Benjamin Keen, author of A History of Latin America

PTSD transmission: A review of secondary traumatization in Holocaust survivor families.

Abstract Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) provides a common language for diagnoses and assessment of trauma victims, including Holocaust survivors. Many of these survivors established post-war families and it is here that we began to witness the possibility of trauma transmission. Parental communication regarding the Holocaust, often characterized by obsessive re-telling or all-consuming silence, and strong family ties are implicated in the theoretical literature on trauma transmission. Terms such as vicarious, empathic, and secondary traumatization have been used to describe intergenerational trauma transmission. The crucial emergent question is whether a secondary PTSD syndrome, reflected in the current PTSD symptomology, is being transmitted from one generation to the next. There is evidence in the literature to support this hypothesis and a call is made for rigorous empirical studies as the test.Resume Le syndrome de stress post-traumatique (SSP) fournit le langage permettant de poser des diagnostics et d'effectuer des evaluations dans le cas de victimes de traumatismes, y compris les survivants de l'Holocauste. Un grand nombre de ces personnes ont fonde des families apres la guerre, et c'est dans ces familles que nous avons commence a constater la possibilite de transmission des traumatismes. Le message des parents sur l'Holocauste, qui consiste souvent a raconter l'experience de facon obsessive ou a garder un silence absolu sur la question, et les liens familiaux serres sont mentionnes comme facteurs dans les documents theoriques sur la transmission des traumatismes. Des termes tels que traumatisme indirect, traumatisme empathique et traumatisme secondaire ont ete utilises pour decrire la transmission des traumatismes entre les generations. Il est maintenant essentiel de savoir si un syndrome de stress post-traumatique secondaire, dont la symptomatologie actuelle du SSP laisse entrevoir l'existence, est transmis d'une generation a la suivante. Les documents sur la question contiennent des renseignements a l'appui de cette hypothese, et on recommande que des etudes empiriques rigoureuses soient effectuees pour la confirmer.The diagnostic criteria for PTSD established in the DSM-IV provides a standardized means of assessing the effects of trauma. Concentration Camp Syndrome, Survivor Syndrome, Postincarceration Late Injury and Concentration Camp Neurosis among other terms were precursors to what is currently known as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. In this article, PTSD will be used as an umbrella term encompassing earlier terms such as Survivor Syndrome. Regardless of the term used, extensive evidence exists suggesting that large numbers of Holocaust survivors suffered and continue to suffer from their traumatic experiences. Theories of trauma transmission from survivor to offspring have been proposed in psychological literature, but the exact nature of what is transmitted has gained little attention. Various researchers have suggested that since many Holocaust survivors suffer from PTSD, their offspring will also suffer from a syndrome of similar dimensions with diminished proportions (Barocas & Barocas, 1973, 1979; Solomon, 1990). In the following article, trauma will be described in terms of the PTSD diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV (APA, 1994). The primary focus of this article is to report upon literature-based evidence of PTSD symptom transmission in the second generation. Secondarily, a case for empirically based research further exploring this topic will be advanced.PTSD in Holocaust SurvivorsMuch definitive evidence has become available acknowledging the occurrence of PTSD in large numbers of Holocaust survivors (Berger, 1975; Chodoff, 1970; Eaton, Sigal, & Weinfeld, 1982; Eissler, 1967; Hunter, 1988; Krystal, 1968; Rosenbloom, 1988; Rubenstein, Cutter, & Templer, 1989). …

Genetic algorithm compared to nonlinear optimization for labour and equipment assignment

The genetic algorithm is a technique based on evolutionary optimization. A methodology for optimizing labour and equipment assignment using the genetic algorithm is presented. A number of modifications are introduced to the three operators of the genetic algorithm, namely, reproduction, crossover and mutation. Results from the genetic algorithm are compared to the nonlinear optimization technique in solving the labour and equipment assignment problem. A comparison of the two techniques indicates that the genetic algorithm has the capacity to ensure a global optimal solution. However, its computational operations take longer than the nonlinear optimization technique in obtaining near-optimal or optimal solutions. L'algorithme génétique est une technique qui repose sur l'optimisation évolutive. Le présent article propose une méthodologie qui utilise cet algorithme pour optimiser les affectations de main d' ú uvre et d'équipements. Un certain nombre de modifications est apporté aux trois opérateurs de l'algorithme, à savoir, la reproduction, la permutation et la mutation. On compare ensuite les résultats de l'algorithme génétique à la technique d'optimisation non-linéaire utilisée pour résoudre les problèmes d'affectation de main d' ú uvre et d'équipement. La comparaison des deux techniques fait apparaître que l'algorithme génétique peut déboucher sur une solution optimale globale. Il convient cependant de noter que pour parvenir à des solutions quasi optimales ou optimales, les calculs sont plus longs qu'avec la technique d'optimisation non linéaire.

Comparison of chromosome BrdU-Hoechst-Giemsa banding patterns of the A<sub>1</sub> and (AD)<sub>2</sub> genomes of cotton

The karyotypes of diploid cotton, Gossypium herbaceum L. var. africanum (Watt) Mauer, and tetraploid cotton, Gossypium barbadense L., were studied by BrdUnHoechstnGiemsa banding, using a specially developed image-analysis system. The patterns obtained are represented by the slightly and intensively stained bands that correspond, respectively, to the early replicating DNA and the DNA replicating in the mid and late S period. The number of main Giemsa-positive bands varies from 2 to 9 per chromosome. The banding patterns of all homologous pairs are specific in both the A1 and (AD)2 genomes. This made possible the complete classification of the chromosomes. Based on the similarity of the BrdUnHoechstnGiemsa banding patterns and the sizes of the chromosomes in the A1 and (AD)2 genomes, we divided the (AD)2 genome into Ab and Db subgenomes and classified their chromosomes according to the A1 genome chromosome classification. The BrdUnHoechstnGiemsa banding pattern of the Db subgenome is basically similar to that of the A1 genome and Ab subgenome, but the differences between it and the banding patterns of the A1 genome and Ab subgenome are more significant than the differences between the latter two genomes. The similarity of the intragenomic banding patterns between nonhomologous chromosomes a and b, c and g, d and e, f and j, h and i, and l and m was revealed. Based on our results, we suggest that the ancestral cotton genome contained 7 homologous pairs of chromosomes. The results prove the feasibility of image-analysis techniques for identification and quantitative analysis of chromosomes, especially with regard to small-chromosome species. Resume : Les caryotypes du cotonnier diploOde, Gossypium herbaceum L. var. africanum (Watt) Mauer, et du cotonnier tOtraploOde, Gossypium barbadense L., ont OtO OtudiOs par coloration BrdUnHoechstnGiemsa ‡ liaide diun systme dianalyse diimages dOveloppO spOcifiquement ‡ ces fins. Les motifs obtenus sont composOs de bandes lOgrement et fortement colorOes qui correspondent respectivement ‡ liADN rOpliquO tUt et ‡ liADN dont la rOplication a lieu en phase S (mi- ‡ tardive). Le nombre de bandes Giemsa intenses varie de 2 ‡ 9 par chromosome. Les motifs sont spOcifiques de chaque paire dihomologues

Una «mirada» sobre el Boletín de la U.I.E

The objective of this article is to contribute to the recovery of the Culture of the Exile, using in this case the Boletín de la Union de Intelectuales [si es ese el nombre completo de la publicación]. After describing its main characteristics and collaborators, the paper focuses on the Boletin's political attitude : anti-francoist and anti-fascist, but non-partisan. Another important feature is the Boletin's denouncement of both francoist repression of the "internal Exile" and falangist control over Spanish education institutions, from primary schools to universities.

Autobiographical Revelations of Christine de Pizan in Her "Le Livre des fais et bonnes meurs du sage roy Charles V"

As modern readers and critics continue to consider Christine de Pizan's feminist tendencies, one of her works is frequently overlooked as possible source of valuable information about author. That work is her biography of Charles V, Le Livre desfais et bonnes mneurs du sage roy Charles V, commissioned by Duke of Burgundy and completed in 1404.' Christine's life of Charles is written in medieval tradition of royal biography: it combines panegyric and history to produce an idealized portrait of ruler. In this large, important book, her first wholly in prose, she offers detailed accounts of king's public deeds and private habits, producing text useful not only to her medieval audience, but to modern as well. As Charles's twentieth-century biographer R. Delachenal has observed, On y trouve-et on ne trouve que li,--un grand nombre de reseignements interessants sur la personne de Charles V, son caractere, ses gofits ou ses habitudes. (One finds there-and only there [i.e., in Christine's biography]-a great deal of interesting information on person, character, tastes, and habits of Charles V.)2 She tells us that her sources range from historical chronicles to personal testimonies, including her own. More than compilation,3 biography is reflective appraisal which discloses attitudes as well as actions; it is version of history which is finally Christine's own. As result of her incorporation of data from her own experience, work she composes is literally informed by her presence. Rich also in her own intellectual insights, Christine's biography serves effectively as forum for autobiography. That Christine is writing life of another in no way precludes her simultaneously writing her own. Indeed, Leigh Gilmore, in her recent study of autobiographics, has claimed autobiography as a kind of writing and not genre per se.4 And complimentary, rather than adversarial, nature of autobiographical and biographical impulses is clearly evident in Christine's work. In recent study, Liliane Dulac refers to such an approach as deliberate intertextuality.5 Mary Jo Maynes has observed that the way autobiographers understand and construct

What Can Meta-analysis Tell Us about the Implications of Transport?

BUTTON K. (1995) What meta-analysis tell us about the implications of transport?, Reg. Studies 29, 507–517. Recent years have seen a significant upsurge of studies seeking to examine the wider impacts of transport. The outcome has been a wide range of results and conclusions. A number of extremely useful surveys have emerged that have brought together much of this work and offered critical assessment of the methods used and of the results generated. These surveys have, however, tended to be of a traditional literary nature and have often produced lists of findings and taxonomies of procedures employed. The aim of this paper is to apply meta-analysis in order to gain greater insights into the causes of the variations in results obtained, for example in relation to techniques used, country of study and context of work. BUTTON K. (1995) Quelles sont les lecons a tirer de la meta-analyse pour ce qui est du transport?, Reg. Studies 29, 507-517. Ces dernieres annees ont temoie d'une montee sensible du nombre de...

Zooarchaeological analysis of a free African community: Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose

Vertebrate remains from Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, near St. Augustine, Florida, provide a unique opportunity to examine African foodways at what may have been the first legally sanctioned, free, African town within the boundaries of what today is the United States of America. The collection contained 28,592 bones and an estimated 281 individuals. When data from Mose are compared to those from the nearby Nombre de Dios Native American village, it is clear that the refuse from Mose contained a higher percentage of domestic animals than did Native American refuse, although the subsistence strategies practiced by each group were similar in other respects. Compared to residents of St. Augustine, the people at Mose may have used less domestic meat. Slaves on coastal plantations later had greater access to domestic meat than did the residents of Mose and St. Augustine. These data suggest a high degree of self-sufficiency at Mose.

Personal Factors, Education and the Effectiveness of Professional Engineers

SUMMARY This investigation examines the career development of a sample of engineers from pre-degree to, in many cases, post-chartered status. Their personal and academic characteristics are evaluated and linked to their effectiveness as professional engineers, as measured by salary rewards. Although these personal and academic factors are commonly believed to be an important component of industrial effectiveness and a valid predictor of future performance, they appear to have only a marginal influence and questionable value as predictive mechanisms. None the less, the study gives insight into the personal motivations and aspirations of engineering graduates and makes a number of recommendations for educationalists. Whenever possible, the findings of this study are compared with those of other authors. SOMMAIRE La présente recherche examine le profil de carriere d'une echantillon d'inginiéurs et techniciens, depuis la périod precedant l'octroi de la licence jusqu'au moment ou, dans un grand nombre de cas, ils ont obtenu le status d'experts brevetes. Les caractéristiques personnelles et academiques de chacun y sont évaluées et associées a lews capacityés professionnelles, mesurees selon lew niveau de rémunération. Bien que cesfacteurs académiques et professionals soient communement consideréres comme un élement important de leur efficacité industrielle et un indicateur valable de leurs performances futures, ils semblent n'avoir qu'une influence marginals et une valeur douteuse en tant que mécanism de prédiction. La présent etude permet cependant d'eclairer les motivations personnelles et les aspirations des ingénieurs et techniciens diplômés et offre un certain nombre de recommandations aux enseignants. Lorsque les circonstances le permettent, des paralleles sont etablis entres les resultats de cette recherche et ceaux obtenue par d'autres auteurs.

A New Species of Cloud Forest Lizard of the Norops schiedei Group (Sauria: Polychrotidae) from Northern Honduras

A new species of Norops of the schiedei group is described from cloud forest in the western portion of the Cordillera Nombre de Dios of northern Honduras. Its combination of relatively large body size, relatively large middorsal scales, unicarinate scales on the forelegs, enlarged postanals in males, well- developed parietal depression, and purple dewlap readily distinguish it from the remaining species in the schiedei group.

Topical Diclofenac in the Treatment of Ocular Pain After Excimer Photorefractive Keratectomy

Following excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy, patients experience significant ocular pain until corneal reepithelialization. Despite the use of cold compresses, bandage soft contact lenses, cycloplegics, narcotics, and topical corticosteroids, the pain has not been adequately controlled in many patients. A randomized, double-masked, parallel-group study of diclofenac sodium 0.1% ophthalmic solution and its placebo vehicle was evaluated. Patients undergoing excimer myopic photorefractive keratectomy on their second eye were admitted overnight. Postoperative procedures included two drops of diclofenac or placebo immediately after surgery and then qid until reepithelialization, topical tobramycin (qid), 0.1% fluorometholone (q2h), cycloplegics, and a disposable soft contact lens. Thirty-two patients (diclofenac = 16, placebo = 16) were evaluated from +30 minutes to +96 hours by several types of questionnaires. Most patients who received placebo experienced pain, starting within 1 hour, peaking at 4 to 6 hours and lasting 36 to 48 hours. The diclofenac-treated patients rarely experienced the early peak in pain, had less pain overall until 72 hours postoperatively, and experienced significantly less photophobia and burning/stinging. Significantly fewer patients on diclofenac required oral narcotics. Three patients (diclofenac = 2, placebo = 1) developed corneal infiltrates, the etiology of which is not known. In a separate study we conducted, there was no difference in epithelial healing times between the diclofenac-treated eyes and those not receiving the drug. Diclofenac appears to significantly reduce the ocular pain following excimer photorefractive keratectomy.

Mothers' management of their combined workloads: clerical work and household needs

Le nombre de femmes — et surtout de mères — qui sont présentes sur le marché du travail est en augmentation rapide. Comme la responsabilité de ces femmes à l'égard des travaux domestiques demeure généralement inchangée, elle font face à une charge de travail lourde et complexe dont les tǎches sont souvent difficiles à concilier. Quand on est à la fois mère et employée de bureau, on doit organiser ses journées de travail de manière à répondre aux besoins de la famille et à ceux de l'employeur. Ces travailleuses y parviennent en modifiant leur emploi du temps, notamment du temps qu'elles consacrent aux travaux domestiques, en formant un réseau de soutien ménager composé de membres de la famille étendue et d'autres fournisseurs de soins, et en adaptant leur travail de bureau aux besoins du ménage. De telles mesures permettent aux femmes de satisfaire aux exigences d'un emploi à temps plein et d'atténuer les effets de leur absence de la maison tout en assumant le gros de la responsabilité des travaux ménagers.The rapid increase in women's, and especially mothers', labour force participation, coupled with their continuing responsibility for domestic work, has resulted in an extensive, complex, and often conflicting workload. Women who are both mothers and clerical workers must organize their workdays so as to meet the demands of families as well as offices. They do this through the adaptation of their use of time, especially in household work, the active integration of a household support network which includes extended family members and other caregivers, and the accommodation of their office employment to meet household needs. These efforts enable women to fulfill the demands of full‐time paid employment, mitigating their absence from the household, while continuing to absorb the primary responsibility for the performance of domestic work.I'm 35 … I put off having a child to this point because I couldn't quite imagine myself juggling the role of worker, wife, mother, and I could never understand how women could do that. I always wanted children, but I wanted to be a mother and be able to spend some time at home, and I kept putting off having children, waiting for the right time when I would be home with my children for a couple of years before I'd have to return to the workforce. That time has never come. Economically, it's not possible to stay home, and I'm getting old, as far as childbearing years, so finally my husband and I have come to the decision that there never was going to be a right time, and to have a child. (Lorraine, 6 months pregnant, Student Services Clerk, Pacific Technical College.)

Transfer of fluency across repetitions and across texts.

Abstract Three experiments examined transfer of reading fluency across repeated readings of the same text and across related but different texts. In Experiment 1, we demonstrated that a paraphrase that altered the syntactic structure of sentences, but not the lexical identity of main concepts or the unfolding of the message, was reprocessed as an unchanged repetition. However, when the paraphrase altered the lexical identity of main concepts, even though the message unfolded in the same manner, there was a loss in the repetition benefit. In Experiments 2 and 3, we demonstrated that there is transfer from a representation of one text to the reading of a second text only if the messages are continuous, not if the passages simply share a large number of overlapping words. The experiments are discussed in terms of the influence of 'episodic' text representations on reading fluency.Resume Trois experiences ont porte sur le transfert de la facilite de lecture au cours de lectures repetees d'un meme texte et de textes connexes mais differents. Dans l'experience 1, nous avons demontre qu'une paraphrase modifiant la structure syntaxique de la phrase, mais non pas l'identite lexicale des principaux concepts ou la formulation du message, etait traitee de nouveau comme une repetition inchangee. Par contre, quand la paraphrase modifiait l'identite lexicale des principaux concepts, meme si le message etait formule de la meme faeon, la repetition perdait de son utilite. Dans les experiences 2 et 3, nous avons demontre qu'il y a transfert de la representation d'un premier texte a la lecture d'un second seulement si les messages sont continus; il n'y a pas de transfert si les textes ont simplement en commun bon nombre de mots. Il est question de l'influence des representations de textes « episodiques » sur la facilite de lecture.The experiments to be described examined transfer of reading fluency across rereadings of the same text and across readings of different texts. Transfer across readings provides a model of how experience influences the development of reading fluency. What is left in memory following the reading of one text that allows a subsequent text to be read more fluently? By fluently, we mean that the text is read more rapidly, but with comprehension, as a function of the prior reading experience. To ensure that reading was focused on meaning, subjects were not only instructed to read for meaning but this instruction was reinforced by the use of some form of comprehension testing following reading. This meaning focus reflects our interest in understanding the representations formed during 'real' reading for the purpose of understanding a message. Our main interests were, a) in the representation that remains in memory after reading a text that facilitates reprocessing of that same text on subsequent encounters, and b) in whether a text representation in memory can be used to more fluently process a subsequent text that differs from the first. We used variations between the two texts to determine the characteristics that must be shared by the memorial representation and the subsequent passage before transfer of reading fluency will be observed.In Experiment 1, we explored characteristics that must be shared for the second text to be processed as a repetition of the first text. In Experiments 2 and 3, we examined conditions that might produce transfer across texts. The notion we will develop is that in both cases the memorial representation is of the text 'episode' and transfer depends on the ability of the second text to recruit that episodic representation. To do that, there must be message overlap. There is now a considerable literature studying transfer, for skilled adult readers, across repeated readings of the same text, but there is a dearth of evidence on transfer across different texts, except for studies of children with reading problems. We will first discuss the text repetition effects and present Experiment 1 before we discuss the across - text research with children and the final two experiments. …

Reading processes during syntactic analysis and reanalysis.

Abstract We conducted two experiments to examine the processing of garden path sentences such as While the boy scratched the dog yawned loudly. We varied the ambiguous phrase of such sentences so that it was either short (the dog), long due to the inclusion of a relative clause (the dog that was hairy), or long due to the inclusion of prenominal adjectives (the big and hairy dog). The subjects' task was to read each sentence while their eye movements were monitored and then judge whether the sentence was grammatical. We found that early closure sentences were judged grammatical less often than were late closure sentences, and sentences with a long ambiguous phrase, particularly one made long through the insertion of a relative clause, were judged grammatical less often than were those with a short ambiguous phrase. The reading time data, however, showed a curious pattern. Reading times on the disambiguating word of the sentences (yawned in the above example) were longer for early closure than for late closure sentences, as expected, but reading times were shorter for sentences with a long ambiguous phrase. We argue that the latter finding reflects subjects' tendency to read more quickly as they proceed through a sentence. We suggest that researchers interpret any studies showing differences in the processing of syntactically easy and difficult constructions with extreme caution, unless the words being compared in these studies are preceded by the same number of words in the different experimental conditions.Resume Nous avons effectue deux experiences sur le traitement des phrases trompe - l'oeil telles While the boy scratched the dog yawned loudly. Nous avons varie la formulation ambigue de ces phrases pour qu'elle soit breve (the dog), longue en raison de l'insertion d'une proposition relative (the dog that was hairy) ou longue par l'insertion d'adjectifs anteposes (the big and hairy dog). Les sujets devaient lire chacune des phrases pendant que leurs mouvements oculaires etaient enregistres, puis ils devaient juger de leur grammaticalite. Nous avons constate que les phrases a clo@ture ha@tive etaient jugees moins souvent grammaticales que les phrases reposant sur le principe de clo@ture tardive. Nous avons egalement constate que les phrases ayant une formulation longue et ambigue, en particulier lorsqu'une proposition relative y etait inseree, etaient jugees grammaticales moins souvent que celles dont la formulation etait courte et ambigue. Un patron etrange ressort des temps de lecture. Comme prevu, les temps de lecture enregistres pour le terme desambiguisant des phrases (yawned dans l'exemple cidessus) etaient plus longs dans le cas des phrases a clo@ture ha@tive; en revanche, ils etaient plus courts pour les phrases longues et ambigues. Ce resultat montre, a notre avis, que la vitesse de lecture des sujets tend a s'accroi@tre d'un bout a l'autre de la phrase. Nous invitons les chercheurs a interpreter avec force circonspection toutes les etudes revelant des differences dans le traitement des constructions syntaxiquement complexes et simples, a moins que les mots qui y sont compares soient precedes du me@me nombre de mots dans les differentes conditions experimentales.Reading involves a number of inter - related processes. Readers must access the lexical reprentations of words and combine them so as to reflect the overall meaning of the sentence. For example, consider the ambiguous sentence Mary saw the boy with binoculars. The phrase with binoculars could function either as the modifier of the verb phrase that includes saw, indicating that Mary was the one in possession of the binoculars, or as the modifier of boy, in which case the boy is the one with the binoculars. These different syntactic attachments of the phrase with binoculars have different semantic consequences, resulting in different truth conditions for the two possible semantic interpretations of the ambiguous sentence. An important process during reading, then, is to create phrases and assign them to their appropriate grammatical roles, a process we will refer to as parsing. …

The Citation Record ofRegional Studiesand Related Journals, 1980–89

TAYLOR J. and JOHNES J. (1992) The citation record of Regional Studies and related journals, 1980–89, Reg. Studies 26, 93–97. This note compares the citation record of Regional Studies with that of other related academic journals in the field of urban and regional studies during 1980–89. Two variables are used to measure the citation record: first, the frequency of citations; and second, an impact factor which is a measure of the average number of citations per paper published. Both measures indicate that the citation record of Regional Studies compares well with other journals. The conclusion is that the papers published in Regional Studies have been well used by those involved in urban and regional research. TAYLOR J. et JOHNES J. (1992) Le nombre de citations de Regional Studies et des revues connexes sur la periode de 1980 a 1989, Reg. Studies 26, 93–97. Cet article met en comparaison le nombre de citations de Regional Studies sur la periode de 1980 a 1989 par rapport a celui des autres revues intelle...

Exercice physique et sommeil en climat tropical sec: étude préliminaire chez trois sujets africains

Resume Trois sujets africains sedentaires (âge moyen: 25 ± 1,7 ans) ont participe a l'etude des effets d'un entrainement physique progressif sur les etats de sommeil en periode fraiche et en periode chaude de la saison seche du climat sahelien. L'entrainement a consiste en un exercice en creneaux repete 3 fois par semaine pendant 6 semaines (plateaux de 4 min a puissance sous-maximale, pic a puissance maximale la cinquieme minute). Le nombre de creneaux a ete augmente de 5 la premiere semaine a 7 la deuxieme semaine puis a 9 les 4 semaines suivantes et la puissance developpee a ete accrue progressivement lors des 3 dernieres semaines. L'amelioration des performances physiques a ete estimee par une epreuve triangulaire realisee avant l'entrainement, et apres les troisieme et sixieme semaines d'exercice. Le programme d'entrainement a ete realise en periode fraiche et repete en periode chaude apres 2 mois 1/2 sans exercice physique. Les examens polygraphiques du sommeil ont ete realises avant l'entrainement (3 nuits consecutives) et pendant les quatrieme et sixieme semaines (2 nuits consecutives). La periode de controle en saison fraiche a ete consideree comme periode de reference, chaque sujet constituant son propre temoin. L'efficacite du sommeil a ete amelioree par l'entrainement, avec surtout une augmentation du nombre de phases de sommeil delta (stades 3 et 4), conduisant a un accroissement de cet etat. Ces changements ont ete plus importants en periode chaude. Au contraire, le sommeil paradoxal n'a pas varie avec les conditions climatiques, mais avec l'intensite de l'exercice. Il a diminue lors de la sixieme semaine par rapport a la quatrieme. En conclusion, l'augmentation du sommeil delta est en rapport avec la charge thermique supportee par le sujet, le sommeil paradoxal etant sensible au stress lie a l'intensite de l'exercice pratique.

Levels of processing: A retrospective commentary on a framework for memory research.

The influence on memory research of levels of processing (Craik & I^ockharl, 1972) is reviewed, and a number of conceptual and empirical criticisms are evaluated. Research since 1972 has enabled the original formulation of depth of processing to be refined in various ways, and the concepts of elaboration and distinctiveness of encoding are discussed as examples of this refinement. It is concluded that, despite change and development, many of the original ideas of levels of processing have survived and that as a research framework it has been substantially successful in encouraging the building of a dala base that can serve as a foundation for future theory construction. RKSUMK I/influence des niveaux de traitcment sur la recherche touchanl la memoire (Craik & Lockhart, 1972) est passcc en revue et un certain nombre de critiques concepluelles el empiriques sont cvaluees. La recherche depuis 1972 a pcrmis de ralfiner de maintcs facons la formulation originale de la profondeur de traitemenl el les concepts dc I'claboralion et dc clarte de codage sont discutes comme cxemple de raffinement. L'on arrive a la conclusion que malgre le changement ct le developpcnicnt, nombreuses sont les idees originates quant aux niveaux dc traitcment qui ont survecu et que, en tant quc cadre dc recherche, ccs idces ont eu un certain succes a encouragcr I'acquisition dc donnces qui peuvent servir de fondalions pour la construction dc futures theories. The levels of processing framework proposed by Craik and Lockhart (1972) presented a general approach to memory research that has been widely influential and the subject of intensive critical scrutiny. The purpose of the present article is to offer some retrospective observations on the ideas associated with levels of processing. Why was the article so influential (White, 1983), and has that influence been retained in current theoretical notions, or was it just a transient blip on the path to the real truth about memory? Despite its success, the article gave rise to many misconceptions about what we were trying to say; for example, it is commonly reported that the Craik and Lockhart article was the one that advocated eliminating the Preparation of this article was facilitated by grants to both authors from the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada. The authors are grateful to Janinc Jennings lor helpful library research. Requests for reprints should he addressed to Robert S. Lockhart. Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario. Canada MSS IA1.