Nomadic Settlements Research Articles

Хотоны Калмыцкого ханства XVIII в.

Introduction. The article analyzes a little–studied problem in historiography – khotons (nomadic settlements) the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, which at the same time were the smallest administrative units. Materials and methods. The study is based on an extensive set of archival materials, primarily clerical correspondence, which somehow deposited information about the khotons of the Kalmyk Khanate of the XVIII century, the number of people in them, the degree of kinship, etc. Historical-genetic, comparative-historical, functional and descriptive methods were used in the analysis of source and bibliographic material and in writing the text of the article. Analysis. The analysis showed that a significant part of khotons consisted of 10-15 kibits (families), which were connected with each other by kinship relations, including those who were at different levels of kinship relations. However, archival documents show that in the 18th century, in addition to ordinary khotons consisting of related families, nomadic settlements began to appear in the Kalmyk Khanate, consisting of families or individuals not related by kinship and even belonging to different sub-ethnic groups. Sometimes, for various reasons, several khotons could unite and form a separate group of several dozens of kibits, and in some cases, due to extraordinary circumstances, they could form groups even of several hundred kibits, though for a short period. In addition to the official authorities, khotons and other nomadic groups of khoton type had their own internal public self-government built on the life experience and authority of their managers. Results. Thus, it can be concluded that in the socially stratified Kalmyk society of the XVIII century tribal relations began to deform under the influence of the prevailing circumstances.

Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle from selected commercial farms and nomadic settlements in Yola, Adamawa State

Cryptosporidium species are apicomplexan parasites commonly associated with diarrhoea in both men and animals. They are of public health importance. The study aimed to determine the occurrence of Cryptosporidium species in cattle in the Yola metropolitan area, Adamawa State, Nigeria. Four hundred and sixteen (416) faecal samples were collected from cattle in commercial farms and nomadic settlements and were analyzed using Modified Ziehl Neelsen (MZN) technique. Twenty-seven (27) positive samples were subjected to nested Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) for the amplification of a specific fragment of 18S rRNA gene that was used to detect Cryptosporidium spp. Seventy-three (17.5%) out of 416 samples were positive for Cryptosporidium oocysts by MZN, and 26 (96.0%) out of 27 isolated oocysts of Cryptosporidium detected by MZN were positive by PCR. Commercial farms had a higher prevalence (19.2%) of Cryptosporidium oocysts than the nomadic settlements (15.9%). Based on risk factors, there was a significant association (P<0.05) between the occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts and factors such as sex and faecal consistency. At the same time, age, breed, management system, animal source and drinking water source varied insignificantly (P>0.05). This study has shown the occurrence of Cryptosporidium infection in cattle in the Yola metropolis. There should be an awareness campaign among public health workers on the dangers posed by the organism to humans so that the Government would enforce control and preventive measures.

Reach and Utility of COVID-19 Information and Preventive Measures for Nomadic Populations in Massangam, West Region of Cameroon.

ABSTRACT.The separation of nomadic pastoralist settlements from settled communities is a well-known challenge to the health system. Difficulties reaching these groups contribute to inequities in their health and impact the spread or control of several diseases. COVID-19 has led to the suspension of many public health interventions in Cameroon, while preventive measures including behavior change communication have been ongoing since the onset of the pandemic. The reach and utility of these campaigns in semi-nomadic population remain unclear. This exploratory qualitative study was conducted in September to October 2020 using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions with nomadic camp heads, and their wives to explore their interactions with communication campaigns, awareness, understanding, and acceptance of behavior change messages. The study revealed a general awareness of COVID-19 and its preventive measures and a prevailing belief that they were less at risk because their camps are isolated from the main communities, and the fact that they had never met a COVID-19 case. They perceived that the women were at lower risk because of their limited interaction outside the camps. There was a common concern regarding the transmission of COVID-19 to their cattle. Routes of communication were markets and mosques frequented by men, making access to information limited to or dependent on men. Financial constraints and lack of water were the main barriers affecting the access to and use of COVID-19 prevention measures. There is need for adaptive communication strategies especially tailored to the culture of nomadic pastoralists addressing gender dynamics of this subgroup.

19-20세기 초 러시아 제국의 중앙아시아 식민통치와 행정 구획의 지역별 특징

The purpose of this study is to show that the colonial policy implemented after the annexation of Central Asia by the Russian Empire in the 19th century was applied in different ways in the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan, which are two regions that compose Central Asia. For this purpose, the process of the annexation of the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan into the Russian Empire, the implementation system of political, economic, social, religious and cultural policies, and differences in administrative divisions were examined. And as a result, we came to the following conclusions:<BR> Firstly, although the Kazakh steppe and West Turkistan had historically interacted for a long time, there was no experience of integrating these regions into one space before the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century.<BR> Secondly, at the beginning of the 19th century, the Tsarist Empire regarded the Kazakh nomadic settlements that had been served Russia and paid tribute(yasak) since the beginning of the 18th century as the territory where the suzerainty of the empire was established. Based on this recognition, the imperial government demarcated the Kazakh Steppe into administrative divisions according to the Russian system, and focused on spreading Russian culture and Orthodox Christian beliefs.<BR> On the other hand, thirdly, in Western Turkistan, which was conquered by the Russian expeditionary force in the middle of the 19th century, it showed a change in the introduction of a protectorate system along with the demarcation of Russian administrative divisions. In addition, in the social and religious aspects, a relatively moderate policy of colonial rule was pursued, such as acknowledging some of the power of the indigenous elites and implementing a policy of ‘disregard (игнорирование)’ which implicitly acknowledged Islamic beliefs.<BR> Fourthly, despite these differences, what the Russian Empire was trying to establish in Central Asia was a European colonial system. As a result, the foundation for the formation of Central Asia as a space and Central Asians as a community, which had never appeared in the past, was laid in this region in the 19<SUP>th</SUP> century.

Revelation of an important weakness in polio elimination efforts in Nigeria: a descriptive cross-sectional study of nomadic dynamics in Sokoto and Taraba States, May 2013.

IntroductionOperational gaps in the Global Polio Eradication Initiative implementation had been partly responsible for inadequate population immunity and the continued transmission of wild poliovirus in Nigeria before the African Region was declared polio-free in 2020. Missed opportunities to provide services in nomadic populations due to frequent mobility, lack of inclusion in microplans and the remoteness of their settlements were the major challenges. During May 2013 we conducted immunization outreach to nomadic and other underserved communities in Rabah LGA, Sokoto state, and Ardo Kola LGA, Taraba state, in Nigeria to identify and vaccinate children missed during supplemental immunization activities while identifying missed acute flaccid paralysis cases.MethodsAn enumeration checklist and data collection instruments on Android cell phones were used to capture socio-demographic data and GPS coordinates on nomadic settlements, households, number of children aged <5 years, children previously missed for vaccination and their locations. Local guides led trained enumerators to underserved communities for the enumeration and vaccination. Data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2007.ResultsA total of 324 settlements were listed for the two states, and 111 (34.3%) of these were identified as missed when compared with micro-planning for the most recent SIA. In these settlements, 3,533 households and 9,385 children aged <5 years were listed. We administered oral poliovirus vaccine to all 1,946 missed children during the recent or any supplemental immunization activities. Of these, 527 (27.1%) had never been vaccinated. We found no missed acute flaccid paralysis cases.ConclusionNomadic populations continue to be underserved, especially for vaccination services. This results in pockets of populations with low herd immunity and increased risk for poliovirus transmission. Community leaders and nomadic settlements should be included in the micro-planning of all supplemental immunization activities to ensure all children receive vaccination services.

Ritual model of «living space for the dead» from the Eneolithic to the Middle Ages (based on materials from settlements in Upper Tobol, Saryarka and Priirtysh)

The paper presents materials from settlements with graves. It offers a brief overview of the history of living space for the dead ritual model development. On the basis of ten settlements, belonging to different time periods, groups of burials were identified according to their status in the synchrony and diachrony. The cause of the occurrence of burials in settlements is postulated as determined by the mundane and sacred conditions in the society. The early establishment of this ritual model is attributed to the Stone Age. The sacred character, natural and cultural environment, topographic dependency of the model preserved in the burial traditions of early and late nomads in the Eurasian Steppe. The cult character and topographical dependence of the model were preserved in the funerary traditions of the early and late nomads. The ancient style of the living space combination with burials exists as tribal burial complexes in the area of nomadic seasonal winter settlements of the Modern Time (ethnographic modernity).

Long-Term Impact of Transhumance Pastoralism and Associated Disturbances in High-Altitude Forests of Indian Western Himalaya

The Himalayan Mountains are geodynamical important, featuring a wide climatic range with a rich diversity of flora, fauna, human communities, culture, and social set-up. In recent decades, due to constant anthropogenic pressure and considerable changes witnessed in the climate of the region, species of this region are threatened. Here, we assessed the impact of nomadic settlement and associated disturbances on plant species composition, diversity parameters, ecosystem properties, and fire incidence in high-altitude forests of Western Himalaya, India. Based on the distance between nomadic settlement location and forest, we classified forest as near nomadic settlement (NNS) or away nomadic settlement (ANS) forest types. We found a significant variation in plant species composition between forest types. Three species, namely, Sibbaldia cuneata, Poa annua, and Abies pindrow, contribute 25% of the cumulative variation in plant species composition. Studying live plants, we found a significant difference only for density, in which ANS had a higher average density than NNS. Considering dead plants, we found a significant difference in all nine plant-related parameters evaluated between sites. NNS had a higher value of all parameters evaluated, except for height, which was higher in ANS sites. ANS forest type show 1.3 times more average carbon stock (160.39 ± 59.03 MgCha−1; mean ± SD) than NNS forest type (120.40 ± 51.74 MgCha−1). We found a significant difference in plant diversity evaluated between forest types. ANS had higher values of Margalef and Fisher diversity but lower values of evenness. We found that NSS had significantly higher values of fire incidences, whereas ANS has a higher normalized differential vegetation index and enhanced vegetation index. Overall, our study showed that species composition, diversity, and fire incidence are strongly impacted due to nomadic settlements. These findings are paramount for designing appropriate livelihood options for indigenous communities and management policies of the long-term forest harvest to achieve global goals and the UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration targets (2021–2030) to protect the sustainable development of forest mountainous regions.

EVENT-DRIVEN EDUCATION OF NORTHERNERS IN THE NOMADIC ARCTIC REGION

Introduction. The nomadic peoples of the North, belonging to the Arctic world, can be regarded as a unique result of the development dynamics of world civilization. For many centuries, they managed to preserve a distinctive way of life and a nomadic lifestyle as the basis for the evolution of Arctic culture. Today, specialists are concerned about the traditional cultural norms, values, and ethnic characteristics of the northern territory peoples, established for centuries and which have now been partly lost. The goal is to characterize the educational process in the modern nomadic Arctic region. Materials and methods. Pedagogical literature analysis, the study of normative documentation regarding the education, systematization of the experience and practice from preschool and basic educational organizations in Yakutia, participant observation, questionnaire survey, expert assessment, use of the obtained results in the pedagogical practice. Results and Discussion. This study was carried out based on the following: regional educational space monitoring (the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)), community and family education surveys, the study of the relevance of national holidays, and the demand for nomadic educational structures. The study of inherent upbringing processes among the peoples of the northern territories expands the existing ideas about the variety of means and forms of upbringing and new opportunities for individuality and subjectivity formation among Northerners in the harsh conditions of the Arctic region. The intertwining of cultures among the peoples inhabiting modern Yakutia pushes us to study the educational traditions using ethnocultural experience. Ethnocultural traditions are passed from generation to generation and are considered to be historically formed and transmitted through behavior patterns and folk-education practices, which include behavioral rules of everyday life, lifestyle, occupation traditions, social environment, systems of value orientations, spirituality, and language. Creating preschool educational space in a nomadic structure and a nomadic basic education organization in the Arctic region with nomadic settlements is analyzed. It is substantiated that a nomadic preschool’s educational space is considered an environment where self-organization is the value-oriented meetings between a teacher and a child, pedagogical events with the participation of children and parents, and other adults who are significant for the child. The study of the upbringing history among the peoples of the northern territories expands the understanding of the diversity in upbringing practices. The intertwining of cultures pushes us to update the ethnocultural experience. The choice of the language of communication between subjects of the educational space plays an important role and affects the formation of labor skills, and guarantees the development of traditional folk crafts in the Arctic territories with harsh local climatic conditions. The study revealed original upbringing practices associated with the use, for example, of the Even traditional calendar, folklore texts, ditties (keinairsya), riddles (tumta), sayings (bodu), myths, and songs (Balyh). Conclusion. The upbringing process of the northerner schoolchild can be represented by a logical sequence, expressed in the form of a chain: family, community, preschool, and basic school upbringing. The chain can be disseminated into different territorial entities. The nomadic way of life being revived today must have legal legitimacy justified by the current state legislation and be recognized as a free choice of the Northerner’s life path.

Strategies to Reach Nomadic Children During Polio SIAs: Experience in Dadaab and Fafi Sub-Counties of Kenya after the 2013-2014 Polio Outbreak.

BackgroundPoliomyelitis, often called polio is a viral paralytic disease caused by Polioviruses. Although all susceptible individuals are at risk of getting infected, only about 1% become paralyzed. During the 2013 Polio Outbreak in Garissa County in Kenya, 50% of the confirmed cases were from the nomadic population although it comprises of only less than 20% of the total population in the county. Following concerns from the Horn of Africa Polio Technical Advisory Group (TAG) regarding inadequate vaccine coverage of nomadic population, several strategies were put in place to improve coverage and Acute Flaccid Paralysis case reporting among nomads in the rest of the planned 2014 polio vaccination campaigns. We describe strategies initiated from April 2014 by the Ministry of Health and partners to reach children in nomadic settlement in the two sub-counties of Dadaab and Fafi of Garissa County.MethodsThe strategies involved improving the mapping and tracking of the nomadic population by establishing lists of nomadic settlements obtained from local clan leaders and government administrators, their <5-year-old populations and focal persons. Focal persons were used to mobilise residents in their respective settlements and guide vaccination teams during campaigns. Settlement leaders were sensitised to report cases of Acute Flaccid Paralysis. In remote hamlets, trained community health volunteers were used as vaccinators. In such places drugs for common illness were also provided during the campaigns. A tracking tool to monitor nomadic population movement and special tally sheets to capture data were created. Training of vaccination personnel and intense social mobilisation activities was done.Results and conclusionAbout 2,000 additional children, from both nomadic and non-nomadic areas were reached when the new initiatives were started. For the first time, an actual number of nomadic children accessed was documented. Suspected AFP cases continued to be reported from nomadic settlements, and the number of zero dose children among the nonpolio AFP cases dropped. With modification and improvement, these strategies may be used to take health services such as routine immunisation to nomadic communities and reduce their vulnerability to vaccine preventable disease outbreaks.

Эпидемические заболевания в Калмыцкой степи Астраханской губернии в конце ХIХ – начале ХХ в.

Introduction. The article examines the understudied issues of how and to what extent epidemic diseases used to spread across Kalmyk uluses (‘districts’) in the late 19th – early 20th centuries, with special attention be paid to employed control and monitoring methods. The problem was covered in a number of published reports delivered at the First Congress of Astrakhan physicians to have worked in Kalmyk-inhabited lands during the period under study, and the former contain their shared their experiences and valuable findings. Historians hardly ever approached the topic in just a few papers. Goals. So, the work aims at a detailed survey of epidemic diseases in the Kalmyk Steppe of Astrakhan Governorate in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Materials and Methods. The study employs a set of general scientific and specific historical research methods. The observance of the historicism principle made it possible to avoid modern misinterpretations of the century-old events examined, while system-analysis techniques and interdisciplinary approaches resulted in that certain specific events of Kalmyk life were analyzed as parts of an overall picture. The article mainly explores and newly introduces materials of the Medical Department — a healthcare agency within the Kalmyk People’s Administration — currently stored at the National Archive of Kalmykia. Results. Despite the remoteness of Kalmyk nomadic settlements (Kalm. khoton) from administrative centers and first-aid stations, healthcare practitioners still were efficient enough to promptly respond in case of epidemic outbreaks. Besides treatment proper, the medical, administrative and police personnel were largely responsible for quarantine and disinfection activities, medical examination and supervision of people living around the periphery of the effective disease area. Conclusions. The analysis of materials dealing with the issue reveals Kalmyk districts were widely affected by epidemic diseases, such as typhus, smallpox, measles, diphtheria and others, while cholera and plague were not that often. It should be admitted that the frequent occurrence of those diseases in medical records across the Kalmyk Steppe was determined by their endemicity to have resulted from a number of reasons.

Tin City: Nomadic occupation, colonization and resistance in the sand dunes of Stockton Bight, Australia

This article explores nomadic site occupation as a form of planetary colonization involving both human and non-human agents. Conventional understandings of temporary occupation are often humancentric with little attention paid to the disruption of extant site ecologies and processes. The latter are particularly pressing concerns in nomadic settlements located in precarious landscapes. Taking the latter as its focus, this article engages the earth as an agent resisting its own colonization in the Australian-licensed squatter settlement known colloquially as Tin City. Located within the largest mobile sand dune structure in New South Wales, Tin City is an assemblage of several self-built fishing shacks accommodating a nomadic population. Its occupants engage in a daily battle against the shifting sands that threaten to subsume their temporary homes. Located in an area of significant indigenous heritage, the Tin City settlement has become a tourist attraction shrouded in local lore. Current discourses about it and its architectures generally focus on its unusual aesthetics, its contested sociopolitical histories and its ecology, with some discussion on the impacts of European colonization on the sand dune’s dynamic geomorphology. To concentrate on the latter, the article develops and deploys the posthumanist conceptualization of the earth posited by Iranian philosopher Reza Negarestani in his ficto-critical text Cyclonopedia: Complicity with Anonymous Materials. Negarestani ascribes the earth with sentient and agentic capacity, whilst the nomads who traverse its surfaces become the penultimate planetary colonizers. Tin City’s occupation thus becomes a story of colonization and resistance narrated by the earth itself, and a reminder that the production and consumption of architectural forms does not need to be confined to that which is conventionally human.

‘Monumental Myopia’: bringing the later prehistoric settlements of southern Siberia into focus

Abstract

Statistical study of eolian sediment distribution risk in human ecosystems on the health of respiratory system and the eyes of inhabitants of Sistan, East Iran

Sistan in east Iran is vast, low slope tectonic lowland of which a great portion is consisted of alluvial-saline lands of dried out Hamoon lakes. Sistan district with a population density of 43 people per square kilometer is the most densely populated human ecosystem in east Iran. This population is distributed in more than 1000 cities, villages, and nomadic settlements. Sistan plain is extensively exposed to vigorous winds. In the last 5 years, with the spread of drought and drastic reduction of Hirmand River’s water flow, dust storms have become more severe and long lasting. Winds of 120 days are the most significant wind in the region which starts every year at the end of the spring and lasts all through the beginning of autumn, with a mean velocity of 100 km/h. This research utilizes a survey/descriptive method coupled with medical documents to rank the risk of destructive eolian sediment dispersion in different regions of Sistan alongside the frequency of citizen’s reference to medical centers due to respiratory problems or eye damages caused by these sediments during the summer of 2017. The research findings show more risk of dispersion of eolian sediments in human environment in near the Iranian-Afghan border. The Level of the risk of respiratory and eye damages for citizens exposed to dust distribution with the rate of distribution of eolian sediments in the environment is statistically significant. Human ecosystems (1) Dehno-Piran, (2) Bazzi-Allari, (3) Muhammad-Shah-Karam, and (4) Abbas-Rostam regions in Sistan area have the highest risk for citizens due to respiratory problems and eye damages caused by eolian sediment dispersion.

Occurrence of bovine tuberculosis among cattle herds from nomadic peri-urban settlements and cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir of Bauchi, North-Eastern Nigeria

Objective: This study was designed to determine the prevalence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at the municipal abattoir and cattle herds in peri-urban nomadic settlements of Bauchi state of Northeastern Nigeria. Materials and Methods: A total of 2440 cattle slaughtered at the municipal abattoir from June to September were examined for lesions characteristic of bTB and eighty-six (n=86) cows selected from two cattle herds located at temporary nomadic settlements in Bauchi metropolis were also screened for bTB using purified protein derivative (PPD) tuberculin skin test. During the study period, total of 2,440 cattle were slaughtered comprising majority of females (n=1656) and males (n=784) as well as of different breeds including majority of White Fulani (n=1864) followed by Red Bororo (n=508) and Sokoto Gudali (n=68). Results: The results revealed that out of the 2,440 slaughtered cattle inspected for tuberculous-like lesions, 51 had lesions suspected to be lesions characteristic of tuberculosis, while 48 were positive for Ziehl-Neelsen. Prevalence rate of 1.96% based on microscopic examination and 2.0% based on suspected gross lesion were recorded. The prevalence was 0.77% for males, 1.2% females, 1.84% for adults, 0.12% for calves and 1.8% for white Fulani (Bunaji), 0.12% for Red Bororo (Rahaji) and 0.04% for Sokoto Gudali (Bokoloji). In addition, screening of 86 cows showed that 8.1% were positive for tuberculosis using tuberculin test. Conclusion: The outcome of this study showed that bTB is still endemic in Bauchi state and this can pose a significant public health challenge. Thus, it is recommended that the government should intensify the test-and-slaughter policy as well as put in place an effective monitoring and surveillance control programs for bTB to mitigate the risks posed to public health by this zoonotic disease in the study area. http://doi.org/10.5455/javar.2018.e247

Black tent housing nomads in compliance with sustainable development (Identification and investigation criteria)

Architecture is not static position of shape or location; it is living phenomenon only through human activity meaning. The machine age and subsequent change in thoughts and insights toward life and art has caused the valuable place of vernacular architecture like other arts lowered and its values be ignored; however, today, architecture technology development on the one hand and the value and importance of sustainable development on the other hand has caused using sustainable architecture and its exploitation in compliance with contemporary architecture and architectural principles of permanent and temporary human settlements between engineers and architects become a great competition. Common vernacular architecture among nomad's tribes, such as Eskimos architecture and residents of coldest and warmest parts of the Amazon rainforest in the world is considered an example of architecture and environmental compatibility in the warm and desert Iranian habitats that is in full compliance with what we today refer to as sustainable architecture. This article begins with summarizing definitions expanding with principles and the diverse opinions on the issue of sustainable development and vernacular architecture of nomadic settlements (black tent).

Μεταξύ Αττίλα και Βαϊανού. Το Βυζάντιο και οι νομαδικοί λαοί από το 453 έως το 558

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Research on the Morphological Evolution of Sanye House Village Located in Farming-Pastoral Zone of Eastern Inner Mongolia

San ye House Village are located in Farming-pastoral zone of eastern Inner Mongolia after a hundred years of development history, from mainly nomadic settlements into agricultural and pastoral settlements. The evolution of the settlements' pattern experienced a total of three stages. With the combination of different periods of settlement pattern analysis, the characteristics of San ye House village settlement pattern development is studied and the reasons for its formation and evolution process are presented.

The Plan Guidelines for Villages under the Background of Nomadic Settlement — A Case Study of Luqu County in Gannan Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture

“The Project of Nomadic Settlement” is one of the major construction tasks for “Gannan Important Water Supply Ecological Functional Area of Yellow River”. Because of the distribution of population and settlements have obvious discreteness and wavering in alpine pasture, it is necessary to plan and guide agricultural and grazing villages during the process of the construction of nomadic settlements, spatial displacement and integration of population and settlement. The nomadic habitation mode in Luqu county undergoes four stages. At present, it adopts four settlement modes, that is, centralized settlement mode in the county town, settlement mode in the village, settlement along the highway mode and dispersed settlement mode, involving a total of 2,645households,13,783people and be arranged in 21 settlements. The paper adopts 14 indicators related conditions of economic development, social development conditions, geographic conditions, measures the overall strength of 24 administrative villages in Luqu, the whole villages are divided into four grade. The results show that the suburban villages are better than the surrounding villages and towns, pure pastoral farming are better than farming-pastoral villages. Accordingly, 24 villages are divided into four types—community-based villages, developing villages, controlling villages, and revoking-merging villages. Finally, it also proposes the path on village plan guidelines.

Research on Construction of Nomadic Settlements on Tibetan Plateau

Research is conducted under the background of integration of urban and rural areas. The range of research covers ecological security, taking nomadic settlements as the object of research. The ecological, societal and strategic significance of building the nomadic settlements. Take the construction of nomadic settlements on Tibetan Plateau as an example, multiple problems emerged in the construction of nomadic settlements, thus countermeasures can be made, focusing on the problems. Hopefully the construction and planning of nomadic settlements can go on a right track with regard to ecological security, helping to improve the living environment of Tibetan Plateau and embark on sustainable development.

The impact of abandoned pastoral settlements on plant and nutrient succession in an African savanna ecosystem

We detail the impact of abandoned traditional settlements (or bomas) on plant and nutrient succession in the Amboseli ecosystem, southern Kenya, over the course of a century. Plant and soil data were sampled on and around abandoned settlements. The term, ‘onsite’, refers to the area within the perimeter fence, ‘offsite’ to the area up to 200 m beyond the fence. Herbaceous standing biomass onsite increased in the course of succession to peak at twice offsite levels within two decades. Biomass remained elevated for six decades then dropped to the background levels at the limit of sampling distance. Plant species richness onsite increased rapidly in the course of succession, then stabilized on older bomas. Species composition changed throughout succession, with pioneer herbs and grasses giving way to boma-edge species and woody vegetation later in succession. Soil nutrients, including carbon, nitrogen, magnesium and phosphorus, were highly elevated on abandoned settlements. The various nutrients declined at different rates during the course of plant succession. Potassium, phosphorus and magnesium levels remained at twice offsite levels for over a century, creating islands of high fertility and high plant biomass in the savanna landscape. We conclude that the perturbation caused by shifting nomadic settlements creates localized nutrient and plant diversity hotspots in savanna ecosystems that remain distinct from the surrounding savanna for decades, possibly centuries.