Noise Cancellation Technique Research Articles

Environmental Noise Cancellation Technique for the Compensation Interferometer in Fiber-Optic PMDI-Based Sensor Arrays

A path matched differential interferometry (PMDI) is one of the most common architectures for fiber-optic sensor arrays. It allows to interrogate many fiber-optic sensors time-multiplexed at a single fiber by using an auxiliary compensation interferometer (CIF). The CIF is typically based on an unbalanced Michelson or Mach-Zehnder interferometer. Therefore, it may be affected by different acoustic and vibration environmental noises. Any vibroacoustic impacts on the CIF might produce undesirable noises in the sensor signals and the noise performance of the measuring system will degrade. An environmental noise cancellation technique for the CIF in fiber-optic PMDI-based sensor arrays is presented in this paper. The proposed approach is based on the separate interrogation of the CIF by the additional fiber laser together with using polarization-division multiplexing. The noise cancellation is performing by the subtraction of the independent CIF’s signal from measured signals from the sensors array. In this paper, the main parameters of the noise cancellation system, which are critical for its performance, are discussed in detail. The experimental efficiency estimation of the proposed technique was performed in situ under open water conditions. It was shown, that for the measured signal with the standard deviation of 0.059 rad and the environmental impact on the CIF with the standard deviation of 0.61 rad the noise cancellation efficiency was −24.9 dB. The proposed technique might be easily integrated to large-scale PMDI-based fiber-optic sensors arrays and it’s compatible with PMDI-based Fiber Bragg Grating arrays in combination with the wavelength division multiplexing.

Periodically Time-Varying Noise Cancellation for Filtering-by-Aliasing Receiver Front Ends

This article presents a periodically time-varying (PTV) noise cancellation technique for filtering-by-aliasing (FA) receivers. The key to the proposed technique is the use of a time-varying transconductance (G <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> ) cell to sense the noise generated by the PTV resistor in an FA receiver while maintaining the sharp filtering offered by FA. A prototype IC fabricated in a 28-nm CMOS process improves the noise figure (NF) by about 3 dB while achieving over 67-dB stopband rejection with a transition bandwidth (BW) of only four times the RF BW. A minimum in-band NF of 3.2 dB and an average in-band NF of 4.2 dB are demonstrated. With an upfront N-path filter to further enhance the linearity, the measured out-of-band IIP3 is +18 dBm and the blocker 1-dB compression point is +9 dBm. The whole chip, including digital control circuitry, operates under a 0.9-V supply, while consuming 61-mW power at 500-MHz LO.

An Ultra-Wideband 0.1–6.1 GHz Low Noise Amplifier in 180 nm CMOS Technology

In this paper, an Ultra-Wideband (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) with low power consumption and high-power gain in 180[Formula: see text]nm CMOS technology is presented. An innovative combination of conventional methods to design UWB-LNA, i.e., resistive-feedback, inductive-series peaking, noise cancelling and inductive degeneration techniques is described here. The proposed LNA consists of two common source amplifiers with resistive feedback in which the noise and power consumption have been reduced by using the noise cancelling and current reuse techniques, respectively. Also, resistive feedback in the first stage reduces input resistance, hereby improving input impedance matching. In the second stage, which is used to increase the power gain, a common source structure with inductive-series peaking and noise cancellation techniques is used. The analytical results agree well with the post layout simulation results. The post-layout simulation shows a gain of [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB and noise figure (NF) of 2.3[Formula: see text]dB in the whole [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB bandwidth of 0.1[Formula: see text]GHz to 6.1[Formula: see text]GHz, while the S11 and S22 are less than [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]dB. The proposed circuit has a figure of merit of 9.9 which is significantly improved compared to the previous works. The total power dissipation is only 7.3[Formula: see text]mW, and the active area is less than 0.7[Formula: see text]mm2.

Detecting Punctual Damage to Gears through the Continuous Morlet Wavelet Transform

In predictive maintenance, vibration signal analyses are frequently used to diagnose reducer failures because these analyses contain information about the conditions of the mechanical components. Reducer vibration signals are very noisy and the signal-to-noise ratio is so low that extracting information from the signal components is complex, especially in practical situations. Therefore, signal processing techniques are used to solve this problem and facilitate the retrieval of information. In this work, the adopted technique included noise-canceling technique, synchronous temporal mean (TSA), and continuous Morlet wavelet transform (CWT), designed to extract resources and diagnose local gear damage. These techniques are used in measured signals in an experimental workbench consisting of the gear pair coupled to a motor and a generator. The experiment was monitored according to the conditions of a gear pair throughout its useful life. The continuous wavelet transforms accurately identified faults in the gear teeth, and it was possible to detect in which tooth the fault was occurring.

A 13-bit 0.005-mm2 40-MS/s SAR ADC With kT/C Noise Cancellation

As any analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with a front-end sample-and-hold (S/H) circuit, successive approximation register (SAR) ADC suffers from a fundamental signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) challenge: its sampling kT/C noise. To satisfy the SNR requirement, the input capacitor size has to be sufficiently large, leading to a great burden for the design of the ADC input driver and reference buffer. This article presents an SAR ADC with a kT/C noise-cancellation technique. It enables the substantial reduction of ADC input capacitor size but without the large kT/C noise penalty. It greatly relaxes the requirement for ADC input driver and reference buffer. Built in 40-nm CMOS, a prototype 13-bit ADC has only 240-fF input capacitance and occupies a small area of 0.005 mm2. Operating at 40 MS/s, it achieves a 69-dB signal-to-noise-and-distortion ratio (SNDR) across the Nyquist frequency band while consuming 591 $\mu \text{W}$ of power.

A Calibration-Free Ring-Oscillator PLL With Gain Tracking Achieving 9% Jitter Variation Over PVT

This paper presents a calibration-free and low-jitter phase-locked loop (PLL) with small performance degradation over PVT. We introduce an open-loop discrete-time phase noise cancellation (OPDTPNC) technique to achieve a wideband filtering and circuit inner-gain-tracking for PVT stabilization. The OPDTPNC is an effective phase realignment that enables a filtering bandwidth ~1/4 of the reference clock frequency. Besides, with the common structures and PVT tracking bias for sampler and corrector of the OPDTPNC, the prototype PLL maintains its low jitter under a wide range of PVT variations. Eventually, by cascading a Type-II PLL with the OPDTPNC, the proposed hybrid PLL attains the benefits of both Type-II PLL and injection-locked clock multiplier (ILCM). Fabricated in 28-nm CMOS with an active area of 0.023mm2 it consumes 4.1 mV from a 1 V supply with a reference spur of -63 dBc. The measured rms jitter of the 2.4 GHz PLL is 248 fs and 686 fs with and without OPDTPNC, respectively. When the temperature, supply and loop gain vary from 0 to 100°C, ±5%, and 6dB, respectively, the jitter performance only degrades less than 9%.

Passive optical phase noise cancellation.

We report on the realization of an optical phase noise cancellation technique by passively embedding the optical phase noise information into a radio frequency signal and creating a copy of the optical frequency signal, which is pre-corrected by the amount of phase noise introduced by optical phase perturbations. Neither phase discrimination nor an active servo controller is required due to the open-loop design, mitigating some technical problems, such as the limited compensation speed and finite phase/timing jitter, in conventional phase noise cancellation. We experimentally demonstrate that this technique maintains the same delay-limited bandwidth and phase noise suppression capability as in conventional techniques, but significantly shortens the response speed and phase recovery time. Passive decoupling optical phase perturbation represents a powerful technique in the domains of optical frequency standard comparisons and tools for future optical atomic clocks, which are now under investigation for a potential redefinition of the International Time Scale.

A Wideband Active Quasi-Circulator With 34-dB Isolation and Insertion Loss of 2.5 dB

Based on the dual-path cancellation methodology, a noise cancellation technique and an insertion loss (IL) mitigation technique are presented to improve the properties of the active quasi-circulators. The proposed circulator is fabricated with a standard 0.18-μm CMOS process, occupying an area of 0.91 mm × 0.49 mm including the pads. The measurement results show that 34-dB isolation is obtained over a wide frequency range from 1 to 8 GHz, while the IL is below 2.5 dB and the noise figure (NF) is less than 10 dB.

An inductor-less CMOS broadband balun gm-boosting LNA exploiting noise cancellation techniques

This paper presents a 100 MHz to 6 GHz broadband inductor-less single-to-differential balun gm-boosting low-noise amplifier (LNA) for multi-standard radio applications. Two mechanisms of noise cancellation techniques have been innovatively introduced in this work. To achieve the wideband input matching, high gain, and low noise figure simultaneously, a feed-forward thermal noise cancellation technique has been exploited in the design of the inverting amplifier for transconductance enhancement. Moreover, the balanced balun operation transforms the thermal noise of the common-gate transistor into a common-mode signal, and cancels it at the LNA’s differential outputs. The proposed design has been fabricated in a standard 0.18-um RF CMOS technology and occupies a die area of 0.04 mm2. Measurement results have shown that it has achieved a good performance over the whole operation frequency range of interest (100 MHz to 6 GHz) with a gain of 15.5 dB, IIP3 of 1.5 dBm, minimum NF of 3.0 dB and current dissipation of 8 mA at 1.8 V supply voltage.

Optimum design of a new ultra-wideband LNA using heuristic multiobjective optimization

This paper presents an optimum design of an ultra-wideband (UWB) 2.5–10.5-GHz low-noise amplifier (LNA) in 180-nm and 65-nm radiofrequency (RF)-complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) technology. A novel input matching network employing resistive–inductive feedback and a noise-canceling technique is proposed to achieve broadband matching as well as a low noise figure (NF). Moreover, a current-reused structure and the inductive peaking technique are applied in the proposed LNA to reduce its power consumption and provide high, flat gain. The proposed UWB-LNA is optimized using heuristic multiobjective optimization based on inclined planes system optimization (IPO) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) as simulation-based evolutionary techniques. The proposed UWB-LNA is designed and simulated using HSPICE and Cadence Spectre RF. The postlayout simulation results show an input return loss (S11) of less than −10 dB, a flat power gain (S21) of 13.2 ± 0.5 and 14 ± 0.5 dB, and an NF below 5 and 2.5 dB over the whole UWB band when implemented in 180-nm and 65-nm CMOS technology, respectively. The UWB-LNA consumes 7.2 and 9.5 mW from a 1.8-V power supply when implemented in 180-nm and 65-nm CMOS technology, respectively.

Non-remote reference noise cancellation - using reference data in the presence of surface-NMR signals

Surface-NMR measurements commonly suffer from low signal-to-noise ratios. In recent years, with the introduction of multi-channel surface-NMR instruments, the technique of remote-reference noise cancellation (RNC) was developed and significantly improved the applicability of surface-NMR. The current formulation of RNC requires a reference loop to be placed a remote distance from the transmitter loop such that no NMR signal is recorded. Reference loops placed at non-remote distances have been envisaged to provide both improved noise cancellation performance and field efficiency; however, the concept has not been previously applied because the theoretical framework was missing. In this paper, the theoretical framework is presented. It is demonstrated that reference loops placed at non-remote distances provide superior noise cancellation performance. Considerations for placing the reference loop relative to the transmitter loop are provided, and the theoretical framework is evaluated based on a semi-synthetic example using real field noise and synthetic surface-NMR data.

Reducing Doppler noise with multi-station tracking: The Cassini test case

Doppler tracking of Solar System probes is used for spacecraft navigation, planetary geodesy, and tests of the theory of General Relativity. The spacecraft radial velocity is measured by observing the Doppler shift of a radio signal transmitted from an Earth station to the spacecraft and then re-transmitted back, while preserving phase coherence, to the same station (two-way link) or to a different station (three-way link). Specialized orbit determination software is then used to reconstruct the spacecraft trajectory and estimate planetary gravity field coefficients or relativistic parameters. The measurement noise is a crucial element for the accuracy of the final estimates, thus considerable effort has been devoted to improve the range rate accuracy by adopting higher frequency links to reduce the dispersive noise from interplanetary and ionospheric plasmas, and by calibrating the tropospheric path delays with microwave radiometers. While Ka-band radio links (32–34 GHz) allowed a successful suppression of plasma noise, reducing tropospheric noise and ground antenna mechanical noise has been more challenging. The Time-Delay Mechanical noise Cancellation (TDMC) technique is a promising method to reduce mechanical and tropospheric noises and to improve further the accuracy of Doppler measurements. The TDMC is a linear combination of simultaneous Doppler data from a main antenna providing the two-way link and a three-way antenna (generally smaller and stiffer). If the listen-only, three-way antenna is also located in a particularly dry site, the TDMC can considerably reduce both tropospheric and antenna mechanical noises, which are the leading disturbances in two-way Ka-band radio links. For an operational test of this method, we applied the TDMC to Doppler data at X-band (7.2–8.4 GHz) from the Cassini spacecraft acquired during the Saturn tour phase of the mission. Although X-band links are generally dominated by the highly-variable interplanetary plasma noise and are not suitable for the TDMC, we found that, when local noises are particularly large at the two-way antenna, this technique may still lead to up to a factor-of-three noise reduction (at 60-s integration time) with respect to the two-way link. The TDMC can maximize the data quality during unique events, mainly planetary or satellite flybys (such as those considered in the Europa Clipper and JUICE missions), where the scientific results could be severely hampered by adverse conditions at the tracking station.

The CUORE Pulse Tube Noise Cancellation Technique

The 1-ton-scale CUORE detector is made of 988 $${{{\hbox {TeO}}}}_2$$ crystals operated as cryogenic bolometers at a working temperature of $$\sim 10{{{\hbox { mK}}}}$$ . In order to provide the necessary cooling power at 4 K stage, a total of five pulse tube (PT) refrigerators are used. The PTs make the cryogenic system reliable and stable, but have the downside that mechanical vibrations at low frequencies (1.4 Hz and related harmonics) are injected into the experimental apparatus. An active noise cancellation technique has been developed in order to reduce such effect by taking advantage from the coherent interference of the pressure oscillations originated by the different PTs. The technique that will be presented consists in controlling the relative phases of the pressure waves running inside the CUORE PT lines, in order to achieve the lowest detector noise. By reducing the power of PT harmonics by a factor up to $$10^4$$ , it drastically suppresses the overall noise RMS on the CUORE detector. In the following, we demonstrate the reliability and effectiveness of the technique, showing that the optimization of the detector noise level is possible in different experimental conditions.

Ultra‐wideband complementary metal‐oxide semiconductor low noise amplifier using CS‐CG noise‐cancellation and dual resonance network techniques

In this paper, a low power ultra-wideband (UWB) low noise amplifier (LNA) with high and flat voltage gain is proposed using CS-CG noise-cancellation and dual resonance network techniques based on TSMC 180 nm technology. The CS-CG noise cancellation technique reduced the noise figure in 3-10.6 GHz frequency band, and the dual resonance network technique is applied to reach an acceptable input matching. In order to reduce the number of inductors, the active inductor is used in the noise cancellation stage. Also, to control voltage gain and input return loss, a resistor is connected in parallel to channel length modulation resistance of the transistor in the first stage. The developed LNA circuit provides a high and flat voltage gain of 12.75 dB with 0.65 dB variation, which is the result of using two stages common-source topology. An average noise figure of 2 dB, with its maximum value of 2.3 dB, an IIP3 of -8 dBm are obtained from 3 to 10.6 GHz, respectively. The obtained input and output matching value are better than -10 dB. The layout of proposed LNA occupies an area of 0.55 mm2 including ring pad and this structure consumes 11.56 mW from 1-V dc supply.

A Machine Learning Approach for Structural Health Monitoring Using Noisy Data Sets

Continuous structural health monitoring of civil infrastructure can be achieved by deploying an Internet of Things network of distributed acceleration sensors in buildings to capture floor movement. Postdisaster damage levels can be computed based on the peak relative floor displacement as specified in government standards. This article uses machine learning approaches to identify the status of buildings postevent based on accelerometer traces. Prior work in the field assumed the use of high-quality accelerometers for displacement estimation. In this article, we focus on using lower quality and cheaper accelerometers, while accounting for noise effects by incorporating noisy data sets in machine learning approaches for classification. A labeled acceleration data set of buildings response to earthquakes was created, where each sample is labeled with its corresponding damage severity. Sensor noise is included in the data set to model nonideal sensors. Classification performance of machine learning algorithms, such as support vector machine, K-nearest neighbor, and convolutional neural network, is presented. Techniques for addressing noise levels are proposed, and the results are compared with regular noise cancellation techniques that adopt high-pass filtering. Note to Practitioners —This article presents a methodology for automatic estimation of buildings status in the aftermath of a natural disaster, such as an earthquake. It focuses on using low-cost inertial sensors, such as accelerometers, to sense buildings’ vibrations and then applying machine learning algorithms to detect damage. Utilizing the convolutional network approach, the proposed methods detect the building damage state with high accuracy. Since this article focuses on using cheap sensors, the cost of deploying a sensor network to monitor buildings is reduced significantly. Deploying this network enables rescue and reconnaissance teams to have a clear view of the most vulnerable structures.

Single channel high noise level ECG deconvolution using optimized blind adaptive filtering and fixed-point convolution kernel compensation

An electrocardiogram (ECG) is used to record the electrical activity of the heart. However, ECG signals are susceptible to the noise from various sources which increases the probability of misinterpretation and can affect the diagnostic process. Traditional noise cancellation techniques, which uses finite and deterministic coefficient, are not efficient, since the ECG signals are non-stationary. Thus, adaptive filters are commonly utilized on such signal as they can adjust their coefficient according to the changing nature of non-stationary signal. Adaptive algorithms still have a disadvantage that they require the model of noise or desired signal. In this paper, a novel algorithm is introduced based on fixed-point convolution kernel compensation for finding a model for using an adaptive filter; then a recursive least square method is used for completing steps of deconvolution of the ECG signal. The deconvolution method can be used for denoising ECG signals in very low signal to noise ratio circumstances and also can be used in blind source separation applications such as separation of fetal ECG from maternal ECG. ECG signals were utilized in this study are taken from the MIT-BIH Arrhythmia database for showing the performance of the algorithm on denoising applications. The results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm renders a much-improved performance in removing the noise from ECG signals, especially in a scenario where signal to noise ratio is negative. Moreover, the noninvasive fetal ECG dataset (NI-FECG) provided by Physionet is also used for fetal ECG extraction by a single thoracic channel. By comparing fetal ECG extraction methods in the literature and the proposed method, it reveals that the proposed method can extract the QRS complex of fetal ECG by a single thoracic channel as accurate as other methods which use abdominal channels.

Low Noise Amplifier Design of CMOS Inductorless with Noise Cancellation Technique

This article presents the Low Noise Amplifier (LNA) design of CMOS Inductorless with noise cancellation (NC) technique for portable wireless receivers. An Inductorless CMOS LNA for multi-standard wireless applications with less-area, single-chip is presented. This NC technique is used to cancel out the noise involvement in LNAs at the output of matching device. The proposed Inductorless CMOS LNA designed in a CMOS 45nm GPDK technology process. The simulated results within the frequency range of 1.04GHz-1.8GHz are considered here. The maximum gain has achieved 20dB @ 1.04GHz, 23dB @ 1.8GHz and a low NF of 1.2dB @ 1.04GHz, 0.6dB @ 1.8GHz. The input and output reflection coefficients are obtained as less than -10dB it is desirable value to fit in this LNA.

A 10 Gb/s noise-canceled transimpedance amplifier for optical communication receivers

This study presents a noise-canceled transimpedance amplifier (TIA) for optical receivers. The proposed structure consists of a shunt feedback common source amplifier as an input stage followed by two regulated cascodes (RGC) and finally a differential to the single-ended amplifier at the output stage. By exploiting the noise-canceling technique at the input stage, 31.8% of the total output noise is canceled. In addition, the auxiliary path’s RGC circuit, as it has a low input impedance, is utilized to cancel out the photodiode (PD) large parasitic capacitance at the input stage. The proposed TIA along with post amplifiers, including packaging components, are simulated in TSMC 90 nm RF CMOS technology at the post-layout level. The TIA average input-referred current noise is equal to $$9.5\;{\text{pA}}/\sqrt {\text{Hz}}$$. The PD capacitance is considered as 325 fF for all simulations. The transimpedance gain is equal to 60 dBΩ and the 3-dB bandwidth is equal to 7 GHz. The power consumption of the proposed TIA is 3.6 mW from a 1.2 V supply voltage. The TIA occupies a chip area of 0.036 mm2.

A novel and integrated architecture for identification and cancellation of noise from GSM signal

There are multiple reasons for the evolution as well as the presence of noise over transmitted GSM signal. In spite of various approaches towards noise cancellation techniques, there are less applicable techniques for controlling noise in acoustic GSM signal. Therefore, the proposed manuscript presents an integrated modelling which performs modelling of noise identification that could significantly assist in successful noise cancellation. The proposed system uses three different approach viz. i) stochastic based approach for noise modelling, ii) analytical-based approach where allocated power acts as one of the prominent factors of noise, and iii) wavelet-based approach for effective decomposition of GSM signal for assisting better noise cancellation technique followed by better retention of signal quality. Simulated in MATLAB, the study outcome shows that it offers a cost-effective implementation, A Practical Approach for Noise identification, and Effective Noise Cancellation with Signal quality retention. The proposed system offers approximately 24% of enhancement in noise reduction as compared to any existing digital filters with 1.6 seconds faster in processing speed.

Design and Analysis of a Broadband Current-Mode CMOS Direct-Conversion Receiver Frond-End Circuit

A broadband (0.8–5[Formula: see text]GHz) CMOS current-mode direct-conversion receiver has been integrated in a 0.18-[Formula: see text]m CMOS process. The proposed receiver front-end features a broadband active-balun low-noise transconductance amplifier (LNTA) driving a current-mode passive mixer terminated by a low-input-impedance transimpedance amplifier (TIA). The receiver chain has improved robustness to out-of-band interference, conversion gain and outstanding linearity. With the technique of noise and distortion cancellation which performs a better input impedance matching, we employ a broadband common-gate–common-source (CG–CS) LNTA and a current mirror to improve both gain and noise figure (NF) performance. Compared to the 50% duty-cycle switching stage, the 25% duty-cycle I–Q switching stage is implemented by using serial switches driven by 50% quadrature local oscillator (LO) signals separately, which improves the down-conversion gain by 3[Formula: see text]dB and lowers the noise figure. The transimpedance amplifier employs the [Formula: see text]-boosting technique to realize low input impedance and high transimpedance gain. The core circuit (RF and baseband signal path) consumes 26[Formula: see text]mW, and the prototype receiver achieves approximately 33–34.5-dB conversion gain, 8.1–9.35-dB NF and 7.5–9.8-dBm IIP3 from 0.8[Formula: see text]GHz to 5[Formula: see text]GHz.