Nodes In VANET Research Articles

Analysis of Clustering Algorithm in Securing VANETs

Security of wired and wireless networks is the most challengeable in today’s computer world. Computer and the development of network technology and its application cause the decrease in the Security of the system. It improves the attention of the people because once the data has been destroyed; it is a tedious process to recollect the lost data which causes the interrupt in the network and the performance. The main goal of VANET is to disseminate safety messages from Source to destination without negotiating security. The nodes in VANET is rich in mobility henceforth, there are many challenges to route the packets to their final destination. VANETs are themselves vulnerable against attacks that can directlylead to the corruption of networks and then possibly provoke big losses of time, money, and even liveshowever; malicious vehicle may trace the message which causes vulnerability to other vehicles. Clustering is one solution to improve the security against malicious vehicles. In this work, a security mechanism has been incorporated by analysis of clustering Algorithm such as MMV(Monitoring Malicious Vehicle) algorithm and CSMV(Clustering Surveillance Malicious Vehicle)algorithm.

Efficient Message Forwarding in MANETs

The effective incentive scheme is proposed to stimulate the forwarding cooperation of nodes in VANETs. In a coalitional game model, every relevant node cooperates in forwarding messages as required by the routing protocol. This scheme is extended with constrained storage space. A lightweight approach is also proposed to stimulate the cooperation.

A novel method for multipath routing using cross layer approach in vehicular adhoc networks

SummaryVehicular Adhoc Network (VANET) is playing a vital role in recent research. Designing an effective routing protocol for VANET is a challenging task as the VANET nodes move very fast. The design of the routing protocol normally is particular to the specific topology. This paper proposes CLMR, a multipath routing protocol based on cross layer design and also using Redundant Array Inexpensive Disks (RAID). Cross layer is designed among application, network, Media Access Control, and physical layers. It is employed to reduce the end to end delay in network, and RAID is used to minimize the number of re‐transmissions. Three variations of RAID are implemented—Distributed Parity along Single path, Double Distributed Parity, and Distributed Parity among Multiple paths. Multipath routing protocol based on cross layer‐Distributed Parity along Single path recovers 1 packet loss per parity packet along the corresponding path, CLMR‐Double Distributed Parity recovers 2 packets per parity packet along the corresponding path, and CLMR‐Distributed Parity among Multiple paths recovers the packets of the failed path. The evaluation is carried out to test the Quality of Service parameters‐end to end delay, throughput, packet delivery ratio, and number of retransmissions. The results projected show that the CLMR performs better when compared with the legacy protocol Adhoc On‐demand Multipath Distance Vector Routing.

ТЕОРИЯ ЭПИДЕМИЙ КАК ИНСТРУМЕНТ АНАЛИЗА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ШИРОКОВЕЩАТЕЛЬНОГО ТРАФИКА В СЕТЯХ VANET

Introduction: Emergency alert mechanism in VANET assumes that information messages are broadcast in ad hoc mode. In order to limit the flow of duplicate messages inevitable in this transmission method, specialized algorithms are provided which allow you to organize a selective retransmission mode among the total number of nodes. Purpose: We assess the possibility to apply epidemic theory as a tool of constructing an analytical model which would describe how the broadcast messages are spread. Results: We have analyzed the transient processes in the nodes associated with the spread of information messages through the network, and graduated the states of the nodes in accordance with the classification proposed by epidemic theory. Relying on some ideas about physical fundamentals and VANET message retransmission features, we obtained analytical expressions describing the change in the relative abundance for each of the selected groups of nodes. Further studies in NS-2 simulation environment allowed us to obtain statistics about the temporal proportion of each group of nodes for a model section of a road network. Comparative analysis of the analytical and modeling results using Pearson criterion showed that the obtained analytical expressions can be used to describe the transient processes in VANET nodes. Consequently, it proves that epidemic theory can be used as a tool for comparative analysis of algorithms developed for information message retransmission .

A Robust Security Algorithm for VANETs

The VANETs carry several security considerations. One in every of the popular and dangerous attacks is launched within the variety of Sybil, connectivity holes or cut-up attack, wherever associated in Nursing assaulter inserts a faux position inside within the cluster. The inserted faux node data is used by the hackers within the case of inconsiderate driver, traffic jams, selective collisions and different similar dangerous things. To avoid such things the VANETs should be protected against such attacks. During this paper, a completely unique answer has been projected to beat the Sybil and cut-up attacks on the VANETs. The new answer is capable of police work the faux data injections by confirmatory the VANET node behavior within the cluster. The behavior of the node includes the direction, speed and pattern. The projected model has been developed mistreatment the random waypoint model. The random waypoint model has been compared against the point of reference cluster model. The experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the projected model and also shows that RWPM is better than RPGM.

Detection and Ignoring of Blackhole Attack in Vanets Networks

Vehicular networks or VANET announce as the communication networks of the future, where the mobility is the main idea. These networks should be able to interconnect vehicles. The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks among them the black hole attack. In this attack, a malicious node disseminates spurious replies for any route discovery in order to monopolize all data communication and deteriorate network performance. Many studies have focused on detecting and isolating malicious nodes in VANET. In this paper, the authors present two mechanisms to detect this attack. The main goal is detecting as well as bypass cooperative black hole attack. The authors' approaches have been evaluated by the detailed simulation study with NS2 and the simulation results shows an improvement of protocol performance.

A Novel Approach to Assimilate VANET Communication using (WAVE) Wireless Access Vehicular Environment Protocol

The causes of road accidents lead to emergency communication between vehicular nodes. It is true that the onthe-spot messaging helps in rescuing victim’s life. The establishment of unprepared communication across vehicular nodes is possible with the intervention of automatic messaging. This leads to active research in data dissemination methods using heterogeneous devices. In this paper, the data dissemination in VANETs is done by Sensors, RFID(Radio Frequency Identification) tags, Bluetooth technology and from people passing over the roads. The communication across VANET nodes is simulated using RFID tags, the sensors available in the Android mobiles and the Bluetooth available in Android mobiles. This provides ease in communication across VANET nodes. The Web Server transmits this information to VANET nodes using WAVE(Wireless Access Vehicular Environment) protocol. The data collection and transmission across VANET is through Web Server(Middleware). Since collection of data is from different sources, Web Server plays crucial role in reception and transmission of messages across VANET nodes. In this paper, the communication methodology is optimized using ABC(Artificial Bee Colony) algorithm and Ant Colony algorithm. The gain of the solution is cross-verified using Least Square Fitting method and Polynomial regression for evaluating the accuracy of transmission of messages by different means.

Movement Abnormality Evaluation Model in the Partially Centralized VANETs for Prevention Against Sybil Attack

The VANETs carry many security concerns. One of the popular and dangerous attacks can be launched in the form of Sybil or Prankster attack, where an attacker inserts a fake position within in the cluster. The inserted fake node information can be utilized by the hackers in the case of selfish driver, traffic jams, selective collisions and other similar hazardous situations. To avoid such things the VANETs must be protected against such attacks. In this paper, a novel solution has been proposed to overcome the Sybil and prankster attacks on the VANETs. The new solution is capable of detecting the fake information injections by verifying the VANET node behaviour in the cluster. The behaviour of the node includes the direction, speed, pattern, etc. In case a node is found malicious, the whole cluster is reported against that node, and node is ordered to stop by the central control system. The proposed model has been developed using the random waypoint model. The random way point model is much closer to the real time VANETs. The random waypoint model has been compared against the reference point group model. The experimental results have shown the effectiveness of the proposed model.

Reliable and Secure Routing ADHOC Algorithm Based on Collaborative Monitor Nodes in VANETS

There are always VANETs malicious nodes attempt to disrupt the message during normal delivery in the routing protocol of VANETs (Vehicular Ad hoc Networks). At the same time due to the dynamic changes of the vehicle, so that the topology of VANETs changes rapidly, it is very easy to make the communication link of vehicles attacked, or there is no reliable disconnection phenomenon. Based on this, it presents a secure and stable cooperative with node VANETs routing protocols (RSVR). First regular intervals to detect signal strength, residual energy and interface queue length, and then check the data transmission, while the message load and transfer process certificate for authentication, and then set the collaborative monitoring message passing node in the routing protocol, for messages can not be delivered to the destination node, which will serve as the task of passing messages, and adjust the final routing allows data transmission can selectively defense, or selective forwarding data. Experimental results show that RSVR packet delivery rate increase 15%, to consider combining overhead and latency, etc., it come in a wide range of node RSVR intensive environment, that has better reliability and security.

Detection of Malicious Nodes (DMN) in Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks

VANETs enable wireless communication among vehicles and vehicle to infrastructure. Its main objective is to render safety, comfort and convenience on the road. VANET is different from ad-hoc networks due to its unique characteristics. However, because of lack of infrastructure and centralized administration, it becomes vulnerable to misbehaviors. This greatly threatens different aspects of VANET's security. VANET being such a useful network must provide adequate security measures for secure communication. The proposed algorithm DMN-Detection of Malicious Nodes in VANETs improves DMV Algorithm in terms of effective selection of verifiers for detection of malicious nodes and hence improves the network performance.

Avoiding Prankster Attack in Case of Selfish Driver using Location Aware VANET Nodes

Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) play a significant contribution in the field of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) which allow random vehicles to transmit security messages. Every node in VANETs works on the concept of single hop or multi-hop communication which means the nodes can move in a random manner within the network. The various vehicles which are moving in a random manner are considered as the moving nodes which are deployed in a haphazard behaviour in VANETs. Apart from these advantages, VANETs are much prone to security attacks which diminish the efficiency of network. The proper implementation of VANETs depends mainly on the security provided. Numerous techniques have been proposed in the last decade to provide security in VANETs. Hence, in this paper the main focus is being provided on the major attack in VANTEs which is called prankster attack. The nodes are deployed in the region having the information regarding the location with the help of Global Positioning System (GPS) where they get placed or located. The simulator used is NS-2. The simulated results reveal that the proposed methodology works in a similar way to minimize the prankster attack in case of selfish driver by the implementation of location aware nodes in VANETs.

Data Forwarding Based on Distributed-Region for Multi-Hop Infrastructure-to-Vehicle Data Delivery

With the continuous application and development of ITS, the nodes in VANET have more decision-making ability based on the enhancement of the computing power . It is known that TSF cares about the accurate Infrastructure-to-vehicle delivery. However, it requires all the intersections in the VANET have their stationary nodes, taking a lot of resources and thus making it difficult to be applied directly. This paper presents Data Forwarding based on Distributed-region for Multi-hop Infrastructure-to-vehicle data delivery ,which could guarantee the data delivery delay with the demanding probability, maximizing the effective use of the frequency resources and decreasing the delivery delay jitter in Infrastructure-to-vehicle delivery. The simulation result is consistent with the effectiveness and reliability of the algorithm.

A Reliable Communication Scheme for Vanet Communication Environments

In VANET, the most important applications are safety applications, public infotainment and internet service to vehicles participating in it. To enable such applications efficiently communication methodologies need to prevail. Despite of its dynamic nature, VANET offers stability to some extent if identified can be useful to create efficient network communication. One of the main problems observed in VANET are loss of network connectivity. These problems could be eliminated by creating and maintaining an efficient network environment that offers wide range of connectivity, regardless of the dynamic nature of VANET. In this paper, a proposal for designing an efficient protocol to improve VANET communication using Node Velocity based Hierarchical Clustering of Nodes (NVHCN) is made. By NVHCN, cluster formation is regulated such that each cluster lives for a longer duration. Through inter-cluster communication, a reliable communication network is formed.

A Method for controlling congestion in VANET

Due to the availability of multiple sensing units on a single radio board of the modern VANET nodes, some sensor networks need to handle heterogeneous traffic within the same application. This numerous traffic may have completely different priorities in terms of transmission rate, required throughput, packet loss, etc. Because of the multi-hop transmission characteristic of this prioritized heterogeneous traffic, incidence of congestion is extremely common and unless handled effectively, it may thwart the appliance objectives. To address this challenge, in this work we propose a Prioritized Oriented Congestion Control Protocol (PCCP) which performs hop-by-hop rate adjustment controlling the congestion and ensures efficient rate for the prioritized diverse traffic. This protocol conjointly might be applied for healthcare infrastructure. We exploit cross layer approach to perform the congestion control. Our protocol uses intra-queue priorities along with weighted fair queuing for ensuring feasible transmission rates & throughput of nodal data. It also guarantees efficient link utilization by using dynamic transmission rate adjustment. In this work we present detailed analysis and simulation results with the description of our protocol to demonstrate its effectiveness in handling

Self-healing AIS with Entropy Based SVM and Bayesian Aggregate Model for the Prediction and Isolation of Malicious Nodes Triggering DoS Attacks in VANET

Vehicle ad hoc networks, or VANETs, are highly mobile wireless networks created to help with traffic monitoring and vehicular safety. Security risks are the main problems in VANET. To handle the security threats and to increase the performance of VANETs, this paper proposes an enhanced trust based aggregate model. In the proposed system, a novel adaptive nodal attack detection approach - entropy-based SVM with linear regression addresses the trust factor with kernel density estimation generating the trustiness value thereby classifying the malicious nodes against the trusted nodes in VANETs. Defending the VANETs is through a novel reliance node estimation approach - Bayesian self-healing AIS with Pearson correlation coefficient aggregate model isolating the malicious node thereby the RSU cluster communication getting secure. Furthermore, even a reliable node may be exploited to deliver harmful messages and requires the authority of both the data and the source node to be carried out by the onboard units of the vehicles getting the reports of incident. DoS attacks (Denial of Service) disrupting the usual functioning of the network leads to inaccessible network to its intended users thereby endangering human lives. The proposed system is explicitly defending the VANET against DoS attacks as it predicts the attack without compromising the performance of the VANET handling nodes with various features and functions based on evaluating the maliciousness of attacking nodes accurately and isolating the intrusion. Furthermore, the performance evaluations prove the effectiveness of the proposed work with increased detection rate by 97%, reduced energy consumption by 39% and reduced latency by 25% compared to the existing studies.

A Routing Algorithm Based on Dynamic Forecast of Vehicle Speed and Position in VANET

Considering city road environment as the background, by researching GPSR greedy algorithm and the movement characteristics of vehicle nodes in VANET, this paper proposes the concept of circle changing trends angle in vehicle speed fluctuation curve and the movement domain and designs an SWF routing algorithm based on the vehicle speed point forecasted and the changing trends time computation. Simulation experiments are carried out through using a combination of NS-2 and VanetMobiSim software. Compared with the performance of the SWF-GPSR protocol with general GPSR, 2-hop C-GEDIR, and the GRA and AODV protocols, we find that the SWF algorithm has a certain degree of improvement in routing hops, the packet delivery ratio, delay performance, and link stability.

Algorithm to Detect Spurious Communications in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

Vehicular ad hoc network is a form of mobile ad hoc networks in which end nodes are vehicles communicating to each other without a central control or pre-defined infrastructure. An important security consideration is event based alerts received by VANET nodes. In the presence of attackers, a chance to receive malicious alerts is increased and a response to such messages by the receiver can be dangerous. Therefore, an algorithm is designed to detect such communications in order to protect vehicles in VANET environments. The focus in this paper remains on the evaluation of proposed algorithm in terms of computational requirements. The computational complexity of suggested algorithm is determined to be in O(n 2 ) after computing the processing costs at individual levels of execution. It is also found that the algorithm is an efficient scheme of detecting spurious alert messages in VANETs as compared to some other suggested methods with equivalent or higher computation cost.

A Contemporary Proportional Exploration of Numerous Routing Protocols in VANET

the last few years, VANET has become an active area of research. Vehicle on road like car, busses, van etc. perform the role of node in VANET that moved in unbounded area and in any direction with varying speed. These nodes makes traffic in VANET and have high dynamic nature from which communication path is disconnected frequently in between source and destination nodes. The process of disconnection and reconnect node through new path decrease the performance of network, for example low throughput, high delay and high overhead. This all are also poses new challenges to researchers for reconstructing the protocol for VANET. Recent research work in VANET emphasis on particular areas like routing, security and quality of service but still there are scope for reconstruction or creation of new design of protocol, services for VANET architectures. This paper presents the current exhaustive investigation of numerous routing protocols and ongoing research in VANET with their merits & shortcomings, which can be used for further enhancement of existing protocol or development of new efficient and more reliable protocols for most of the applications in VANET.

An Efficient Vehicular Communication Outside the City Environments

Communication network plays an important role in providing safe vehicular movement. The main achievement of VANET is providing comfort and safety for passengers. In addition to that, various transactions like information on accident, road condition, petrol bank details, menu in the restaurant, and discount sales can be provided to the drivers and passengers. The speed and time in which the message is sent and received plays an essential part in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). For this the VANET requires efficient and reliable methods for data communication. Most of the earlier research works deal with the transaction based services provided by road side unit. Moreover the earlier works concentrate on the Intelligent Transport System limited to the city areas where road side units are available in plenty. But this paper discusses the usefulness of VANET outside the city limit. Usually vehicles which move outside the city area do not get the response from the Road Side Unit (RSU) as its availability is limited. For efficient data communication, an attempt has been made to create a new clustering concept among the VANET nodes. The approach of the present paper considers the Simple Highway Vehicular model (SHWM), in which a new clustering model has been introduced. This paper also focuses the service discovery through VANET in the absence of road side units when the vehicles are moving inside the city or outside the city.

A Mobility-Aware General-Purpose Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network Clustering Scheme

Clustering is an effective method of topology control for wireless ad-hoc networks. Clusters introduce a structure in a flat network and can guarantee some basic levels of performance in presence of high mobility and large number of nodes. Therefore clusters can effectively increase the network capacity by the spatial reuse of network resources. Robust clustering schemes designed specifically for VANETs must address cluster stability and the high-mobility exhibited by the nodes, while reducing communication and computational costs. This paper presents a distributed multi-hop clustering scheme designed for VANETs, which utilizes mobility information to generate a stable cluster structure, maintained through the propagation of periodic DSRC safety messages. Our scheme takes the directionality of VANET nodes into consideration, where clusters are formed only between vehicles exhibiting a similar mobility pattern. Simulation results confirm that the execution of our scheme, due to its features, increases the average cluster lifetime and stability, and reduces the amount of communication and processing needed to form stable cluster structures in VANETs.