Noble Books Research Articles

An Analytical Study of the Concepts of ʿĀmm (Generalization) and Khāṣ (Specification): Their Characteristics and Implications for Qur'anic Exegesis in Nigeria

The noble Qur’an is a book of universal guidance for all people, at all times and places, until the Day of Judgement. The purpose of revealing the Qur’an is to show people the correct path in their relationship with their Creator and with one another. Allah (S.W.T.) revealed this noble book to His beloved Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to explain and exemplify its contents for the Ummah to follow. Among the Prophet’s practical explanations are the concepts of generalization (ʿĀmm) and specification (Khāṣ) regarding certain rules. Therefore, this paper attempts to illustrate examples of generalization and specification in the verses of the Glorious Qur’an and their implications for Qur’anic exegesis. Content analysis was used to generate the examples. The paper emphasizes the importance of understanding these two concepts for scholars of tafsir. Conclusion and recommendations are provided.

A Study on Sending Blessing for The Prophet Pease Be Upon Him

Prayer means supplication and peace, since praying upon the Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, is an important act of worship in Islam, as God Almighty mentioned it in His Noble Book and commanded His faithful servants to do it. However, heresies have made their way into this worship as well, and every sect has played its role in sticking to nonsense and nonsense. Come with it.The topic is of special importance to the Islamic nation, as God Almighty mentioned blessings upon His Prophet, may God bless him and grant him peace, in his Noble Book and commanded the Muslims to perform it, saying: :( إِنَّ اللَّهَ وَمَلَائِكَتَهُ يُصَلُّونَ عَلَى النَّبِيِّ يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آَمَنُوا صَلُّوا عَلَيْهِ وَسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا ) (الأحزاب: 56):(Indeed, Allah and His angels send blessings upon the Prophet. O you who have believed, bless him and grant him peace with complete peace.) (Al-Ahzab: 56). So I wanted to write an article entitled (A study on praying upon the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him), in which I mentioned the correct way to pray upon the Prophet, may God’s prayers and peace be upon him, according to a library curriculum, and in which I addressed various topics related to this worship, including: the definition of prayer and peace and its ruling. How to pray for the Prophet, may God bless him and peace be upon him.

TAWHID: As a Basis for Science Development

The development of science and technology is currently so rapid and has become an inevitable need. Religion through its noble books certainly has a lot of knowledge. For this reason, it is necessary to carry out scientific integration between science and Islam, in this case Al Qur’an and Hadith. However, there are pros and cons to this view. In accordance with the establishment of UIN Suska as an Islamic University that provides education based on Islamic values, the aim of this study is to support the integration of Islam in the science learning process so that it can increase our understanding of the concept of tawhid, not reverse. The research method developed was a literature review by collecting data from various sources, both books, journals, and scientific articles. The result of this study is a literature review of tawhid as a basis for the science development. Thereby, in this case, science goes hand in hand with Islamic understanding so that it can strengthen the faith and tawhid on mankind as signs of the Oneness and glory of Allah SWT.Keywords: Tawhid, Science, Knowledge, Islam

USLUB AT TASYKHISH FI AL QUR’AN AL KARIM WA ATSARUHU FI AL MUJTAMA’ AL ISLAMY

One of the characteristics of the Qur’an is its skill in articulating speech, which made eloquent Arabs prostrate themselves to its eloquence. This noble book was revealed in stunning ways that touch the Arabs' being, capture their hearts and entertain their minds. This message is intended to reveal the secrets of the Qur’an and its hidden purposes in diagnosing the meanings of the abstract and inanimate objects of great bodies. The main question of this research is why does God personify abstract meanings and inanimate objects in the Qur’an? Did he achieve the ultimate purpose of this book, the religious purpose? And in the method of analysis, it is a qualitative descriptive method that comes from the depth of reflection and contemplation. The results of this study are: 1) The Qur’an has attained the highest level of eloquence and rhetoric, and its diagnosis of abstract and natural meanings, in order to stimulate conscience and emotion and awaken the mind and heart to reflect and contemplate. economic, political and others. Rather, he called for a new opinion and a new presentation that suits the era and the need to absorb the problems of contemporary man through his eloquent style.

The education of children in an Islamic family based on the Holy Qur’an

Education has been acknowledged as the key factor contributing to personality development and identity formation. To ensure appropriate education, it is thus of utmost importance to reflect on the power of the educational content. As a result, respecting Islamic values from a major authentic source, like the Holy Qur’an, paves the ground to fulfil this goal. On the contrary, the first and foremost educators to convey these values are the family, because each person mainly spends the time of one’s education in this small, primary social institution. Above and beyond, the building block of a society and the starting point of a culture, a civilisation and human history is the family. As a noble book of guidance for the human beings, the Holy Qur’an has accordingly shed light on the role of the family. Against this background, this study, adopting a descriptive analytical approach, aimed to investigate the Islamic family from the perspective of the Holy Qur’an with an emphasis on the education of children. Accordingly, the Holy Qur’an reveals that the main purposes of creating a family are inner peace, generational survival and expansion of the faith and monotheism. A healthy family environment can thus have a profound impact on cultivating moral character and virtues. In view of the Holy Qur’an, the family is the first place to seek relief and perform the acts of worship. No divine religions have also given as much value to the family as Islam, which implies its comprehensiveness. Despite much attention to the family in most societies, it receives special importance in the Qur’anic teachings. This article is a review study that dealt with Qur’anic concepts related to education in the family. Therefore, after categorising different Qur’anic verses, analyses have been presented in each category.Contribution: Islam has set many specific programmes and educational instructions from childbirth and then delegated their implementation to the family. Accordingly, this noble religion offers many guidelines for picking a perfect name, breastfeeding and weaning, loving, observing justice and fulfilling promises in relation to children.

Le chemin de la durabilité

The adjective sustainable (“durable” in French) is, according to the French dictionary Petit Robert, “likely to last a long time”. Still according to this noble book, a company is defined as “an organization for the production of goods or services of a commercial nature”. To last, a company must, among other things, protect itself from the vagaries of the market and keep its essential human resources close. Here are two main pillars encompassed by the term sustainability. Today, a third aspect is indeed at the center of any strategic thinking: the environment. It is around these three axes that companies should commit to improving their practices, demanded by a growing number of their customers among the younger generations.

SHARIAH AND MEDICAL MEASURES TO PREVENT THE EMERGING CORONA (COVID-19): AN ANALYTICAL STUDY

The affliction of worshippers is a fixed Sunnah that has been passed by Allah in all of His creation. Allah has in his Noble Book, reported many types of calamities that plague His servants, and from this affliction: epidemics such as plague. People have known epidemics and plagues since ancient times, and it still applies to people to this day, all people witnessed Covid-19. Allah would not send down a disease to His servants except that He sent down a cure for it, Therefore, it is imperative for the Islamic nation to follow the instructions and measures urged by the Islamic religion, especially since medical practitioners have not found any effective treatment to prevent the infection. Even though it has reached the level of vaccines, but the transmission of infection has not been prevented. Therefore, these measures and instructions remain the mainstay of prevention and protection from it. This research aims to clarify the Shariah and medical preventive measures (Covid-19), and study them as an analytical study. To achieve this goal; the researcher followed the inductive and analytical approach, The researcher concluded that among the Shariah measures to prevent epidemics are: quarantine, fleeing from lepers, avoiding handshakes, purification, placing a hand or a garment over the mouth when sneezing, fermentation of vessels and potting of pots, abstinence from immorality and disobedience, enjoining good and forbidding evil, and adherence to supplications and remembrances. Similarly, among the medical measures to prevent the corona epidemic are the following: taking care of hygiene, washing hands, using disinfectants, wearing masks and gloves, social distancing, and applying home quarantine for those infected with colds, avoid direct contact with them.
 Keywords: Shariah, medica, measures, protection, (Covid-19).

KHAWAS AL-QURAAN SEBAGAI ELEMEN PELENGKAP DALAM PENGKARYAAN TERJEMAHAN AL-QURAN: KAJIAN TERHADAP KEARIFAN ‘TAFSIR AL-RAWI’

The endeavour to translate the meaning of the Quran is part of a long line of outstanding contributions made by Islamic scholars, dating back to the dawn of Islam. It is consistent with the Quran’s status as dustur al-hayah (constitution of life) for everyone who utters the words of shahdah (testimony), regardless of where they are. Researchers who are looking into the evolution of the Quranic translation will discover a variety of creativity and innovation that add value to readers, particularly in terms of increasing their understanding and appreciation of the verses' literal and implicit meanings, as well as their desire to interact with the noble book. Based on this point, this study is an attempt to investigate and evaluate the suitability of Khawas al-Quran (‘theory and practicality' of the Quran) as one of the potential aspects to be used as part of the complementary components in the Quranic translation. Alike to Fadail al-Quran, Khawas al-Quran appeals to the Muslim community to be committed and perform good deeds in accordance with particular surahs and verses in the al-Quran since it has a reward factor in the form of certain rewards or benefits to its practitioners. Thus, based on Tuan Guru Haji Yusof Bin Abdullah al- Rawi's unique contribution through his work Tafsir al-Rawi, this study will assess and evaluate the prospective application of Khawas al-Quran elements as part of the complementary components of the Quranic translation. This is a literature review that employs text analysis on relevant sources, with the book Tafsir al-Rawi serving as the primary source, followed by the main books of Ulum al-Quran, tafsir, and the most recent research materials such as journal articles, theses, research reports, and other related materials. The wisdom of the author of this book in the field of study linked to Khawas al-Quran is one of the key findings from this study. He was constantly able to present this feature in the majority of the surahs interpreted, earning Khawas al-Quran priority position as a component of complementary elements in Quranic translation.

(Sahib Hadith) Term According To Imam Ibn Hibban In His Book "Al-Thiqat" - selected models-

Allah، Glory be to Him، has ensured the preservation of his religion، for He، the Most High، has ensured the preservation of His Noble Book Himself and the Sunnah of His Prophet، may Allah bless him and grant him peace، by preparing for it men who carried it generation after generation and traced the conditions of its narrators and the conditions of strength and weakness that they experienced. Each according to his condition، and these words were of interest to scholars in clarifying their purposes and meanings، and among those words was the word (hadeeth owner). Which Imam Ibn Hibban (T: 354 AH) said in a number of narrators، and since knowing the meanings of the imams is one of the words that they use in the narrators، it is one of the most important studies of hadith sciences and the most attached to the wound and the modification، I have written a research in which I explained the purpose of Ibn Hibban in launching this The term in the narrator is it endorsement? Or discrediting? Or is it not? He used it with (11) narrators in his book Al-Thiqat، and it came out with a summary showing the narrator's condition in terms of endorsement or Discrediting.

Западноевропейские издания в усадебной библиотеке уральского промышленника XVIII в. А.Ф. Турчанинова

Personal libraries occupy a special place in the structure of the cultural heritage of the past. The study of one of them - currently the largest noble library of the Urals of the 18th century - should be recognized as a serious research objective. The study became possible thanks to the discovery of a rare source - the Property Inventory, compiled in 1789 after the death of the Ural industrialist Alexei Turchaninov. A huge section of the Inventory is reserved for the library, almost a quarter of which (about a thousand volumes) is occupied by Western European publications, and the article aims to analyze the latter. The difficulty, and often impossibility, of identifying foreign books according to the Inventory is due to the fact that they are described not in the original language, but in Russian, with no imprint, briefly, with inaccurate reproduction of authors’ names and surnames. Therefore, it was possible to more or less reliably identify only a part of the books, while all of them were distributed according to linguistic characteristics and branches of knowledge. In total, 16 thematic sections are specified, each presented separately and in a summarizing table. The European publications on astronomy, physics and mechanics, mathematics, chemistry and mineralogy, natural science and medicine, which are not so typical for the noble library, are consistently considered, especially since among the books on this topic there was a lot of scientific and special literature. The maximum number of titles among foreign books was made up of books on chemistry and mineralogy, which speaks of the industrial interests of the library owner and his priorities in choosing foreign publications. The variety of literature on metallurgy, construction, mining, and industrial architecture is quite expected as part of the book collection of the Ural manufacturer. The humanitarian part of the library is rich in books on philosophy, politics and law; a historical section stands out: it ranks third in the number of titles and volumes. Modest in comparison with others, the section of literature of religious content still testifies to Turchaninov’s spiritual quest, his interest in the origin of Christianity and the history of religion. In general, the analysis of foreign books by the degree of reflection of their titles and by the number of volumes in thematic sections showed that books of two sections - on art and pedagogy - dominate in the library, which indicates a serious influence of the family and the owner’s enthusiasm for collecting (paintings, etc.) on completing his book collection. A general conclusion is made that, in terms of the composition of its foreign part, Turchaninov’s library is completely universal, that is, characteristic of the era, but at the same time not typical of the noble book collections of that time; it shows a noticeable trend towards natural science and industrial literature. During the period defined by the term “Gallomania” and the predominance of French literature in the noble libraries, 85.7% of foreign books in Turchaninov’s library were in German, the language of science and scientific knowledge of the time.

The Impact of Receipt in The Prophetic Period on Preserving the Noble Qur’an From Distortion

The Qur’an, as a sacred divine text, was guaranteed integrity from distortion in the composition of its letters, words, sentences, and verses, and this integrity is what is called in the religious terminology: (preservation).The Qur’an is preserved by divine preservation, and this preservation has a well-known basic form: preservation of the hearts, which is a metaphor for the preservation of Muslims of the Qur’an in their hearts by receiving it first from the Prophet PBUH, then from his companions, then to those who followed them. To this day, each of them performs it in the manner that he received from his predecessor, which is known as the receipt, but this receipt in the Prophet’s era specifically, needs scientific examination that proves its authenticity in the integrity of the Holy Qur’an from all forms of distortion through the ages that followed. Because it was the era in which the process of receipt began. It is done through exposure to what it is and its evidence, and how it was the cornerstone of the steadfastness of the verses of the Noble Qur’an in front of the currents of direct or indirect change throughout Islamic history. This is the problem that the researcher will try to address in this research through a methodology that relies on extrapolation and tracking of the multiple and accurate images of this reception in the Prophet’s era, highlighting its impact on preserving the Qur’anic process after that from any distortion. The researcher has reached several conclusions; One of the most important of them is: The receipt of the Qur’anic verses in the Prophet’s era ensured the integrity of the Qur’an text from all forms of self-distortion or deviation after that, and it was a major focus of confidence in the Qur’anic text in terms of reassurance of its integrity, through specific and precise criteria that made it a wall against all attempts to distort or challenge it, for this and others, the researcher advises the need to address this issue from all its aspects, as it relates to the noble book from which all Islamic legal sciences emerge. The integrity of the text is, in fact, the integrity of what is branched from it.

Standards of Understanding the Quranic Text between the Past and the Present: A Comparative Study

The commentators have diversified their approaches, and their approaches have been formed, in their approach in explaining the Book of God Almighty. They left that interpretive legacy with a huge amount of information, but it is not possible to accept all that is in that cultural heritage. This research has adopted a mechanism of dealing with that cultural heritage within the framework of linking the past and the present through modernity and contemporary contextual discourse, where we can look at the Noble Qur’an with the view of the present in which we live and the reality in which we live. During his understanding of the Qur’an text in accordance with the Qur’an and Sunnah, so the Noble Book of God is for all people. Since the time the Noble Qur’an was revealed to the Master of Creation Muhammad, may blessings and peace be upon him, until the Day of Resurrection, it is considered in accord with the present, because the Holy Qur’an is compatible with every time and place, even if times are multiplied and societies differed .

إعجاز القرآن بین المحکم والمتشابه

ملخص البحث: تناولت في هذا البحث القرآن بين المحکم والمتشابه دراسة موضوعية الحديث عن إعجاز القرآن من ناحية تعريفه، ووجوهه، ووجوب استمراريته، وأن هذا الاستمرار هو الدليل القائم على نبوة المصطفى H إلى قيام الساعة، وکيف کانت معجزته H عقلية معنوية مقارنة بما کان للأنبياء السابقين عليهم السلام، وتحدثت عن وجه من وجوه الإعجاز، ألا وهو تقسيمه إلى محکم ومتشابه، وقد قمت بذکر ما رجحه العلماء من تعريفهما على وجه الاختصار مما يحقق الفائدة، ثم کان من الضروري معرفة مقدار المحکم والمتشابه وأيهما الأعم الأغلب، وما الذي يترتب لو اختل هذا التقسيم زيادة ونقصا، ثم بينت من خلال أقوال العلماء أن التشابه يکون في الفروع، وأن التشابه أمر نسبي يختلف حسب درجة متناول النص ورسوخه في العلم، ثم تناولت الحديث عن الإعجاز في المحکم والمتشابه واستيعابهما قضايا الحياة في کل زمان ومکان، وما لهذا الکتاب الکريم من مکنونات تثبت مصدريته في کل وقت وحين، ثم معرفة الحکمة من ورود المتشابه، ما علمنا منه وما لم نعلم، ومن الذي يستطيع أن يقرر أن هذه النصوص محکمة أم متشابهة، ثم ربطت بين ما ذکرت سابقا وبين الواقع، فعرضت لبعض النماذج التطبيقية التي تبين إعجاز القرآن بين المحکم والمتشابه، فذکرت نماذج في الإعجاز التشريعي، والعلمي، والاقتصادي. ثم ذکرت في الخاتمة أهم نتائج هذا البحث، وأهم الاقتراحات التي توصلت إليها من خلال عملي فيه، ثم زيلت البحث بما استعنت به من مراجع. هذا والله من وراء القصد هو نعم المولى ونعم النصير Abstract: In this research, “The Qur’an Miracle between the fundamental and the Similar, Objective Study” I dealt with the hadith about the miracle of the Qur’an in terms of its definition, its aspects, and the necessity of its continuation. This continuation is the evidence based on the prophecy of the Chosen One- may God's blessings and peace be upon him- to the rise of the Hour, and how his miracle, may God's blessings and peace be upon him, was a moral mentality compared to that of the previous prophets, peace be upon them. I talked about one aspect of the miracle which is to be divided into a fundamental and similar. I've mentioned what the scholars preferred in terms of defining them in short which would achieve benefit. Then it was necessary to know the extent of the fundamental and the similarity and which of them is the most general and what would result if this division was disturbed, both more and less. After that I showed through the sayings of scholars that the similarity is in the branches and that the similarity is a relative matter that varies according to the degree of the person who deals with the text and firmness in science. Then I talked about miracles of the fundamental and the similar and their comprehension of the issues of life in every time and place and what this noble book has of the contents that prove its source at all times then knowing the purpose of the emergence of the similar, what we know and what we did not know and who can decide that these texts are fundamental or Similar. After that I linked what I mentioned previously and reality. So I presented some applied models that show the miracle of the Qur’an between the fundamental and the similar; I mentioned examples of legislative, scientific, and economic miracles. Then, in the conclusion, I mentioned the most important results of this research and the most important suggestions that I reached through my work on it. Then the research was removed with the references I used. This, by God, behind the intention is the blessings of the Lord and the best of the protector.

الألفاظ الغريبة ومعانيها فى القرآن الكريم عند ابن عباس وعلاقتها بالشعر العربي

This research is based on the assumption that strange expressions are found in the al-Qur’an al-Karim according to Ibn Abbas, and it was written by Imam al-Suyuti in his book “The Perfection in the Sciences of the Qur’an”. This study has many benefits from the apparatus of its languages and its meanings and the expansion of sciences in it. Among the apparatus of its significance, it is more important for us, as Muslims, that we can understand it to memorize its truth and deepen our understanding of this noble book. Based on the problems of this research, the researcher mentions the objectives of this research in three sections: 1) Information on strange expressions in the al-Qur’an al-Karim of Suras are mentioned. 2) Information on the meanings of strange words in the al-Qur’an al-Karim of surah mentioned. 3) The media states that it has a relationship between the strange words in the al-Qur’an al-Karim of suras mentioned with the Arabic poetry of Ibn Abbas. Keywords: Al-Alfādz al-Gharībah, al-Qur’ān al-Karīm, as-Syi’ri al-‘Arabiy, ‘Ilmi ad-Dalālah

Усадебные библиотеки Тамбовской губернии во второй половине XIX – начале ХХ века

We analyze the formation of library collections estates of Tambov Governorate in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The relevance of the chosen problem is determined by the importance of updating knowledge about the library and estate culture of the Russian province. The novelty of the work lies in the formation of new conclusions about the problem of development and fate of libraries of individual owners, the importance of manor collections for the information environment of the post-reform period, the introduction of new data on the book collections of Tambov owners. It is shown that due to the lack of reliable information about the pre-revolutionary collections of individual owners verification of the appearance history of individual publications in the estates occurs on fragmentary data. Therefore, the most promising form of book culture study is the work on the systematization of the region collections, the creation of new and additions to existing collections of Tambov books. We study book collection of Karaulskoye estate of Chicherins, the Pavlovskoye manor of Volkonsky, analyze the literature composition of the library of Glazkovo estate of Mansurov family, book collection of Sosnovskoye estate of Benckendorff, reveal the joint books library of Leonid Vasilievich Voeikov and Dmitriy Vasilievich Polenov in Naryshkinskaya library of the city of Tambov. It is proved that in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century in the governorate was created a number of interesting books collections reflecting the unique documents on the history of Russia and foreign countries, the unique literature of foreign publishers. On the basis of a number of noble book collections were created public libraries, which greatly contributed to the development of public education. For some owners, the gathered collections were a source of knowledge in the social and economic modernization of the estate, allowing them to actively develop their households.

Marx and Nietzsche’s Critique of Religion: Reflections on the Rise of Secularism

This article discusses Karl Marx and Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of religion and its relevance to the rise of secularism. Marx reduced religion to the realm of the social, material and ideological. Nietzsche, on the other hand, provided historical and psychological explanations of religion. These discourses about religion shattered the spiritual and metaphysical foundation of religion as well as of religious truths. The ideas of Marx and Nietzsche contributed a lot to secularism that placed religion to the private sphere and recognized that all religions are equal.
 References
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 Baxter, Hugh. Habermas: The Discourse Theory of Law and Democracy, California:Standford University Press, 2011.
 Carver, Terrell Carver. A Marx Dictionary, New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books,1987.
 Cimic, Esad. "Marx’s Critique of Religion and/or Atheism" in Journal of EcumenicalStudies, vol. XXII, Summer 1985, no. 3.
 Geller, Jay. "Table Dancing in an Opium Den: Marx’s Conjuration of Criticism outof ‘Criticism of Religion’ in 1844" in Method and Theory in the Study of Religion 26, 2014.
 Hoibraaten, Helge. Post-metaphysical Thought, Religion and Secular Society inThe Holberg Prize Seminar 2005.
 Lauer, Quentin. "Response Occasioned by McGovern’s ‘Atheism: Is It Essentialto Marxism?" in The Journal of Ecumenical Studies, vol. XXII, Summer 1985, no. 3.
 Marx, Karl and F. Engels. On Religion, Moscow: Foreign Languages PublishingHouse, 1957.
 Nietzsche, Friedrich. Beyond Good and Evil, trans. Marion Faber, Oxford: OxfordUniversity Press, 2008.
 ______________________. Ecce Homo, trans. Walter Kaufmann, New York: Vintage Books, 1989.
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 ______________________. Twilight of the Idols and the AntiChrist, trans. ThomasCommon, New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 2004.
 ______________________. The Will to Power, trans. Walter Kaufman and R.J.Hollingdale,ed. Walter Kaufman, New York: Vintage Books, 1968.
 ______________________. Thus Spoke Zarathustra: A Book for Everyone and Nobody,trans. Graham Parkes, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
 Nolan, Lawrence and Alan Nelson. The Blackwell Guide to Descartes’ Meditations,ed. Stephen Gaukroger, USA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd, 2006.
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 Scalia, Elizabeth. "Russian Orthodox Archbishop Hilarion Alfeyev has a warningfor the West" in Aleteia, September 26, 2017.
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THE STAFF OF THE PIDKOMORIOUS COURTS OF THE RIGHT-BANK UKRAINE (1797–1832)

The article analyzes the staff of the pidkomorious courts of the Right-bank Ukraine after the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth’s court tradition was restored by Pavel I. In an effort to centralize the state, strengthen its power and establish order, the ruler went for the restoration of certain elements of the previous judicial system in order to receive support from the regional elites. It is established that the return to the previous staff was declared. However, earlier the szlachta of the povit chose only the pidkomoriy, which held the position for the life term and independently formed the composition of the court, appointing a komornyk, a scrivener, a measurer and diggers, but this time, in Russian reality, the magistrates were the first who were elected for the life term in the noble elections. Soon enough, under the reign of Alexander I according to the “Institutions for the Management of the Provinces” (1775) they were elected for a three-year term. Apart from the pidkomoriy, a komornyk and a voznyi (who were not present in the composition of the court before) were elected as well. The supreme power tried to bring the composition of the noble voters in accordance with the all-Russian laws but due to the specific characteristics of the region they constantly faced problems, in particular, some of the nobles did not have the necessary property, others were not recorded in the noble books etc. One of the main things that influenced the composition of the court was the approval of the positions of a pidkomoriy, a komornyk and a voznyi by the governor. Being on elected positions in the judiciary was a sign of loyalty on the part of the local gentry to the Russian authorities who in turn met legal financial needs of such officials, even at the expense of the treasury as it was with the sequestrated mansions after T. Kosciuszko’s uprising. A great amount of work combined with the control by the Russian authorities led to the loss of the prestige value of the position. Well-off Polish landowners preferred to run their own farming and make a profit of this rather than abandon their mansions and serve the Russian authorities. Some elected officials carried out their official duties negligently, ignoring the orders of the county and provincial authorities, violating the rules of clerical work and refusing to go to the delimitation. After the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831 pidcomorian courts were abolished and their functions were forwarded to povit courts.

STARTING A NEW CHAPTER

The new head of America's Barnes & Noble book chain, Ron Boire is pleased to be somewhere where he loves the people, the culture and the product

Montaigne's Noble Book: Book History and Biographical Criticism

The editorial process of a book's production—far from a minor material detail in its formation or an anecdotal event of publishing history—constitutes a meaningful aspect of its elaboration as a literary work, as significant as the author's biography. Indeed, book history and descriptive bibliography can lead a biographical approach to a literary work. In this regard, Montaigne's Essais, published in 1580, is a special case in point. The very form of its publication was ingeniously used by Montaigne in a social-climbing strategy, for the ostentatious typographical layout of the title page was intended to demonstrate that it was the book of a gentleman, a “noble book.” This displayed nobility supported Montaigne's moral and pedagogical purpose, it served as the basis of his social authority and literary authorship, and, last but not least, this noble status ensured the success of his book.

A Joint Review of "A History of Pi, by Petr Beckmann", St. Martins's Press, 1976, Barnes and Noble Books, 1989; "The Joy of Pi, by David Blatner", Walker & Co., 1997; "The Nothing That Is, by Robert Kaplan", Oxford University Press, 1999; "e: The Story of a Number, by Eli Maor", Princeton University Press, 1998; "An Imaginary Tale, by Paul

We are in the midst of an onslaught of books devoted to particular numbers. In this article we will be concerned with several recent and not-so-recent books about pi, e, i, and 0; of the quantities in the famous equation e(pi)i + 1 = 0, only 1 does not yet have its book. Given the trend, we can look forward to its appearance, possibly followed by volumes on "+" and "=".