Nobel Prize Winner Research Articles

The Hidden Childness of a Nobel Prize-Winning Poet: George Seferis’s Limericks for Young Readers

In addition to his outstanding poems for adults, George Seferis, the Nobel Prize-winning Greek poet, also wrote verses for children. The limericks he composed as gifts for children of his family were published in a volume entitled Poiḗmata me Zōgraphiés se Mikrá Paidiá [Poems with Drawings for Young Children] (1975), discussed in this paper. With these limericks, Seferis turned to the Anglo-Saxon poetic tradition of nonsense to oppose the ‘seriousness’ of adult life, while also coping with painful family memories and the dark atmosphere of World War II. He employed humour and playfulness as an antidote to harsh realities. Accompanied by surreal drawings, the playful verses became the playground where Seferis met his child readers as well as his childness.

Do the paper’s connections to existing work disclose its citation impact? A study based on graph representation learning

Influential scientific papers tend to be primarily based on combinations of prior works. However, assessing the potential impact of a new scientific paper remains a challenging task. In this article, we introduce an innovative framework to investigate the relationship between the embedding of citation networks and a paper’s future citation counts, based on the graph representation learning approach. First, we employ three Nobel Prize-winning topic papers from the Web of Science as our data source. Through data preprocessing and direct citation network modelling, we train the struc2vec model to obtain embeddings of papers’ citation network structure. Then, we perform visualisation and analysis on two types of networks. One is the direct-citation network, in which we identify four patterns of linkage between newly published papers and existing knowledge, and the other is the co-citation network, where we measure three structural variation indicators of new papers based on existing research findings. Finally, a statistical test is used to examine the predictive potentials of network embeddings. The results demonstrate that the structural features captured by the graph representation learning model can be used to predict a paper’s citation counts and impact. This article innovatively combines cluster analysis, visual analysis and statistical analysis to gain insights into the relationship between the hard-to-explain structural embeddings of newly published papers in a citation network and their future citations.

Impact of major awards on the subsequent work of their recipients.

To characterize the impact of major research awards on recipients' subsequent work, we studied Nobel Prize winners in Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, and Physics and MacArthur Fellows working in scientific fields. Using a case-crossover design, we compared scientists' citations, publications and citations-per-publication from work published in a 3-year pre-award period to their work published in a 3-year post-award period. Nobel Laureates and MacArthur Fellows received fewer citations for post- than for pre-award work. This was driven mostly by Nobel Laureates. Median decrease was 80.5 citations among Nobel Laureates (p = 0.004) and 2 among MacArthur Fellows (p = 0.857). Mid-career (42-57 years) and senior (greater than 57 years) researchers tended to earn fewer citations for post-award work. Early career researchers (less than 42 years, typically MacArthur Fellows) tended to earn more, but the difference was non-significant. MacArthur Fellows (p = 0.001) but not Nobel Laureates (p = 0.180) had significantly more post-award publications. Both populations had significantly fewer post-award citations per paper (p = 0.043 for Nobel Laureates, 0.005 for MacArthur Fellows, and 0.0004 for combined population). If major research awards indeed fail to increase (and even decrease) recipients' impact, one may need to reassess the purposes, criteria, and impacts of awards to improve the scientific enterprise.

CRISPR in Public Health: The Health Equity Implications and Role of Community in Gene-Editing Research and Applications.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) is a Nobel Prize-winning technology that holds significant promise for revolutionizing the prevention and treatment of human disease through gene editing. However, CRISPR's public health implications remain relatively uncertain and underdiscussed because (1) targeting genetic factors alone will have limited influence on population health, and (2) minority populations (racial/ethnic, sexual and gender)-who bear the nation's greatest health burdens-historically suffer unequal benefits from emerging health care innovations and tools. This article introduces CRISPR and its potential public health benefits (e.g., improving virus surveillance, curing genetic diseases that pose public health problems such as sickle cell anemia) while outlining several major ethical and practical threats to health equity. This includes minorities' grave underrepresentation in genomics research, which may lead to less effective and accepted CRISPR tools and therapies for these groups, and their anticipated unequal access to these tools and therapies in health care. Informed by the principles of fairness, justice, and equitable access, ensuring gene editing promotes rather than diminishes health equity will require the meaningful centering and engagement of minority patients and populations in gene-editing research using community-based participatory research approaches. (Am J Public Health. 2023;113(8):874-882. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2023.307315).

PROBLEM AGRESJI W OTACZAJĄCEJ NAS RZECZYWISTOŚCI A LITERATURA NA PRZYKŁADZIE POWIEŚCI ELFRIEDE JELINEK „DIE KLAVIERSPIELERIN”

The aim of this work is to analyze and evaluate aggression occurring in the reality that surrounds us and its description in literature on the example of the novel by the Nobel Prize winner Elfriede Jelinek. The main research problem of the work was defined in the form of a question: how does aggression change a person? The secondary goal was to identify the elements of the social system, which, as a result of passivity, can lead to serious disturbances that are dangerous not only for a given individual, but also for other participants of social life. The following research methods were used in the work: analysis and synthesis, which allowed for the appropriate interpretation of the existing data, induction and deduction, which allowed finding the answer to the research question considered in the work. An analysis of sources, monographs, and scientific articles dealing with the researched subject was also used.

Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts another study

Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts another study

Историко-культурные связи Ирана и России через восприятие духовно-нравственных концептов воспитания молодежи на примере коранической поэзии И.А. Бунина первой четверти 20 в.

In the general spectrum of cultural cooperation between Iran and Russia, a special place belongs to the problems of educating the younger generation. The rich spiritual and artistic heritage of the two countries, common historical parallels, traditional worldview ideals contribute to the formation of the civic identity of young people, the harmonious development of the individual. Philosopher, thinker, poet, true patriot of his Motherland – I.A. Bunin was subtly aware of the Eurasianism of his country, which was reflected in the awareness of the national identity and rich cultural heritage of Russia through the prism of understanding world religions. The article provides a structural and semantic analysis of several poems by I.A. Bunin, thanks to the use of appropriate mystical images referring to the text of the Koran. The poet, based on religious and mystical (Muslim) traditions and legends, which, in turn, have a connection with other cultures (Christian, Jewish, etc.), depicts the Day of Judgment. Particular attention is also paid to the motif of the Day of Judgment in Islamic mysticism (Sufism). The novelty of the research lies in the fact that the authors reveal the motif of the Day of Judgment in the artistic system of I.A. Bunin influence of socio-political events of the first half of the XX century. Based on the foregoing, the article attempts to analyze and identify the main spiritual and moral concepts of the Nobel Prize winner, nicknamed “Righteous Among the Nations”, relevant in a poly-confessional and multi-ethnic human society at different stages.

Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts another study

Nobel Prize winner Gregg Semenza retracts another study

Discrimination in labor relations: economic approach and labor law

The problem of discrimination in labor relations is a traditional problem not only for jurisprudence, but also for economic science. This article gives the author’s analysis of the views on discrimination of modern classics of legal science, as well as economists, Nobel Prize winners in economics G. Becker, D. Akerlof, A. Sen, J. Stiglitz. The conclusion is made about the significance of these views in determining the labor and legal policy of the state in the field of ensuring, equality and prohibition of discrimination in labor relations.

From Identity Crisis to Identity Construction: A Study of Identity Issues in Beloved

The 1993 Nobel Prize winner Toni Morrison is one of the most prominent black female writers in contemporary American literature. Beloved is her very outstanding work and wins the Pulitzer Prize for Best Novel. It reveals the darkness of slavery and its torture towards the blacks. This paper tries to show the tragic destiny of the blacks, criticize the extremely negative influence of cultural hegemony and the other, and explore ways to construct identity. The colonialism and racism of cultural hegemony and the other are the prime causes of identity crisis. The blacks should face the miserable history bravely, dissolve the erosion of white culture, recover and develop black culture on the basis of traditional culture. Only in this way, can they come out of the shadow and obtain true freedom.

Czech Literature at the Turn of the Epoch and its International Contexts

The contexts of Czech literature are related to the crisis and revolutionary situation which gradually built up towards the end of the 19th century and reached its peak in the years of World War I and during the attempts at the world revolution. This was manifested by a certain dichotomy of Czech literature after 1918 when Czechoslovakia came into existence as a relatively large state and a strong parliamentary democracy amidst more or less authoritarian countries, a state with the first-rate Czechoslovak legions tested in the battles of World War I, with strong industry and agriculture which had been the nucleus of Austria-Hungary in the past. On the one hand, there was a majority and influential left, on the other were conservative groups often connected with Catholic Church, and in the middle — liberal currents linked with the official policy of the so-called Prague Castle represented by the first president T. G. Masaryk (e g. Karel Čapek). Nevertheless, Czech literature as a whole helped create national and state consciousness, with the currents differing from each other only in their preference for traditions and political and economic systems. The problems of the new state were, of course, not only social, but also national, ethnic and religious and were also reflected in the international arena. Unlike in the other Central European countries, Czech literature exhibited radical leftist tendencies which were realised in the Czech modernist avant-garde, the apex of which was Czech poetism and surrealism (with the corresponding current in Slovakia) and their authors, such as Vítězslav Nezval, František Halas, Josef Hora, Jaroslav Seifert (1984 Nobel Prize winner), and Konstantin Biebl etc., but also the Catholic current which was very impressive from the artistic point of view (Jakub Deml, Jaroslav Durych, Jan Zahradníiek, Jan Čep and others). Both of these tendencies were surprisingly and paradoxically linked with each other, as were their representatives. The drama and the novel (the Brothers Čapek, and Vladislav Vaniura etc.) occupied a prominent place alongside poetry. What shows the mutual relationship between “the building of the state“ (the title of a very important book by the famous Czech journalist and politician Ferdinand Peroutka) and Czech literature is the fact that between 1918 and 1938 Czech literature reached a world level for the first time in modern history. The author defends the thesis that Czech literature connected with the rise of the independent Czechoslovak state regardless of all these problems and idealistic constructs (“Czechoslovakism”), created a specific, original model of the co-existence of various currents of thought and of the relationships between culture in its widest sense and practical politics. This enabled radical artistic innovations anticipating the evolutionary tendencies of world literature (surrealism, anti-utopia/dystopia, baroquizing prose, and experimental novel).

Finally! How time lapse in Nobel Prize reception affects emotionality in the Nobel Prize banquet speeches

We have a limited understanding of the role emotions play in academia, as exploring emotions consistently and comparably is challenging due to the powerful influence of contextual factors. However, we have identified an interesting setting to empirically investigate the emotional response in academia by examining Nobel Prize winners. Scientists who aspire to earn a Nobel Prize are under pressure from their environment if they have not yet received the Prize. While there are various indicators that suggest the Nobel Prize is forthcoming, the question of “when” weighs heavily on the minds of leading candidates. Consequently, waiting for the Nobel Prize is emotionally taxing. We therefore hypothesize that Nobel laureates who have experienced a prolonged wait for the award would feel a stronger sense of relief upon receiving it. We are interested in measuring their level of emotionality after receiving the Nobel Prize by analyzing their banquet speeches using linguistic content analysis. Banquet speeches provide a consistent and controlled setting to compare emotionality across scientists and over time, as we can measure the same responses to the same recognition under the same circumstances. We expect that waiting longer for the Nobel Prize will increase the positive emotionality of Nobelists’ speeches. The waiting time is determined by calculating the years since the Nobel Prize-winning work was performed. By conducting this time-lapse study, we find a robust positive correlation between waiting time and positive emotions in Nobel Prize banquet speeches. We conclude that scientists who waited longer for the Nobel Prize reported higher levels of positive emotions during their speeches.

RULE OF POWER IN WILLIAM GOLDING’S "LORD OF THE FLIES"

The rule of power is the concept around which William Golding’s Nobel Prize Winner novel Lord of the Flies turns. It is Golding’s literary masterpiece which is translated into more than 30 languages and hailed as one of the classics of the 20th century. The novel which tells the story of a group of young boys who find themselves alone on a deserted island, develop rules and a system of organization, but without any adults to serve as a civilizing impulse. The children eventually become violent and brutal. In the context of the novel, the tale of the boys’ descent into chaos suggests that human nature is fundamentally savage. Accordingly, Golding’s boys keep on fighting and choosing one leader after another making their choices depend on the most powerful boy among them all to rule. William Golding himself, as an allied officer who fought in World War II, experienced the destructive effect of the war first-person. After this devastation he witnessed, he published his first novel Lord of the Flies, which symbolically expressed his thoughts on human nature, rule of power, and the constant conflict between the good and evil. The aim of this article is to reveal the fact that according to Golding in the conflict between the good and evil, man’s nature tends more toward savagery and evil. The methodology used includes basic criticism regarding the concept of good versing evil in the human nature according to philosophy as well as religion. The hypothesis that the article rests upon points out that although human beings might try to act in a good manner, yet they are often heartless evils. Thus, a human being is always in need of social rules to be tamed and is always ready to worship something/someone stronger than himself/herself until he/she is saved by the “Messiah”.

The Luminous Fungi of Japan

Luminous fungi have long attracted public attention in Japan, from old folklore and fiction to current tourism, children’s toys, games, and picture books. At present, 25 species of luminous fungi have been discovered in Japan, which correspond to approximately one-fourth of the globally recognized species. This species richness is arguably due to the abundant presence of mycophiles looking to find new mushroom species and a tradition of night-time activities, such as firefly watching, in Japan. Bioluminescence, a field of bioscience focused on luminous organisms, has long been studied by many Japanese researchers, including the biochemistry and chemistry of luminous fungi. A Japanese Nobel Prize winner, Osamu Shimomura (1928–2018), primarily focused on the bioluminescence system of luminous fungi in the latter part of his life, and total elucidation of the mechanism was finally accomplished by an international research team with representatives from Russia, Brazil, and Japan in 2018. In this review, we focused on multiple aspects related to luminous fungi of Japan, including myth, taxonomy, and modern sciences.

Theory and practice of overcoming an economic crisis (on the Nobel Prize in economics in 2022)

The article analyzes the Nobel Prize winners in economics of the 2022’s research results. The author explains the meaning of the terms which are necessary for the analysis: money multiplier, liquidity, mortgage, mortgage bonds. In addition, the psychological factor in the formation of critical situations in the banking sector is considered the way it was interpreted by the winners. The article analyzes the reasons which led to the lower position of the USSR’s and modern Russia’s money multiplier compared to the position of the multiplier of the countries with developed market economies including, first of all, the USA. The paper also discusses the role which the “real bills doctrine” played in the activity of the US Federal Reserve System and Ben Bernank personally. Ben Bernank’s cautious line of behavior during the overcoming the 2008 crisis is described. The model of liquidity dynamics which belongs to the laureates and that is vividly discussed in the scientific community is considered in detail.

A controversy about chance and the origins of life: thermodynamicist Ilya Prigogine replies to molecular biologist Jacques Monod.

The ancient, interlinked questions about the role of chance in the living world and the origins of life, gained new relevance with the development of molecular biology in the twentieth century. In 1970, French molecular biologist Jacques Monod, joint winner of the 1965 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, devoted a popular book on modern biology and its philosophical implications to these questions, which was quickly translated into English as Chance and Necessity. Nine years later, Belgian thermodynamicist Ilya Prigogine, 1977 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, published a popular book on the history and philosophy of natural sciences with Belgian philosopher Isabelle Stengers. Translated into English under the title Order out of Chaos and widely discussed, the whole book can be seen as a response to Monod on these biological and philosophical questions. This study will trace this intellectual controversy between two Nobel Prize winners defending two opposing scientific and philosophical visions of the living world, rooted in two different scientific disciplines.

Post-Colonial Review of V. S. Naipaul's Fiction

V.S Naipaul is acknowledged as one of the most talented writers dealing with postcolonial themes for his fictions. As a Nobel Prize winner author, he has written a number of fictions such as A House for Mr Biswas (1961), A Bend in the River (1979), Miguel Street (1959), An Area of Darkness (1964), In a Free State (1971), The Mimic Men (1967), India: A Million Mutinies Now (1990) and so on. The article presents a review of his postcolonial fictions with a thorough thematic analysis. Naipaul treats the themes of pessimism, identity crisis, social fragmentation, diaspora and internal struggles of immigrants. He also presents the futility of designing a new Westernised identity by discarding old roots. The political, social and cultural upheavals and its critical impact is also illustrated by the author.

DISCIPLINARY REUNION? MATH, PHYSICS, AND PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT COME TO SOLVE CHEMICAL PROBLEMS.

Nowadays, it is hard to imagine any scientific team engaged in only one scientific discipline. The best confirmations of that statement are recent years’ Nobel Prize winners in chemistry, physics, and biology. The study of those subjects starts in school. Thus it is crucial to provide interdisciplinary connections to students from the early years. To achieve that we tried to provide methods based on interdisciplinary connections for solving several types of problems. In the article, well-known concepts of Mathematics and Physics are used to solve complex chemical problems.

Literary Cinematography as a Narrative Strategy in a Fiction Text (E. Canetti “Voices of Marrakech”)

The work of the Austrian writer, Nobel Prize winner Elias Canetti (1905—1994) is studied in the aspect of literary cinematography, indicating the synthesis of literature and cinema, in particular, in the choice of means for implementing audiovisuality in a literary text. The phenomenon under study is considered on the material of the book “Voices of Marrakesh. Notes after a Journey” (“Die Stimmen von Marrakesch. Aufzeichnungen nach einer Reise”), the composition of which uses the montage principle, which combines fourteen chapters into a single whole. An attempt was made to identify the originality of Canetti’s idiostyle from the perspective of literary cinematography, which determines the novelty and relevance of the study. The authors proceed from the fact that literary cinematography can be considered as a narrative strategy that includes not only communication with the reader, but also “auto-communication” (Yu. M. Lotman). The question is raised about the significance of the acoustic element (“acoustic mask”) in creating the image of a foreign culture, linguistic means of realizing cinematography are revealed. The methodological basis of this article is the research of domestic and foreign scientists concerning both the narrative nature of a literary text and literary cinematography.

FRIEDRICH HAYEK’S EPISTEMIC APPROACH TO LAW

This study aims to fill the lacuna in the legal views of a famous economist and philosopher, Economics Nobel Prize winner Friedrich Hayek. Although Hayek’s economic and political ideas have eclipsed many other attempts to understand and overcome the social cataclysms of the 20th century, his legal views have never been explored in detail. Despite a considerable volume of secondary literature, the essence of Friedrich Hayek’s concept of law is yet to be pinned down by scholars. In order to shed light on the topic, we will resort to the reconstruction method, a classic in Hayek studies. For the main hypothesis, we assume that Hayek’s conception of law is based not on his liberal political philosophy but rather on his theory of knowledge or, in other words, his epistemology. This idea has not been tested systematically in earlier Hayek studies. The main conclusion is that the epistemological perspective on the topic allows us to observe some of the specific features of Hayek’s legal views in greater depth than the traditional “liberal” approach. Unlike these interpretations, the “epistemic concept of law” approach can help explain the radical changes in Hayek’s late works and organize his often-disparate legal ideas into a logical system. Therefore, we claim to have achieved a clearer understanding of the essence of Hayek’s legal views and further clarified his contribution to the theory of law.