Nitrogen Gas Flow Rate Research Articles

Mechanical properties and abrasive wear behaviour of Al-based PVD amorphous/nanostructured coatings

This study examines the mechanical properties and wear characteristics of aluminium-based nanostructured coatings produced by magnetron sputtering in an argon/nitrogen plasma. Compositional analysis of AlNiTiSiB(N) coatings was carried out by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (GDOES). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to study the structure of the coatings; hardnesses and elastic moduli were also determined by nanoindentation. The abrasive wear behaviour of the coating-substrate system was studied using a slurry micro-abrasion wear test. Nitrogen-free (AlNiTiSiB) coatings were found to be surprisingly hard and wear resistant; however, nitrogen incorporation had a significant influence on mechanical properties and abrasion resistance, with increased hardness (from 8 to 15GPa) and a significant reduction in wear coefficient – from 6×10−3mm3/Nm for a nitrogen-free coating (0B), to approximately 1.5×10−3mm3/Nm, for a coating deposited at 15sccm nitrogen gas flow rate (15T) – being observed among the various AlNiTiSiB(N) coatings investigated. Several of the coatings were found to be comparable to convention ceramic PVD hard coatings (e.g. CrN) in terms of resistance to abrasion.

Effect of N2 flow during deposition on p-type ZnO film

In this study, the influence of a nitrogen source on p-type conductive ZnO films was studied. Rapid thermal oxidation was conducted to oxidize ZnN films and convert them to ZnO films. When an as-deposited ZnN film was prepared at a high nitrogen gas flow rate, the converted ZnO film possessed many acceptors and showed stable p-type conduction. This p-type conduction was attributed to the nitrogen gas flow providing many “No” states, which act as acceptors within the processed ZnO film. It was found that the as-deposited ZnN film prepared at a high nitrogen gas flow rate is oxidized slightly so that only a few nitrogen atoms were replaced by oxygen. The carrier concentration and mobility of the optimized oxidized ZnN film were 9.76 × 1017 cm−3 and 62.78 cm2 V−1 s−1, respectively. A good rectified current–voltage characteristic with a turn-on voltage of 3.65 V was achieved for the optimized ZnO:N/ZnO junction.

탄소환원질화법에 의한 AlN 제조 규모확대 시험결과

탄소환원질화법을 이용하여 질화알루미늄(Aluminum Nitride: AlN)을 제조하는 연구를 배치당 0.7 ~ 1.5 kg 규모로 규모 확대하여 수행하였다. 고품위 알루미나 분말과 탄소(carbon black)를 배합하여 흑연 도가니에 장입하고, 노내 진공도 <TEX>$2.0{\times}10^{-1}Torr$</TEX>에서 온도(<TEX>$1,550{\sim}1,750^{\circ}C$</TEX>), 시간(0.5 ~ 4 hr), <TEX>$N_2$</TEX>유량(<TEX>$10{\sim}40{\ell}/min$</TEX>)을 변화시키면서 AlN을 합성하였다. 실험결과 합성온도 <TEX>$1,700{\sim}1,750^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 합성시간 3시간, 질소유량 <TEX>$40{\ell}/min$</TEX>가 적정 조건이었다. 또한, 합성한 AlN에 잔존하는 탄소를 제거하기 위하여 관상로에서 온도 <TEX>$650-750^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 1 - 2시간 범위에서 탈탄을 시킨 결과, 알루미나와 탄소 몰배합비 1 : 3.2 로 합성한 시료를 대기 분위기에서 탈탄온도 <TEX>$750^{\circ}C$</TEX>, 관상로의 회전속도 1.5 rpm에서 2시간 탈탄하는 것이 적정조건이었다. 시험 제조한 AlN의 성분 분석 결과 C 함량 835 ppm, O 함량 0.77%으로서 순도 99% 이상의 고품위 제품을 제조할 수 있었다. AlN powder was prepared by carbon reduction and subsequent nitridation method through the scale-up experiments of 0.7 ~ 1.5 kg per batch. AlN powder was synthesized using the mixture of <TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> powder and carbon black at <TEX>$1,550{\sim}1,750^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 0.5 ~ 4 hours under nitrogen atmosphere (flow rate of nitrogen gas: <TEX>$10{\sim}40{\ell}/min$</TEX>) at <TEX>$2.0{\times}10^{-1}Torr$</TEX>. Experimental results showed that <TEX>$1,700{\sim}1,750^{\circ}C$</TEX> for the reaction temperature, 3 hr for reaction time, and <TEX>$40{\ell}/min$</TEX> for the flow rate of nitrogen gas were the optimal conditions. Also, in order to remove carbon in the synthesized AlN, the remained carbon was removed at <TEX>$650{\sim}750^{\circ}C$</TEX> for 1 ~ 2 hr using horizontal tube furnace. The results showed that 1 : 3.2 mol ratio of <TEX>$Al_2O_3$</TEX> to carbon black, reaction temperature of <TEX>$750^{\circ}C$</TEX>, reaction time of 2 hours, rotating speed of 1.5 rpm under atmosphere condition were the optimal conditions. Under these conditions, high-purity AlN powder over 99% could be prepared: carbon and oxygen contents of the AlN powder were 835 ppm and 0.77%, respectively.

Consequences of N2 gas flow variation on properties of zirconium oxide-nitride films

Zirconium oxide-nitride films was prepared by RF reactive magnetron sputtering in presence of helium, oxygen and nitrogen gases. The N2 gas flow rate was varied for each consecutive run of sputtering at values of 66, 72, 78, 84, and 90 sccm respectively. Zirconium oxide-nitride films showed structural variation in evolution of various textures as detected by X-ray diffraction. It showed good transmission values above 50% for all samples. Wettability studies of zirconium oxide-nitride films was done by contact angle goniometer. All samples depict hydrophobic behaviour as all films have contact angle values above 90° and as nitrogen gas flow rate increases, the films roughness as well as contact angle increases. Tribological test is done on zirconium oxide-nitride films coated on aluminium, brass and mild steel pins, which give excellent wear resistance compared to uncoated pins.

Effects of Nitrogen on Amorphous Nitrogenated InGaZnO (a-IGZO:N) Thin Film Transistors

In this study, the role of nitrogen in the dc-sputtered amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide (a-IGZO):N are explored extensively with a series of nitrogen gas flow rates during IGZO film deposition. The amorphous film structure and the evolution of chemical bondings were confirmed by X-ray diffractometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra analysis. Also, electrical performance and reliability of a-IGZO:N thin-film transistors (TFTs) formed with different nitrogen gas flow rates were analyzed to study the effects of nitrogen on TFT devices. The device performance of a-IGZO:N TFTs can be enhanced with a proper nitrogen doping concentration. However, with excess nitrogen incorporation in the a-IGZO:N channel layer, both electric characteristic and reliability are degraded due to the extra creation of oxygen deficiencies in a-IGZO:N film and easy formation of unstable interface between gate insulator and channel layer, which were confirmed by low-frequency noise measurement. This potential issue of a-IGZO:N TFT characteristics can be effectively released by introducing a post-treatment on the surface of gate dielectric layer. The optimized electrical characteristics of a-IGZO:N TFT can exhibit a carrier mobility of 19.21 cm2/V⋅s, subthreshold swing of 0. 26 V/decade and threshold voltage $({{V_{{\rm th}}}})$ of −0.74 V in this study.

Optimization of Bio Oil from Palm Oil Fronds Via Fast Pyrolysis

Background/Objectives: The composition of palm oil fronds that has a potential to produce bio oil is examined and the bio oil yields produced from pyrolysis process is optimized in Response Surface Method (RSM). The chemical components found in bio oil are identified. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Lignocellulosic biomass like palm oil fronds contains 28.36% cellulose, 19.89% hemicellulose and 22.83% lignin. The high percentage of cellulose in this biomass will give higher fraction of bio oil produced. Parameters that have been investigated in this research for the optimization are reaction temperature, reaction time and flow rate of nitrogen gas. Pyrolysis process was done in the fixed bed reactor with Central Composite Design (CCD) in RSM was used for optimization of process parameters. Findings: The optimal conditions was found at reaction temperature of 500°C, reaction time of 60 min and flow rate of nitrogen gas for 2 l/min which produced highest amount of bio oil for 19.68% g of bio oil/g of biomass feed. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis was done and shows the presence of functional group of phenol, alcohol, carboxylic acid, ketones, quinones, aldehydes, alkenes, alkanes and aromatic groups in the bio oil. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis shows that 26 chemical components present in the bio oil. Application/Improvements: Demands for fossil fuel as a source of energy is increasing every year since industry's revolution era. With this scenario, many countries in the world started to find any possible alternative source of energy to ensure the sufficient of energy supply. Bio oil is the best alternatives to replace the source of energy supply in transportation sector.

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN FLOW RATE IN REDUCING TIN MICRODROPLETS ON BIOMEDICAL TI-13ZR-13NB ALLOY

Cathodic arc physical vapor deposition (CAPVD) is one of the promising techniques that have a potential to coat titanium nitride (TiN) on biomedical implants due to its good adhesion and high evaporation rate. However, this method emits microdroplets which have the possible detrimental effect on the coating performance. Past studies indicated that micro droplets can be controlled through proper deposition parameters. In the present work, an attempt was made to study the effect of nitrogen gas flow rates (100 to 300 sccm) on TiN coating of the Ti-13Zr-13Nb biomedical alloy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to evaluate surface morphology and coating thickness while crystal phase of the coated substrates was determined using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Image analysis software was employed to quantify microdroplets counts. Results show that higher nitrogen gas flow rate able to decrease a significant amount of microdroplets and concurrently increase the thickness of TiN coating. A mixed crystal planes of (111) and (220) are obtained on the coated substrates at this setting which exhibits denser structure with higher adhesion strength as compared to substrates coated at the lower N2 gas flow rate.

Aqueous two-phase flotation for primary recovery of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10.

An aqueous two-phase flotation (ATPF) system based on polyethylene glycol (PEG) and sodium citrate (NaNO3C6H5O7·2H2O) was considered for primary recovery of bacteriocin-like inhibitory substance (BLIS) from Pediococcus acidilactici Kp10. The effects of ATPF parameters namely phase composition, tie-line length (TLL), volume ratio between the two phases (VR), amount of crude load (CL), pH, nitrogen gas flow rate (FR) and flotation time (FT) on the performance of recovery were evaluated. BLIS was mainly concentrated into the upper PEG-rich phase in all systems tested so far. The optimum conditions for BLIS purification, which composed of PEG 8000/sodium citrate, were: TLL of 42.6, VR of 0.4, CL of 22% (w/w), pH 7, average FT of 30min and FR of 20mL/min. BLIS was partially purified up to 5.9-fold with a separation efficiency of 99% under this optimal conditions. A maximum yield of BLIS activity of about 70.3% was recovered in the PEG phase. The BLIS from the top phase was successfully recovered with a single band in SDS-gel with molecular weight of about 10-15kDa. ATPF was found to be an effective technique for the recovery of BLIS from the fermentation broth of P. acidilactici Kp10.

Nitrogen incorporation and composition facilitated tailoring of the optical constants and dispersion energy parameters of tungsten oxynitride films

Optical properties, including the index of refraction, extinction coefficient and band gap of 100 nm thick tungsten oxynitride (W-O-N) films are reported. In addition, the Wemple and DiDomenico (WDD) model was used to calculate the dispersion energies and oscillator energies of the films, establishing a correlation among the films’ optical, chemical, and physical properties, as a function of nitrogen content. Nitrogen concentration in the W-O-N films was varied by adjusting the nitrogen gas flow rate from 0 to 20 sccm while keeping total gas flow (nitrogen + oxygen + argon) constant at 40 sccm. Both the index of refraction (n) and extinction coefficient (k) of W-O-N films demonstrated a high degree of sensitivity to the nitrogen content during deposition. The optical constants of films fabricated without any nitrogen correspond to transparent W-oxide (WO3) where n550 = 2.1 and k550 = 0.0. The magnitude of the spectral response for both n and k tends to increase with increasing nitrogen content. Systematic increases of the films’ nitrogen content lead to the formation of W-oxide (Eg ≈ 3 eV) → W-O-N oxynitride semiconductor (Eg ≈ 2 eV) → N-rich W-O-N semi-metal (Eg < 2 eV) → WN2 type metallic transition was evident in dispersion profiles of n and k for W-O-N films with increasing nitrogen content. The corresponding mechanical characteristics, namely hardness (H) and Young’s modulus (E), attain a maximum of 4.46 GPa and 98.5 GPa, respectively, at a nitrogen flow rate of 5 sccm, at which point H and E values decrease to attain 3.57 GPa and 72.91 GPa, respectively. The trend observed in H and E values correlate with the W-O and W-N bonds formation in W-O-N along with the interruption of local epitaxy attributed to increasing nitrogen content within the growth chamber. A correlation among the nitrogen content, optical constants and physical properties, along with the associated dispersion model, is presented to account for the optical properties of sputter-deposited W-O-N films. The results demonstrate that tailoring the properties of W-O-N films for desired applications can be achieved by tuning the nitrogen content and chemical composition.

Propagation of nitrogen gas in a liquid helium cooled vacuum tube following sudden vacuum loss – Part I: Experimental investigations and analytical modeling

This paper describes propagation of near atmospheric nitrogen gas that rushes into a liquid helium (LHe) cooled vacuum tube after the tube suddenly loses vacuum. The loss-of-vacuum scenario resembles accidental venting of atmospheric air to the beam-line of a superconducting particle accelerator and is investigated to understand how the in-flowing air will propagate in such geometry. In controlled experiments, we simulated loss of vacuum by rapidly venting a large reservoir of nitrogen gas (a substitute for air) to a vacuum tube immersed in a LHe bath at 4.2K. The resulting rise in the tube pressure and temperature were measured by pressure probes and thermometers arranged along the tube length. The data show that the propagation of nitrogen gas in the LHe cooled vacuum tube is orders of magnitude slower than in the same tube at room temperature. Interestingly, the gas front speed in the LHe cooled tube also decreases along the tube. A gas propagation model developed by employing conservation of mass identifies mass transfer (gas condensation in the tube) as the principal cause of the slow propagation as well as of the front deceleration. Some limitations of this analytical model are discussed in the context of quantifying the propagation speed. The speed obtained from direct measurements is seen to decrease exponentially along the tube. This exponential decay form of the propagation speed well represents the data from experiments that have different mass flow rates of nitrogen gas flowing into the vacuum tube after venting.

Analysis of Karanja Seed Cake (Pongamia Pinnata) with the focus on Application of Pyrolysis oil as Fuel

Fluidized bed pyrolysis experiments have been conducted on a sample of Karanja seed (de-oiled) cake to determine the effects of particle size, pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen gas flow rate on the products yield. The particle size, pyrolysis temperature and nitrogen gas flow rate were varied from 0.175 to 1.6 mm, 400°C to 500°C and 6 LPM to 10 LPM. The maximum oil yield of 65.56 wt % was obtained at a nitrogen gas flow rate of 8 LPM, particle size of 0.5–0.99 mm and pyrolysis temperature of 450°C. The maximum gas yield of 38.20 wt % was obtained at particle size of 0.175–0.5 mm, nitrogen flow rate of 8 LPM and at 500°C. The maximum char yield of 24 wt % was obtained at 400°C. The gas fractions were obtained using gas analyzer. The pyrolysis gas fractions were found to contain hydrocarbon, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. Water content of crude bio-oil and upgraded bio-oil was found 56% wt and 40 wt % respectively. The calorific value of up-graded Karanja bio-oil was found to be 16.5 MJ/Kg. Density, Viscosity and pH of upgraded bio-oil were found 1023Kg/m3, 3.25cst and 4.6 respectively. So, bio-oil can be used as a source of fuel if the water content of bio-oil could be reduced. Here an attempt has made to study the feasibility of production of valuable fuels from natural but non edible seed cake (Karanja) by the method of pyrolysis. Here the production of the fuel can serve purpose of alternative fuels as biomass pyrolysis oil has potential to be used as fuel oil or its substitute

Effects of Carbonization Parameters on the COD Reduction of Rhodamine B Dye Aqueous Solutions Using Elaeis guineensis Frond Fiber

A B S T R A C T The effects of various carbonization parameters on the COD reduction of Rhodamine B dye aqueous solutions using carbonized Elaeis guineensis frond fiber (EGFF) chars have been studied experimentally. The adsorbent with the particle size of <45 µm has been carbonized at temperature from 500-900 o C with carbonization duration of 1-3 h at a heating rate of 10-30 o C/min and nitrogen gas flow rate of 100-500 cm 3 /min. Carbonization temperature, carbonization duration, heating rate and nitrogen gas flow rate were significantly affecting the carbonization process. Statistical analysisresponse surface methodology (RSM)- face centered composite design (FCCD) was used to obtain the optimal carbonization conditions. The optimum condition for carbonization of EGFF was obtained at carbonization temperature of 899 o C, carbonization duration of 2.7 h, heating rate of 10 o C/min, and nitrogen flow rate of 243 cm3/min with 98.88 % of COD reduction of Rhodamine B

Comparative Study on Separation of Proteins from Whey Waste by Solvent Sublation in Batch and Continuous Mode

The work is based on investigation on the separation of proteins from whey waste collected from local confectionery. Separation phenomenon involves solvent sublation technique both in batch and continuous mode. The objective of this work was to make a comparative study of afore mentioned batch and continuous method. The effect of pH, initial feed, concentration of feed, nitrogen gas flow rate, surfactant concentration, ionic strength, concentration of organic solvent and temperature were investigated in details. The amount of protein recovered in single continuous mode after 5 hr was 3644 mg, %Rp (90%), total volume (8100 ml), effective concentration (49.5 mcg/ml). The VFR 14 cc/min, %Rp was nearly 1.3 times more in continuous solvent sublation technique in comparison to the batch mode at optimum pH and GFR.

Kinetic Analysis of Rice Husk Pyrolysis Using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) Method

The pyrolysis of rice husk is studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) equipment. The present study investigates the thermal degradation behavior and determination of the kinetic parameter such as activation energy, E using Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS) method. The kinetic data is produced based on first order rate of reaction. In the present study, the experiments are conducted at different heating rates of 10, 20, 30, and 50 K/min at non-isothermal condition with carrier nitrogen gas flowrate of 100 mL/min. The temperature range studied is 323-1173 K. Results showed that the maximum degradation rate of rice husk increases from 4.42 to 21.87 wt%/min as heating rate increases from 10 to 50 K/min. In addition, the predicted E values ranged from 48.64 to 54.21 kJ/mol meanwhile the average E values achieved is 51.19 kJ/mol in the range of heating rates studied using KAS method.

Pulsed-N2 assisted growth of 5-20 nm thick β-W films

A technique to deposit 5-20 nm thick β-phase W using a 2-second periodic pulse of 1 sccm-N2 gas on Si(001) and SiN(5 nm)/Si(001) substrates is reported. Resistivity, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray reflectivity were utilized to determine phase, bonding and thickness, respectively. X-ray diffraction patterns were utilized to determine the crystal structure, lattice constant and crystal size using the LeBail method. The flow rate of Nitrogen gas (continuous vs. pulsing) had significant impact upon the crystallinity and formation of β-phase W.

Generation of Charged Nanoparticles During Thermal Evaporation of Silver at Atmospheric Pressure.

The generation of charged silver nanoparticles in the gas phase during thermal evaporation of silver at atmospheric pressure was confirmed by the nano-differential mobility analyzer (DMA). Effects of the evaporation temperature, the nitrogen gas flow rate and the amount of silver to be evaporated on the size distribution of charged nanoparticles (CNPs) were examined. Both positively and negatively-charged nanoparticles were generated under all processing conditions adopted in this study. The deposition behavior of CNPs was affected by the gas flow, which is affected by the temperature gradient in the reactor and by the applied electric bias. The electric bias, which not only enhanced the film growth rate but also produced a much denser film surface, turned out to be an important process parameter under the condition where an appreciable amount of CNPs is generated.

Low-temperature dyeing of silk fabric using atmospheric pressure helium/nitrogen plasma

Silk fabric was plasma treated in an indigenously developed atmospheric pressure plasma reactor in the presence of helium and nitrogen (He/N2) gaseous mixture at a discharge voltage of 5 kV and frequency of 21–23 kHz. The samples were plasma treated for 1 to 10 min with a constant nitrogen flow of 50 ml/min. They were also plasma treated in varying nitrogen flow rates in the range of 33.3 to 225 ml/min, keeping a constant helium (He) flow rate at 450 ml/min. The effects of plasma treatment time and nitrogen (N2) gas flow rates on water wicking, physical and chemical properties of the fabric surface along with rate of dyeing were investigated in details. The formation of amine groups in the plasma treated samples helps in faster exhaustion of acid dye even at a lower temperature. It was possible to dye the plasma treated silk fabric at 40 oC temperature instead of 90 oC, as is used conventionally. Due to higher dye exhaustion, the plasma treated sample showed a deeper shade. The physical and chemical properties of the samples were analyzed using SEM, ATR-FTIR, secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS), and XRD. Results indicate that water took only 408 s and 309 s to travel up to a height of 6 cm in the plasma treated samples for 4 min and 10 min, respectively. This was much shorter as compared to 696 s observed in the untreated (control) sample. The effects of plasma treatment time and the amount of nitrogen (N2) gas flow had a similar effect on water wicking. The plasma treatment time and N2 gas flow rates showed only marginal effects on mechanical properties of silk.

Physical characterization of sputter-deposited amorphous tungsten oxynitride thin films

Tungsten oxynitride (W–O–N) thin films were deposited onto silicon (100) and quartz substrates using direct current (DC) sputtering. Composition variations in the W–O–N films were obtained by varying the nitrogen gas flow rate from 0 to 20sccm, while keeping the total gas flow constant at 40sccm using 20sccm of argon with the balance comprised of oxygen. The resulting crystallinity, optical properties, and chemical composition of the DC sputtered W–O–N films were evaluated. All the W–O–N films measured were shown to be amorphous using X-ray diffraction. Spectrophotometry results indicate that the optical parameters, namely, the transmission magnitude and band gap (Eg), are highly dependent on the nitrogen content in the reactive gas mixture. Within the W–O–N system, Eg was able to be precisely tailored between 2.9eV and 1.9eV, corresponding to fully stoichiometric WO3 and highly nitrided W–O–N, respectively. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) coupled with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements indicate that the composition of the films varies from WO3 to W–O–N composite oxynitride films.

RF-PECVD법에 의해 증착된 DLC 박막의 결합구조와 기계적 특성에 관한 보조가스의 영향

In this work, we were investigated the effect of the additive gases on the relationship between bonding structure and mechanical properties of the deposited films when the DLC films were deposited on Si-wafer by the rf-PECVD method with the addition of small amounts of carbon dioxide and nitrogen to the mixture gas of methane and hydrogen. The deposition rate of the films increased as the rf-power increased, while it decreased with increasing the amount of additive gases. Also, as the carbon dioxide gas increased, the hydrogen content in the films decreased but the sp /sp ratio of the films increased. In case of nitrogen gas, the hydrogen content decreased, however the sp /sp ratio and nitrogen gas flow rate did not show a specific tendency.

Infuence of Nitrogen Gas Flow Rate on Nitrogenated Amorphous Carbon Film for Solar Cell Applications

In this paper, the effect of nitrogen gas flow rate on electrical and electronic properties of nitrogen doped amorphous carbon film (a-C:N) by the use of constant +50 V is presented. The flow-rate of nitrogen gas into the furnace was influenced the resistivity as well as conductivity a-C:N film. The resistivity and conductivity of a-C:N films deposited at high nitrogen flow-rate (200 mL/min) produced low resistivity and high conductivity under deposition condition used. The highest resistivity (4.97x107 Ω.cm) and lowest resistivity (2.81x101 Ω.cm) is found at 0 mL/min (undoped) and 200 mL/min. The fabricated solar cell device with the configuration of Au/n-C:N/p-Si/Au for undoped (0 mL/min) and nitrogen doped (200 mL/min) achieved efficiency (𝜂) 0.00111% and 0.00120 %, respectively.