Nitrogen Content Of Grain Research Articles

Influence of nitrogen fertilizer levels on growth and quality of barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties

Nitrogen is the most important essential nutrient that comes under macronutrient category as it plays vital role in various physiological processes in plant as it produce rapid early growth, improve fruit quality, protein content in fodder crops, vegetative growth in plants, leaves, stem growth and imparts dark green color to plants. When different level of nitrogen applied in Barley(Hordeum vulgare L.) at different sowing dates, it resulted in increased rate of growth parameters like plant height, number of tillers per hill, CGR(Crop Growth Rate), RGR(Relative Growth Rate), plant dry weight and yield attributes like grain yield, straw yield, number of effective tillers. When nitrogen is given to barley at different concentration (60, 75, 90 kg per ha) maximum nitrogen content in grain and straw yield was found with the application of 90 kg per ha and protein content in grain and grain yield was found to be increased with increased level of nitrogen in Barley in sodic soils. When different levels of nitrogen (i.e. 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 kg per ha) in different varieties of Barley was applied, it affect yield attributes like grain weight, grain spike, straw yield, grain yield, biological yield, plant and grain nitrogen differently like maximum grain spike, grain and grain yield was recorded in sterling varieties while highest biological yield, straw yield, grain and plant nitrogen was observed in local varieties and nitrogen applied at rate of 60 kg per ha resulted in maximum grain spike, grain weight, biological yield, grain yield and grain and plant N. nitrogen applied at once showed minimum days to emergence of crop and maximum plant height while when applied in three split doses it results good yield with maximum emergence m-2, fresh and dry biomass, tillers and leaves plant-1, tillers and spike m-2, grain spike, grain weight and minimum days to spike and maturity in dual purpose Barley. Regarding nitrogen fertilizer application at rates 0, 30, 60, 90, 120and 150kg ha-1 yield was increase upto 90 kg ha-1 later on it remains steady. Nitrogen accumulation in crops, green fodder yield, vegetative growth of plants is found to be increased upto a certain level of nitrogen applied beyond that limit some parameters are going to stay steady and some going to decline. Along with different nitrogen levels, number of cuttings and timing of cutting also affects parameters as late cutting have positive impact on enhancement of yield of green fodder and lack of cutting enhanced grain yield and most of yield components and high level of nitrogen led to increase in green fodder and grain yield.

The nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of upland rice varieties under micro irrigation techniques

A study was conducted at farm, College of Agriculture, Vellayani to assess the nitrogen content and nitrogen uptake efficiency of upland rice varieties under micro irrigation techniques in the summer of 2019. It was conducted in split plot design with the methods of irrigations as main treatments and varieties of rice as sub treatments. The main plot treatments consisted of:- M1: Sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE, M2: Sprinkler irrigation at 75% PE, M3: Drip irrigation at 100% PE, M4: Drip irrigation at 75% PE and M5: check basin method of irrigation (using hose, which will be given thrice in a week based on evaporation loss) and the subplot treatments were:-V1: Prathyasa and V2: Uma. The study revealed that the grain and straw nitrogen concentration is the highest in the plots irrigated using check basin method. The grain nitrogen content in the variety Prathyasa, irrigated with check basin method was found to be the highest, compared to other treatments. The nitrogen uptake in grain was observed to be the highest in sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE and was on par with drip irrigation at 100% PE, but significantly superior over check basin method of irrigation as well as drip irrigation and sprinkler irrigation at 75% PE. The nitrogen uptake in straw was also observed to be the highest in sprinkler irrigation at 100% PE, but was on par with drip irrigation at 100% PE as well as check basin method of irrigation. The study revealed that the nitrogen content in grain and straw, as well as the nitrogen uptake in rice varies with the methods of irrigation as well as the genotypic differences.

English

The present study refers to the results obtained in four experiments carried out in the 2015/2016 crop: Toledo/PR; Palotina/PR; Cascavel/PR; and São Miguel do Iguaçu/PR. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of Azospirillum brasilense (pest strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6) in four distinct rice culture regions (Oryza sativa L.). The tests were performed to meet the requirements of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply regarding the registration of the product. The experiments were conducted in a randomized block design with seven treatments and four replications, totaling 28 plots each. Rice cultivar IAC 201 was used in all four experiments. At stage R7, 10 plants were collected to measure morphobiometric variables and nitrogen content in grains (N grains). The results showed that in all evaluated sites the use of liquid inoculation with A. brasilense increased rice crop development as well as productivity. Thus, inoculation of rice seeds with A. brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 based inoculant in the liquid formulations increased the yield and yield components of rice crop in different regions. The inoculant based on A. brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6, using the liquid vehicle, presented higher agronomic efficiency for rice cultivation. The inoculant based on A. brasilense strains Ab-V5 and Ab-V6 using the peat medium has good agronomic efficiency similar to the standard inoculant. These results were satisfactory contributing also to the sustainability in the agriculture. Key words: Diazotrophic bacteria, plant growth promoting bacteria, nitrogen fertilization, seed inoculation, Oryza sativa L. &nbsp

Effect of integrated nutrient management on nitrogen content of grain and straw of Rice crop variety Pant Dhan 4

A field experiment was carried out on Pant Dhan 4, to study the effect of different nutrients treatments on the productivity of rice. This experiment reveals the fact that increased dose of Nitrogen also increase the amount of Nitrogen content in rice grain and straw. Although fertilizers are important for enhancing rice production but excess use of fertilizer cause deterioration of soil quality which ultimately affect crop productivity so it is required to investigate the physiological aspects of rice plant under integrated nutrients. When imbalanced fertilizers doses are given to the rice-wheat cropping system, they showed a considerable decline in crop productivity and soil fertility.

Analysis of wheat genotypes and N application on the yield in response to protein and nitrogen content in grains and straw

Analysis of wheat genotypes and N application on the yield in response to protein and nitrogen content in grains and straw

Inoculation of Wheat With Azospirillum spp.: A Comparison Between Foliar and In-furrow Applications

The present work aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of wheat grown under no-tillage system and submitted to different doses and methods of inoculation with Azospirillum spp. Eight treatments were tested: 1) control; 2) half N dose; 3) full dose of N; 4) half N dose + standarded inoculation by seeds (200 mL ha-1); 5) half N dose + in-furrow inoculation (200 mL ha-1); 6) half N dose + in furrow inoculation (300 mL ha-1); 7) half N dose + inoculation by foliar spraying (200 m ha-1) and 8) half N dose + inoculation by foliar spraying (300 mL ha-1). The following parameters were evaluated: number of tillers per plant, number of grains per spike, shoot dry biomass, weight of thousand seed mass, hectoliter weight, nitrogen content in grains, nitrogen content in shoot dry matter as well as crop yield. Our results showed that the supply of the half dose of mineral N associated to foliar inoculation with Azospirillum at the dose of 300 mL ha-1 provided positive results on wheat yield, confirming the bacterial ability to fix N. However, only the full mineral N fertilization stood out as the best N fertilization management.

QTLs identification for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake-related traits using ultra-high density SNP linkage

To understand the genetic basis of nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in the cultivated rice, quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis for 7 nitrogen and phosphorus uptake-related traits including above-ground biomass (AGB), leaf colour value (SPAD) in heading stage, grain nitrogen concentration (GNC), grain nitrogen content of the plant, total nitrogen content (TNC), grain phosphorus concentration, total phosphorus content (TPC) were conducted using SNP markers in a F2 population derived from a cross between GH128 and W6827. A total of 21 QTLs for nitrogen and phosphorus uptake-related traits distributed in 16 regions along 6 chromosomes were detected using a high density genetic map consisting of 1582 bin markers, with QTLs maximum explaining 8.19% of the phenotypic variation. Nine QTLs (42.9% of total QTLs) were detected on chromosome 2. Among them, two QTL clusters including AGB, TNC, TPC and GNC were also detected in the region bin 140 and bin 146 on the chromosome 2. The distance between the two clusters was only 4.1 cM. The presence of QTL clusters has important significance and could be useful in molecular marker assisted breeding. These genomic regions might be deployed for the simultaneous improving the use efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus in rice breeding.

Polyamines - A New Metabolic Switch: Crosstalk With Networks Involving Senescence, Crop Improvement, and Mammalian Cancer Therapy.

Polyamines (PAs) are low molecular weight organic cations comprising biogenic amines that play multiple roles in plant growth and senescence. PA metabolism was found to play a central role in metabolic and genetic reprogramming during dark-induced barley leaf senescence (DILS). Robust PA catabolism can impact the rate of senescence progression in plants. We opine that deciphering senescence-dependent polyamine-mediated multidirectional metabolic crosstalks is important to understand regulation and involvement of PAs in plant death and re-mobilization of nutrients during senescence. This will involve optimizing the use of PA biosynthesis inhibitors, robust transgenic approaches to modulate PA biosynthetic and catabolic genes, and developing novel germplasm enriched in pro- and anti-senescence traits to ensure sustained crop productivity. PA-mediated delay of senescence can extend the photosynthesis capacity, thereby increasing grain starch content in malting grains such as barley. On the other hand, accelerating the onset of senescence can lead to increases in mineral and nitrogen content in grains for animal feed. Unraveling the “polyamine metabolic switch” and delineating the roles of PAs in senescence should further our knowledge about autophagy mechanisms involved in plant senescence as well as mammalian systems. It is noteworthy that inhibitors of PA biosynthesis block cell viability in animal model systems (cell tumor lines) to control some cancers, in this instance, proliferative cancer cells were led toward cell death. Likewise, PA conjugates work as signal carriers for slow release of regulatory molecule nitric oxide in the targeted cells. Taken together, these and other outcomes provide examples for developing novel therapeutics for human health wellness as well as developing plant resistance/tolerance to stress stimuli.

Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Wheat and Chickpea Grown Under Elevated Carbon Dioxide Level

Increase in the atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration has fertilization effect on crops if nutrient supply remains adequate. Response of cereals and legumes to increased CO2 concentration might differ due to the nitrogen fixing ability of leguminous crops. Considering the importance of differential response of cereal and legumes under elevated CO2 concentration, a field study was conducted to compare the effect of elevated CO2 on yield and plant nitrogen uptake in wheat and chickpea crop. Elevated CO2 level (550 ppm) increased yield by 15.1% and 16.7% over ambient in wheat and by 21.1% and 21.9% in chickpea (p ≤ 0.05) during the first and second years of the study. Nitrogen content in wheat grains decreased under elevated CO2 concentration. Chickpea, being a leguminous crop, showed no change in grain N content. However, higher biomass and grain yield resulted in higher N uptake in both the crops under elevated CO2 level. Under elevated CO2 concentration more partitioning of biomass toward seeds lead to higher seed N partitioning in chickpea. The study showed that although growth and yield of crops might increase in high CO2 condition, nitrogen concentration in grains and soil available N status might decrease in cereals like wheat. But chickpea might not get affected due to their ability to fix atmospheric N2.

Nitrogen Vertical Distribution Differed in Foliar and Nonfoliar Organs of Dryland Wheat during Grain Filling

Core Ideas There was a positive correlation between nitrogen concentration in grain and between Layer 1 and Layer 4 (Gtotal). The nonfoliar organs were involved in to determine the nitrogen vertical distribution in winter wheat canopy. The nitrogen contributions of various organs to grain nitrogen were determined. ABSTRACTThe role of N remobilization in nonfoliar and foliar organs influences the N vertical distribution and accumulation of N in grain. We hypothesized that the N concentrations in foliar and nonfoliar organs affect the remobilization, vertical distribution, and accumulation on N in grain. A 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of N input and mulching practice on N remobilization and N vertical distribution in the canopy of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The results showed that foliar organs had higher N concentration than nonfoliar organs in all treatments. Among the nonfoliar organs, the flag leaf sheath had the highest N concentration, followed by glumes and rachillae combination, while the stem had the lowest N concentration at anthesis and maturity. In the different internode segments of the stem, N concentrations decreased with grain filling, except for the exposed part of the peduncle. There was a top‐to‐down decline in N concentration within the canopy. Foliar organs contributed the most N to grain followed by the stem and the glumes and rachillae combination. The N286 treatment significantly improved N accumulation, remobilization, and vertical distribution in the canopy and N content in grain. Nitrogen concentration in the grain was positively correlated with the difference in N concentrations between apical and basal vegetative modules.

Polyaspartic acid (PASP)-urea and optimised nitrogen management increase the grain nitrogen concentration of rice

Increase in grain nitrogen concentration (GNC), which is directly affected by nitrogen (N) application, can help overcome the issues of malnutrition. Here, the effects of urea type (polyaspartic acid (PASP) urea and conventional urea) and N management method (two splits and four splits) on GNC and N concentration of head rice were investigated in field experiments conducted in Sichuan, China, in 2014 and 2015. N concentration of grain and head rice were significantly (P < 0.05) increased by N redistribution from the leaf lamina, activities of glutamine synthetase (GS), and glutamate synthase (GOGAT) at the heading stage, and N concentration and GOGAT activity in the leaf lamina at the maturity stage. Compared to conventional urea, PASP-urea significantly improved N concentration of grain and head rice by improving the activities of GS and GOGAT, thereby increasing N distribution in the leaf lamina. The four splits method, unlike the two splits method, enhanced N concentration and activities of key N metabolism enzymes of leaf lamina, leading to increased GNC and N concentration in head rice too. Overall, four splits is a feasible method for using PASP-urea and improving GNC.

Effect of potassium (K+) on growth, yield components and macronutrient accumulation in Wheat crop

Abstract Plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield can be sustained by the application of potassium fertilization. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effect of macronutrients accumulation of wheat about different potassium rates.The results revealed that the effect of different potassium levels on the growth and grain yield of wheat was significant. The application of potassium at 100% increased the most of the growth, yield components and accumulation of nutrients in wheat crop from 20−50% as compared to (control) the plots receiving no potassium application. In comparison to control, potassium application at 75% also significantly increased growth and yield components from 8−40%, however, potassium application of 50 and 25% increased the growth and yield components by 4−20%. As compared to plots receiving no potassium, application of potassium resulted 3−6% higher nitrogen content in grain and 2−11% higher nitrogen content in straw. While, potassium application increased the potassium contents by 50−154% in grain and 70-140% contents of potassium in straw as compared to control plots. However, in comparison to plots without potassium nutrition, application of potassium fertilization improved phosphorus contents by 2−10% in grain and 3-50% in straw of wheat crop. Among potassium levels of 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% were significant indicating that potassium at the rate of 100% was an optimum level for obtaining maximum grain yields in wheat crop. This study concluded that application of potassium nutrition increased the all growth, yield comonents and accumumation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents in grain and straw of wheat crop. Keywords: Macronutrients; Potassium; Wheat http://dx.doi.org/10.19045/bspab.2018.700183

Плодородие почв склона, структура и качество урожая яровой пшеницы на юге Западной Сибири

The aim of the study. The aim of the study was to describe the fertility of Greyzemic Chernozems, Нaplic Chernozem and Greyzemic Phaeozems located on erosion-prone slopes; to evaluate the yield and grain quality of spring soft wheat. The location and time of the study. Research was conducted on soils of the three experimental plots. The study area was located in the southeastern part of West Siberia within the boundaries of the Bugotak Hills (called Cis-Salair region) on&nbsp; the right bank side of the Ob River in the Novosibirsk region in the south of&nbsp; West Siberia. Plot 1 was located in the Iskitim district of the Novosibirsk region on the slope of southern exposure with 0- 6º gradient&nbsp; and occupied by Greyzemic Chernozems with different degree of soil erosion. In the Toguchin district of the Novosibirsk region two plots were located. Plot 2 was located on the slope of southeastern exposure with 0- 6.5º gradient and occupied by Нaplic Chernozems and Greyzemic Phaeozems. Plot 3 was located on the slope of northwestern exposure with 0-4.5º gradient and occupied by the non-eroded, slightly and moderately eroded Greyzemic Phaeozems. Cereal crops were spring soft wheat of two cultivars: Novosibirskaya 29 (plot 1; 2010 and 2014) and Memory of Vavenkov (plots 2, 3; 2011). Metodology. Two replicate soil samples were collected from the soil profiles at the sites differing in soil erosion degree. Four wheat phytomass samples were taken by a special frame 50×50 cm. The main results. Content and stock of soil organic carbon and total nitrogen decreased due to the increased soil erosion of&nbsp; Greyzemic Chernozems, Нaplic Chernozems and Greyzemic Phaeozems (Luvic) with maximal values in the Greyzemic Phaeozem (Colluvic). The N-NO3 in soils was low; the content of easily available phosphorus varied from the moderate to the high level, whereas the content of exchangeable potassium varied from low to increased level. Under extensive land use and restricted water reserves the wheat yield varied from 0.5 to 5 t/ha on the non-eroded Greyzemic Chernozems located on the south-exposed slope (plot 1). On the eroded soils the yield was found to be the same as on the non-eroded soil or even had a tendency to increase on slightly and moderately eroded soils. The maximal wheat yield (3.3 t/ha) was obtained on the Greyzemic Phaeozem (Colluvic). Between the non-eroded Нaplic Chernozems, eroded and stratified soils of&nbsp; the southeastern exposure (plot 2) there were no statistically significant differences in the yield, which varied from 3.2 to 4.1 t/ha. On the non-eroded Greyzemic Phaeozems (Luvic) of the northwestern exposure of the slope (plot 3) the yield was 4.3 t/ha, while on the slightly and moderately eroded soils it decreased to 1.1 t/ha. The mass of 1000 grains of wheat indicated the group with high mass (&gt;30 g). The nitrogen content in grain and straw was low; potassium content was below the moderate level, while the content of phosphorus in grain was found to be optimal, and in straw it varied from the high to the low level. The content of raw protein was low (5-8%. The grain accounted for 35-48% of the total aboveground wheat phytomass. Conclusion. Nutrient regime of eroded soils is determined by soil profile transformation due soil erosion process and its intensity, as well as due to anthropogenic factors. Potential and actual fertility of Нaplic Chernozems and Greyzemic Phaeozems are higher than that of Greyzemic Chernozems. The productivity of soft spring wheat depends on the quantity of atmospheric precipitation, type and degree of soil erosion and slope exposure.

Effects of pre-preceding leguminous crops on yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain

The after-effects of pre-preceding crops (second year), i.e. legumes and spring wheat, and nitrogen fertilization rate (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N/ha) on the yield and chemical composition of winter wheat grain were analysed in a field experiment conducted in 2013–2015. Winter wheat was characterized by higher yield when sown after blue lupine (increase of 0.23 t/ha) and faba beans with a determinate growth habit (increase of 0.37 t/ha) than after spring wheat. Grain yield increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rate (by 2.03, 3.47 and 4.02 t/ha, respectively). The species of pre-preceding crops had no significant effect on the phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium content of winter wheat grain. Winter wheat grown after faba beans with an indeterminate growth habit was most abundant in nitrogen. The applied nitrogen fertilizer rates did not modify the concentrations of phosphorus, magnesium and calcium in winter wheat grain. The nitrogen content of grain increased significantly with a rise in nitrogen fertilization rates. A significant increase in manganese and zinc levels was observed when spring wheat was the pre-preceding crop and the iron content of grain increased significantly when winter wheat was grown after peas and blue lupine.

Zinc bioavailability and nitrogen concentration in grains of wheat crop sprayed with zinc sulfate, ammonium sulfate, ammonium chloride, and urea

It is still unclear if different sources of nitrogen (N) can variably influence grain accumulation of zinc (Zn), N, and phytate. We tested foliar treatments of 0 or 0.25% Zn as zinc sulfate in combination with 0 or 1% N as ammonium chloride, ammonium sulfate or urea sprayed on field-grown-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) foliage at anthesis and 10 days later. Leaf burning caused by ammonium chloride significantly decreased grain yield. Grain N concentration was the highest in the urea +0.25% Zn treatment. Foliar N application influenced grain Zn concentration only if Zn was included in the spray. Grain phytate concentration was significantly decreased by both N and Zn sprays. Estimated Zn bioavailability in grains was the highest at 0.25% Zn and was not influenced by the N sources. Based on grain yield, grain N concentration, and Zn bioavailability in grains, foliar application of Zn + urea is an optimal strategy.

Response of Mung Bean Crop to Different Levels of Applied Iron and Zinc

Fertilization of Mung bean (Vigna radiataL) is one of the most crucial management technique which effects crop growth and yield. Therefore the present study was carried out at Agricultural Research Station Kohat under rain fed conditions during spring 2017, to assess the response of mung bean (Vigna radiateL.) to three levels of iron (0, 2 and 5 kg ha-1) and three levels of zinc (0, 5 and 10 kg ha-1). The experiment was laid out in randomized complete design with split plot arrangement and replicated three times. The results revealed that application of Fe at the rate 5 kg ha-1and Zn at the rate 10 kg ha-1significantly increased biological yield, grain yield, straw yield, nodule numbers and weight by 5624 kg ha-1, 968 kg ha-1, 4655 kg ha-1, 35 and 0.67g respectively whereas the interaction was found non- significant. The nitrogen content in grains and straw was also significantly increased by 2.22% and 3.56% respectively with application of Fe at 5 kg ha-1and Zn at 10 kg ha-1, however their interaction was also found non-significant. Similarly the plant nitrogen uptake was also significantly increased by 323.33 kg ha-1with application of Fe at 5 kg ha-1and Zn at 10 kg ha-1.It was concluded that Fe and Zn enhanced mung bean productivity.

The effect of sulphur and nitrogen supply on the growth and nutrient content of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Sulphur is an essential element for plants. Decreasing sulphur deposition from the air, and the use of more concentrated phosphate fertilizers, which contain no sulphur, has led to reports of sulphur deficiencies for wheat. Sulphur deficiency significantly affects yield and also the quality of wheat. The pot experiment was set up on calcareous chernozem soil at Látókép, Hungary, test plant was spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L). Seven treatments were used where nitrogen and sulphur were supplied as soil fertilizers in increasing rates (NS1, NS2, NS3) and in foliar fertilizer as well (NS1+fol., NS2+fol., NS3+fol.). Plant aboveground biomass production was determined in samples taken in the stages of development BBCH 29-30, 51-59, 61-69, 89. The nitrogen and sulphur content of straw and grain were measured. N/S ratios of grain and straw were calculated. The weights of grain were ranging between 8.6–16.1 g/pot. NS2 and NS2+fol. treatments produced the highest values. Foliar fertilizer had no further effect on grain. Analysing the values of the straw, it was observed that tendencies were similar to values of grain. The NS2 treatment produced the highest weight of straw and the NS3 rate already decreased that amount. The obtained results show the unfavourable effect of excessively high rate applied in NS3 treatment. The supplementary foliar fertilizer had no significant influence on the weight of straw. Both N and S-uptake of plant was very intensive at the stem elongation stage, then the N and S-content of plant continuously decreased in time in all treatments. The N-content of grain ranged between 2.215–2.838%.&#x0D; The N-content of grain slightly increased with increasing of nitrogen doses. In the higher doses (NS2, NS3) foliar fertilization slightly increased the nitrogen content of grain, although this effect was not statistically proved. The N-content of straw varied from 0.361 to 0.605%. The growing dose of soil fertilizer also considerably increased the nitrogen content of straw. Foliar fertilization further increased the nitrogen content of straw. The S-content of grain ranged between 0.174–0.266%. The lowest fertilizer dose (NS1) significantly increased the sulphur content of grain. The further increasing fertilizer doses (NS2, NS3) did not cause additional enhance in sulphur content of grain.&#x0D; The foliar fertilizer also did not change the sulphur value of plant. The increasing amount of soil fertilizer and the supplementary foliar fertilizer had no effect on the sulphur content of straw. The treatments influenced the N/S ratios of grain and straw. On the basis of experimental results it can be concluded that the examined nitrogen and sulphur containing soil fertilizer had positive effect on the growth and yield of spring wheat grown on the calcareous chernozem soil. The soil fertilizer application enhanced the grain nitrogen and sulphur content. The highest rate of fertilizer (600 kg ha-1) proved to have decreasing effect on the yield. The sulphur and nitrogen containing foliar fertilizer did not have significant effect on the yield parameters but slightly increased the nitrogen content of plant.

The effect of sowing date and nitrogen rate on the grain yield, grain quality and malt analyses of spring malting barley for distilling in Ireland

AbstractThe significant expansion of whiskey distillation in Ireland has increased requirements on the Irish malting barley industry to supply spring barley with low grain nitrogen concentration (GNC). Published literature suggests that genetics, soil type and environmental conditions are the predominant drivers controlling production of malting barley with low GNC values. However, it is acknowledged that agronomic practices such as sowing date and nitrogen (N) application are also important factors in determining the grain yield (GY) and grain quality (GQ) of malting barley. The effects of four N fertilizer rates (90, 110, 130 and 150 kg N/ha) and two sowing dates (March and April) on GY and GQ of a two-row spring barley variety (Hordeum vulgare L. cvar Overture) was evaluated at two different sites over a 3-year period (2014–2016). Earlier sowing dates resulted in significantly higher mean GY (7.98 t/ha) compared with later sowing dates (7 t/ha). GY and GNC also increased consistently with greater increments of fertilizer N. Earlier sowing dates also significantly improved several distilling malt quality parameters, such as soluble extract (SE), fermentable extract, predicted spirit yield and fermentability. Later sowing dates increased diastatic power and soluble N. The results of the current study suggest that the likelihood of producing spring malting barley with low GNC values and better malting quality is enhanced through earlier sowing dates on suitable soil types. Earlier sowing dates also facilitated the use of higher fertilizer N rates, enabling high GY potential without crossing the GNC threshold for the distilling market.

Integrated agronomic practices management improve yield and nitrogen balance in double cropping of winter wheat-summer maize

Crop production alters nitrogen balance in double cropping of winter wheat-summer maize in grain nitrogen content, soil nitrogen pool and nitrogen loss, ultimately affecting nitrogen use efficiency and environmental health. In comparison to the information on crop responses only limited knowledge exists on the response of nitrogen balance to integrated agronomic practices management (IAPM, defined as a comprehensive management framework consisted of tillage method, plant density, seeding and harvest dates, and fertilizer application) under field. Planting pattern will affect crop production and environmental costs. And how the nitrogen balance change under IAPM? In order to answer this question, four treatments (T1, T2, T3 and T4) were conducted on double cropping of winter wheat-summer maize for 4 years in North China Plain. Annual grain yield of T2, T3, and T4 was 22.0%, 51.2%, and 33.3%, respectively, higher than T1. And single grain yield of winter wheat or summer maize had the same trend as the annual grain yield. Dry matter accumulation of T2, T3, and T4 in summer maize season were 8.3%, 42.0%, and 23.0%, and those in winter wheat season were 3.9%, 25.7%, and 12.1%, respectively, higher than T1 at harvest. The grain yield of T4 was lower than that of T3 but higher than that of T1 and T2, and net profit and nitrogen use efficiency of T4 were higher than that of T3. Meanwhile the highest current and residual nitrogen recovery efficiency (CREN and REREN) were obtained by T4 treatment during the study period. The soil nitrogen content in 0–90 depth (SN), grain nitrogen content (GN), nitrogen apparent recovery efficiency (AREN) and fertilizer nitrogen loss (FNL) were measured for nitrogen balance. T4 treatment promoted nitrogen balance as higher GN, higher AREN and lower FNL. The GN kept stable and FNL was increasing slowly in all treatments, which mean the contribution to soil nitrogen pool was decreasing with experimental years. The grain yield for T4 treatment of winter wheat, summer maize and annual increased by 36.4%, 31.3% and 33.3% averagely in the past 4 years, compared with T1 treatment. While maintaining crop production, T4 treatment made an important contribution to promoting nitrogen use efficiency, improving the situation of nitrogen balance, and reducing nitrogen loss about 39.1–54.4%, compared with other treatments.

СОДЕРЖАНИЕ АЗОТА, ФОСФОРА И КАЛИЯ В ЗЕРНЕ ОВСА ЯКОВ ПРИ РАЗНЫХ СРОКАХ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОСЕВОВ ДЕСИКАНТАМИ

The article presents research results of 2015 - 2016 on the study of the effect of desiccants and timing of its application on oat sowing of Yakov variety on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the main products. Field experience was laid in the training and experimental field of JSC “Uchkhoz Iyulskoe IzhGSKhA”, laboratory studies were conducted at the inter-departmental analytical laboratory of Izhevsk SAU. It was found that spraying of oats of Yakov crops with Raundup, Basta and Reglon Super preparations in 3 days after the onset of the milk-dough-like grain state in 2015 and 6 days later in 2016 promotes an increase in the nitrogen content of grains. According to the content of phosphorus and potassium in the grain of oats, there are no differences in the variants of the experiment.