Nitrofurantoin In Urine Research Articles

A New Application Route of Nitrofurantoin: Preparation and Characterization of Novel Transdermal Formulations.

Nitrofurantoin is widely used in the prophylaxis of urinary-tract infections. The aim of this study was to develop and characterize innovative transdermal formulations of nitrofurantoin, to increase the patient compliance and decrease the adverse effects such as nausea and vomiting which limit the drug use in long-term. Nitrofurantoin loaded microemulsion, gel (hydrogel, lipogel and DMSO gel) and film formulations were prepared and characterized via several parameters. Ex-vivo drug permeation studies were performed to determine the amount of drug permeated through the rat skin. In in-vivo studies, in order to detect nitrofurantoin in urine, the selected formulations were applied to male Wistar rats transdermally. Also, skin irritation tests (transepidermal water loss and erythema) were performed. All nitrofurantoin loaded formulations were prepared successfully and were stable at +4°C for 3 months. 13%, 16%, 32.5%, 36.5% and 39% of drugs permeated through the rat skin in the 168th hour for hydrogel, lipogel, film, microemulsion and DMSO gel, respectively. Only with film and DMSO gel formulations, nitrofurantoin was detected in urine. Transepidermal water loss was increased compared to basal level in film type formulations (p<0.05). However, in erythema experiments there was no difference (p>0.05). There is no approved transdermal formulation of nitrofurantion on the market. Therefore, the prepared film formulations could be an alternative due to their high penetration through the rat skin, the presence of nitrofurantoin in urine and because they cause no irritation on the skin.

Determination of nitrofurantoin in urine by derivative spectroscopy

A simple procedure for the determination of nitrofurantoin in urine using second derivative spectroscopy is described. The method consists of direct extraction of the non-ionized form of the drug by the use of ethyl acetate, and determination of the nitrofurantoin concentration by measuring the amplitude of the second derivative peak. The method has a detection limit of 1.5 μg ml , with recovery of 99.3% and a standard curve that is linear to 50 μg ml .

High-performance liquid-chromatographic assay for nitrofurantoin in plasma and urine.

The high-performance liquid-chromatographic method described here for the quantitative analysis for nitrofurantoin in urine and plasma involves direct analysis of urine samples and analysis of plasma samples after protein precipitation by methanol. The assay, which requires only 0.2 ml of biological fluid and shows a linear relationship in the range 0.02 to 200 mg/liter, can be performed in 9 min and is reproducible (CV less than 2%). Results for nitrofurantoin so obtained correlate well with those obtained by the Hyamine 10-X spectrophotometric method (CV = 2%), but the present method is more sensitive. With no modification, the present procedure can also be used for nitrofurazone. The sensitivity, accuracy, and convenience of the method make it suitable for clinical monitoring and pharmacokinetic/bioavailability studies with 5-nitrofuran derivatives.

Determination of nitrofurantoin in urine by reduction at rotating platinum electrode.

The application of the reduction of nitrofurantoin at the rotating platinum electrode to the determination of the drug in the urine of clinical patients was evaluated and compared to a commonly used colorimetric method. The new electrochemical method was found to be faster and more efficient with precision and accuracy comparable to those of the colorimetric method.

An ultraviolet spectral and polarographic study of nitrofurantoin, a urinary-tract antibiotic.

Nitrofurantoin, a urinary-tract antibiotic, exists in four different forms over the pH range 0–14, corresponding to the divalent cation H3A2+, the monovalent cation H2A+, the neutral species HA and the monovalent anion A–, as investigated by means of ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The compound is polarographically reducible over the whole pH range, the nitro group being reduced to the hydroxylamine group in a 4e process and subsequently the amine being formed in a 2e process at a pH value below 5. The CN—N linkage is reduced by a mechanism involving reductive fission of the N—N bond. The best defined differential pulse polarographic waves for the reduction of the nitro group to hydroxylamine are obtained in the pH range 6–12.Experiments involving spiking of urine have been carried out and a method is suggested for the determination of nitrofurantoin in urine over the concentration range 2–24 µg ml–1.

A Method for Determining Nitrofurantoin in Urine in the Presence of Phenazopyridine Hydrochloride and Its Metabolites

Abstract The high urinary drug concentrations usually encountered after administering nitrofurantoin in the chemotherapy of urinary tract infections are often measured by the nitromethane—Hyamine method. We show here that, if the urinary tract analgesic, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, and its related metabolite(s) are in the urine, they interfere with this determination of nitrofurantoin. Nevertheless, the nitromethane—Hyamine method may be modified to determine nitrofurantoin quantitatively in urine collected from human subjects who have been treated with the analgesic and nitrofurantoin concomitantly.

The Specificity of the Nitromethane-Hyamine Procedure for the Determination of Nitrofurantoin in Urine

Abstract Data show that the presence of certain other antimicrobials in urine does not interfere with the determination of nitrofurantoin by the nitromethane-Hyamine procedure.

Erratum

Abstract In the paper "A New Method for the Determination of Nitrofurantoin in Urine" by ,J. D. Conklin and R. D. Hollifield in the October 1965 issue of the Journal, some of the matter concerning reagents was incorrect and incomplete. On page 925, under Reagents and Instrument, the fourth line should read: grade (Matheson Coleman & Bell, Cat. No. DX 1730); nitromethane, spectro quality reagent (Matheson Coleman & Bell, Cat. No. NX 613);...

A New Method for the Determination of Nitrofurantoin in Urine

Abstract Nitrofurantoin is presently used as an antibacterial agent for the urinary tract of both man and animals. A new, quantitative procedure for the determination of this drug in urine consists of direct extraction of the nonionized form of the drug by the use of nitromethane, addition of an alkaline reagent to the extract to produce a visible color, and determination of the nitrofurantoin concentration by spectrophotometry. The method has a sensitivity of 5 mg./L., with recoveries of 99-101% and a standard curve that is linear to 100 mg./L. Results indicate that the method measures nitrofurantoin alone, and not its metabolites, in rat, dog, and human urine.