Niosomal Gel Research Articles

Niosomal gel improves dermal delivery of nimbolide: a promising approach for treatment of psoriasis.

Aim: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder characterized by the excessive proliferation of keratinocytes, forming thickened skin plaques due to immune-mediated cytokine responses. Delivering drugs through this barrier to target inflamed tissues remains challenging. Nimbolide (NIM), known for its anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties, shows promise in managing psoriasis. However, its efficacy is limited by its inability to penetrate the thickened horny layer of the skin. To overcome this obstacle, we have developed Nim-loaded niosomal (Nio) formulations (NIM Nio) aimed at improving dermal delivery and achieving localized sustained release at psoriasis-affected sites.Methods: The formulation characteristics were assessed using Zeta sizer, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), and High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The optimized formulation was evaluated for anti-psoriatic potential compared to Nim alone by using molecular techniques such as Confocal Microscopy, Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and Western blotting.Results: NIM Nio showed effective penetration into psoriatic skin, resulting in reductions in keratinocyte hyperproliferation, oxidative stress, splenomegaly, inflammatory cytokines, Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI), and rete ridges compared to NIM alone.Conclusion: Our findings underscore the significant anti-proliferative, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties of NIM Nio in psoriasis, demonstrating its potential as a promising therapeutic option for this challenging condition.

Advancing Glaucoma Therapy by Exploring the Efficacy and Potential of Brimonidine Niosomal Gel

Glaucoma is a leading cause of permanent vision loss worldwide and is characterised by progressive optic neuropathy with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) as a major risk factor. Although successful, the current therapeutic strategies are often severely limited by their need for chronic dosing, systemic side effects and poor patient compliance. Brimonidine, an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor agonist which acts selectively, has been beneficial through its IOP-lowering effects by diminishing aqueous humor production and improving uveoscleral outflow. A novel medication delivery technology to enhance ocular bioavailability and extended drug release is brimonidine, formulated as a niosomal gel. The aim of this study is to highlight its clinical efficacy, formulation strategies and mechanism of action that significantly improved glaucoma therapy. Key studies illuminate its potential benefits in reducing dosing frequency, avoiding side effects and increasing patient compliance. Additional study and optimization required to scale-up manufacturing or ensure long-term stability. Possible future directions: combination medications and delivery systems personalized medicine possible future directions in the treatment of glaucoma might include combination medicines and personalized medicine techniques tailored to patient-specific needs. Brimonidine niosomal gel may be a new approach for glaucoma management and it can change the concept of intraocular drug delivery in the future.

FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF NIOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING ACYCLOVIR BY USING DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS

The current study aims to design, optimize, and assess the niosomal gel containing acyclovir for topical application. Compatibility analysis was carried out to assess potential interactions, using techniques such as FT-IR spectroscopy and DSC thermal analysis. The niosomal suspension was created, optimized, and assessed using a 32 - factorial design. The overlay plot indicates that the F3 formulation was optimized with a 300:20 tween 80 and cholesterol ratio. The improved niosomal solution has been introduced into a gel made of carbopol and thoroughly analyzed for pH, viscosity, spreadability, and in vitro drug release characteristics. The study results demonstrated that the niosomal gel formulation exhibited a sustained release of acyclovir over a 24-hour period. The drug release data was assessed, and the findings unveiled that the medication release from the gel formulation complies with Korsmeyer peppas model. The optimized formulation's stability was demonstrated at various temperatures. The present investigation suggested that the niosome gel formulation (F3) could be a promising vesicular approach for effectively administering acyclovir via topical application.

Transdermal Delivery System of Doxycycline-Loaded Niosomal Gels: Toward Enhancing Doxycycline Stability.

Doxycycline (DOX) is an antimicrobial agent that is susceptible to photosensitivity and thermal degradation. It addition, it causes gastrointestinal side effects when taken orally. Therefore, the development of alternative formulations is necessary to improve drug stability and promote patient compliance. The aim of the present study was to encapsulate DOX in niosomes as a nanocarrier to deliver DOX transdermally and enhance its stability in the formulation. DOX niosomes were prepared using nonionic surfactants, cholesterol, and dihexadecyl phosphate (DCP). After that, niosomes were characterized in terms of practical size (PS), zeta potential (ZP), morphology, and entrapment efficacy (EE%). DOX niosomal gels were then prepared using Carbopol and penetration enhancers (poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG 400) and propylene glycol (PG)). The flux of DOX from the optimized formula was 322.86 μg/cm2/h over 5 h, which equates to 71.2% of DOX. Furthermore, neither the DOX niosomal gel (D3) nor the comparable blank niosomal gel had a negative influence on human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. The findings of the antimicrobial effectiveness of DOX niosomes indicated that the niosomal formulation improved the antibacterial activity of DOX against E. coli. Permeation studies demonstrated significantly higher DOX permeation when the niosomal gel was applied to rat skin, compared to the conventional gel. Permeability parameters such as flux and the permeability coefficient increased more than 10-fold using the niosomal gels compared with those of conventional gels. In conclusion, a new niosomal gel formulation could serve as an effective alternative for the commercially available form of DOX.

Niosome-Based Hydrogel of Quince Extract: A Promising Strategy for Expedited Full-thickness Wound Healing in Rat.

The regeneration of tissue damage involves a series of molecular and cellular events that can be mediated by various natural compounds. Recent studies have highlighted the anti-inflammatory, anti-ulcer, and skin-protecting properties of Cydonia oblonga (Quince), which are mainly attributed to phenolic compounds. These compounds may have some drawbacks when targeting wound applications, including low bioavailability at the wound site. Moreover, to overcome these limitations, surfactant-based nanovesicular systems have been developed as carriers of such compounds for wound healing. This study aimed to highlight the possible therapeutic potential of niosome-based hydrogel from Quince extract to stabilize and deliver the related bioactive compounds to full-thickness wounds in rats. The niosomal hydrogel was prepared using a thin-film hydration method with the fruit extract (70% methanol). The formulation was optimized by evaluating size, zeta potential, dispersion index, and drug encapsulation efficiency. Full-thickness wounds were created on the dorsal cervical area of Wistar rats, and histopathological analysis of biopsy specimens was conducted on the 12th day of treatment. Under the study conditions, niosomal hydrogel displayed good physicochemical stability. Histopathological findings demonstrated that niosomal gel promoted angiogenesis, fibroblast maturation, collagen deposition, keratinization, and epidermal layer formation more effectively than control and hydrogel base. Furthermore, niosomal gel treatment markedly reduced inflammation. The total phenol concentration was determined to be 13.34 ± 0.90 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram of dried extract. The niosomal hydrogel containing C. oblonga extract shows potential as a novel approach for wound healing, warranting further investigation in this field.

Preparation and Characterization of Topical NIOSOMAL Gel for Acne Treatment

Preparation and Characterization of Topical NIOSOMAL Gel for Acne Treatment

Design and Evaluate Terbinafine Hydrochloride Loaded gel by using Modified Tamarind for Topical Drug Delivery

The principal objective of this study is to make and survey the properties of Gel containing terbinafine hydrochloride (TH) stacked niosomal gel by functionalized tamarind involving that might work as effective antifungal medication conveyance frameworks (DDS) for the helpful treatment of contagious contaminations by postponing the prescription delivery. Utilizing a characteristic direct functionalized polymer and the ethanol infusion strategy, niosomal gel was made (thionatinated and sulphonated tamarind). TH stacked niosomal scattering of size going from 100 to 627nm and percent ensnarement effectiveness of 63 to 87% were acquired. Both the factors for example length 60 and cholesterol impact the molecule size and EE (%). In-vitro discharge concentrates on completed in PBS (pH 5.5) for N4 and showcased cream displayed an arrival of 82.72% and 74.92% separately more than 24hr. The details of the Nanosponges were assessed for their rates of creation yield (PY), entanglement effectiveness (EE), and medication stacking (%DL). FTIR, DSC and PXRD studies uncovered that the greater part of the medication was scattered all through the niosomes. DSC and XRD concentrates on additionally shown that medication was in undefined state in the N4 cluster while unadulterated TH was in translucent state. FESEM, TEM and AFM pictures showed that niosomes had round shape with smooth surface. CLSM picture demonstrated the smooth and bilayer design of niosomes. 1%w/v TH (0.1%) stacked niosomal Sulphonated and thionated tamarindgel were ready and portrayed for consistency studies. The consistency of fake treatment Sulphonated and thionated tamarind and TH stacked niosomal gels with both were viewed as 20,500cps, 43,000cps, 10,300cps and 34,600cps respectively. It was apparent from the pH and spreadability boundaries that the fake treatment and TH stacked niosomal gels are viable for skin delivery.In-vitro discharge concentrates on did in PBS (pH 5.5) for THNTT gel, THNST gel and showcased cream wereshowed 74.92±0.98 %,99.07±1.03% and 101.02±0.87% discharge toward the finish of 24 hr respectively.Amount of medication held in skin after 24 hr was 47.68 for THNTT gel while for promoted gel, it was viewed as 27.67 showing THNTT has great skin maintenance properties than advertised cream (Texifen).CLSM investigation of Wistar rodent skin uncovered that niosomes were circulated all through skin with high fluorescence power which ready to help ex vivo skin penetration and maintenance result.No indications of disturbance were seen upon the utilization of fake treatment gel, N4 niosomal scattering, THNTT gel, and advertised cream of TH to the Wistar rodents skin ,affirming that pre-arranged N4 niosomal scattering as well as THNTT gel are liberated from irritation. In vitro antifungal movement study for THNTT gel and showcased cream were performed for both Aspergillusniger (ATCC 10578) and Candida albicans (CA14, clinical confine) and results showed that N4 gel would be advised to antifungal action in contrast with promoted cream.In vivo pharmacodynamic concentrates on showed that THNTT gel lessens parasitic weight or count more actually than advertised cream.

Niosome gels encapsulate green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) as an anti-acne-inducing bacterial and anti-inflammatory activity

This research aims to develop a niosome gel from green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) by maceration with an ethanol solvent. The result of the yield percentage was 14.35 ± 0.90. The result of analyzing the phytochemicals by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was that tannin and xanthone were equal to 0.7483 ± 0.0825 mg per 100 mg of extract and 0.02964 ± 0.0088 mg per 100 mg of extract, respectively. The results of the determination of the effect include anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) as anti-inflammatory with nitric oxide from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to a maximum equal to 29.10 ± 4.78% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1 as acetonide can inhibit nitric oxide equal to 33.12 ± 3.62% as a concentration at 1 mg mL–1. and anti-bacterial (Cutibacterium acnes) by broth microdilution and drop plate methods, it was found that clindamycin has a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and a minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of 0.08 μg mL–1 and 0.31 μg mL–1, respectively. The development of niosomes consisting of cholesterol, tween 60, and mangosteen peel extract at 1% w w–1 and 2% w w–1 in every formula showed good stability. The reduction of particle size in the formula by an ultrasonic bath at 30 minutes and measurement of particle size with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) were found to be equal to 1,265 and 123 – 219 nm, respectively. The polydispersity index (PDI) was in the range of 0.1 – 0.2, and the zeta potential value was in the range of –26.15 to –28.61 mV. The result of hydration and trans epidermal water loss (TEWL) was found to be that after 4 weeks of use, the formula containing the niosomes of mangosteen peel extract concentrated at 2% w w–1 maximizes skin moisture. It has a value of 346 ± 39.27 and has the least surface water loss. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT HIGHLIGHTS The green mangosteen peel extract (Garcinia mangostana L.) can inhibiting nitric oxide production from LPS-induced macrophage cells up to 29.10 ± 4.78% at a concentration of 1 mg ml-1, the lowest inhibitory (MIC) and kill (MBC) concentration of C. acnes bacteria less than 0.24 mg ml-1. The particle size of niosomes encapsulate extracts before reducing particle size equal to 1,265 nm. and after reducing particle size in the range of 123 - 219 nm. The skin hydration value after using product for 4 weeks as niosome gel encapsulate extract 2%w w-1 of extract was maximum moisture and minimal water loss.

Preparation and Evaluation of Niosomal Gel Loaded With Combination of Isotretinion and Clindamycin

The objective of the present study was to formulate topical niosomal gel loaded with combination of Isotretinion and Clindamycin for the beneficial of acne patients, to provide sustained release effects, to prevent their side effects. First generation topicals retinoids (Isotretinion) and antibacterials (Clindamycin) target comedones, Propionibacterium acnes or inflammation. The combination of Isotretinion and Clindamycin is reported to treat almost all type of acne and have potential to increase both efficacies, patient adherence as compared to single agent treatment. Purpose of this study was to develop a stable formulation that allows progressive follicle penetration and increased efficacy. Preformulation studies such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, solubility, partition coefficient (log P) were performed for both drugs. The niosomal combination of both drugs was incorporated into the carbopol gel. The pH and viscosity of gel was performed.

Formulation and Evaluation of Transdermal Niosomal Gel for Antihyperlipidemic Agent

Aims:: The current study aims to create a formulation of Fluvastatin sodium (FVS) loaded niosome for the treatment of antihyperlipidemia using thin film hydration. The developed formulations were statistically optimized by two factors, three levels by 3-level factorial design and were evaluated for vesicle size, entrapment efficiency, zeta potential, transmission electron microscopy, and in-vitro drug release. Methods:: The optimized FVS niosome being transformed to gel formulation was likewise analyzed for in-vitro skin permeability study, lipase action, and stability study. Results:: The composition of an improved FVS niosome revealed vesicle size, entrapment effectiveness, zeta potential of 105.3 ± 12.4nm, 74.5 ± 0.86% and -36.2 ± 7mV, respectively, with spherical morphology. Conclusion:: The FVS Niosomal gel demonstrated improved skin permeation compared to Orlistat. Furthermore, lipase activity showed better activity when compared with standard Orlistat drugs. Niosomal particles were discovered as a reliable nanovesicular carrier for the transdermal administration of FVS.

Nanocarrier‐embedded gels: Precision drug delivery via liposomal and niosomal platforms

AbstractRecent research in drug delivery has significantly advanced our knowledge of liposome and niosome‐based gels, contributing to the dynamic landscape of pharmaceutical advancements. The incorporation of these vesicular carriers into gel formulations enhanced stability, while prolonging shelf‐life and improving the bioavailability of encapsulated molecules. The synergy between liposomes/niosomes and gel matrices, facilitated by a robust gel structure, provided a protective environment, ensuring sustained drug release and prolonged stability. Liposome‐based gels proved to be versatile carriers for various therapeutic applications, demonstrating efficiency in solubilizing poorly soluble drugs and acting as potent penetration enhancers for optimal skin delivery. Today, the incorporation of liposomes in gels serves as local depots, thus being a fundamental condition for sustained and controlled drug release to optimize patient's outcomes. Insights into niosome‐based gels reveal their potential in overcoming conventional drug delivery challenges, positioning them as promising platforms for controlled and targeted drug release due to enhanced stability. Recent investigations highlight the adaptability of niosomal gels in encapsulating both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, ensuring superior stability and sustained release. The tunable properties of niosomal gels also contributed to optimize bioadhesion and permeation across biological membranes. The primary objective of this work is to present the cutting‐edge findings in liposome and niosome‐based gel research, highlighting their path in modern drug delivery. These innovative solutions offer more efficient and targeted therapeutic interventions, addressing the ever‐evolving landscape of medicine.

Formulation and Evaluation of Niosomal gel using Tretinoin and Clindamycin combination

The objective of the present study was to formulate topical Niosomal gel loaded with combination of Tretinoin, also known as all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), and Clindamycin for the beneficial of acne patients, to provide sustained release effects, to prevent their side effects. Purpose of this study was to develop a stable formulation that allows progressive follicle penetration and increased efficacy. Niosomes was prepared by ether injection method. Preformulation studies such as melting point, FTIR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, solubility, partition coefficient (log P) were performed for both drugs. In preformulation study, FTIR spectrum reveals that drugs were in pure state. Combination of Tretinoin and clindamycin reveal better therapeutic efficacy and patient compliance as compared to individual agent. From the research findings, it can be concluded that Tretinoin as well as Clindamycin hydrochloride was successfully integrated into niosomal gel by ether injection method for topical application in the treatment of acne.
 Keywords: Niosomes; Tretinoin (ALL TRANS RETINOIC ACID); Clindamycin; Carbopol gel; Acne; Ether injection method.

Formulation and Optimization of Intra Nasal Niosomal Gel of Kynurenic Acid: In Vitro in Vivo Characterization

Kynurenic acid's (KNA) inability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) severely limits its usage as a neuroprotective drug, despite the fact that it may have significant therapeutic effects in neurological illnesses. Drug delivery devices are one of the new avenues we're exploring as a means for KNA to enter the brain. Due to its low absorption when taken orally, medication formulation faces a significant hurdle. Here, nasal drug delivery has emerged as a popular alternate method for increasing medication bioavailability. In light of this, the current investigation set out to increase KNA bioavailability by means of an intranasal formulation based on niosomal technology. Rapid onset and evasion of first-pass metabolism are both offered by the nasal route, whereas niosomes protect hydrophilic medicines inside their core. For the purpose of determining entrapment efficiency, particle size, and in vitro drug release, niosomes were synthesized by combining lipid, nonionic surfactant, and cholesterol in distinct ratios. With a vesicle size of 248.51±1.54nm, the optimized niosomal formulation demonstrated a superior drug content (DC) of 98216±0.11% and an entrapment efficiency (EE) of 89.23±0.35. The formulation also contained cholesterol in an equal proportion (1:1). A value of 24 minutes was shown in the in vitro drug diffusion testing, indicating that the formulation exhibited prolonged activity. Gelation occurred at 37 ⁰C, which is the body's physiological temperature, and the optimum in situ gel, which contained 1:2 carbopol 934 and benzalkonium chloride, had a t90 value of 24 hours, indicating prolonged activity. In comparison to KNA oral suspension, the results showed that the KNA-loaded niosomal gel had a much higher relative bioavailability and improved drug penetration through the nasal mucosa

A Review on Formulation Aspects of Niosomal Gel of Ellagic Acid using Natural Penetration Enhancers

Ellagic acid, a polyphenolic compound present in fruits and berries, with wide spectrum of therapeutic and prophylactic activities. It has wide spectrum of therapeutic, prophylactic and nutritional activities. It is traditionally being used for cosmetic and therapeutic purposes for treating hyperpigmentation, skin cancer and many other skin ailments. Unfortunately Ellagic acid suffers from disadvantages of poor solubility, stability, bioavailability, first pass effect and inter subject variability in gut metabolism. This put serious limit over its use as a therapeutic agent. Recently a focus is being made on improving EA delivery to the site of action using various novel drug delivery systems. Presenting EA topically in vesicular drug delivery as niosomes using natural penetration enhancer as almond oil or olive oil can improve its water solubility and transdermal penetration. It was also learned during literature survey that niosomes act as a good delivery system for hydrophobic drug and serve to increase their dermal penetration. Niosomal gel increases formulation stability and offer to increase drug penetration further and achieve controlled release drug delivery. Literature survey revealed that essential oils as olive, almond or mustard oil act as good natural penetration enhancer for drug in trasndermal gel formulation.

PREFORMULATION STUDIES OF NIOSOMAL GEL CONTAINING DIPIVEFRIN HYDROCHLORIDE FOR ANTIGLAUCOMATIC ACTIVITY

Objective: The present study was focused on developing and characterizing niosomal gel formulations for ocular controlled delivery of an adrenergic agonist; dipivefrin HCl. In the present study, the pre-formulation studies are showed towards the development of Novel formulation. Methods: Preformulation studies of drug were carried out for identification (physical appearance, melting point and UV spectrophotometric analysis), solubility profile, lipophilicity (Partition Coefficient), compatibility studies by FTIR and thermal behavior by DSC. Results: The melting point of dipivefrin HCl was found to be 147.6±3 °C. The log P value was found to be 3.14±0.02, from which it can be interpreted that drug is highly lipophilic in nature. The scanned λmax were found to be 254 nm. No significant changes were found when FTIR spectra of the physical mixture compared with FTIR spectra of pure drug and excipients. This indicates absence of any possible interaction between the drug and excipients which confirms the identity and purity of drug. DSC thermogram of pure drug showed a sharp exothermic peak at 131.202 °C (area=1726.267 mJ, delta H=575.422 J/g), indicating the crystal melting point of the drug. Conclusion: These results suggest that the dipivefrin HCl serve as suitable candidate for ocular drug delivery system.

Formulation and In Vitro Evaluation of Niosomal Gel for The Topical Administration of Losartan Potassium

This study aims to develop and test a topical drug delivery system for antihypertensive activity using Losartan potassium-loaded niosomes. The niosomes were created using the traditional ether injection approach, with four formulations made using cholesterol as the lipid and varying quantities of surfactants such as span 80 and span 60. The different formulations underwent testing for FTIR, particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release. FTIR analysis revealed that the medication was incompatible with excipients. The study concludes by highlighting current obstacles and future possibilities for the development of niosomes as effective vehicles. Overall, this analysis provides insight into the potential of niosomes in medication delivery and encourages further research in this field.
 Keywords: Losartan potassium, Antihypertensive, Niosomes, Tween 80 and Span 20

Olmesartan Medoxomil-Loaded Niosomal Gel for Buccal Delivery: Formulation, Optimization, and Ex Vivo Studies.

Olmesartan medoxomil (OLM) is a low bioavailability antihypertensive drug. This study aimed to prepare and optimize an OLM niosomal gel and investigate drug permeation via a chicken buccal pouch. OLM-loaded niosome were prepared using a film hydration technique. The vesicle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, and percentage cumulative drug release of niosome were evaluated. The niosomes were incorporated into a Carbopol 974P (1.5% w/v) gel, and the drug permeability of the niosomal gel was evaluated. The formulations of the niosomal gel were optimized using the Box-Behnken design. The optimized formulation was further characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier transform infrared radiation analysis. The particle size and zeta potential of the optimized niosomal formulations were 296.4 nm and -38.4 mV, respectively. Based on TEM analysis, the niosomes were found to be spherical in shape. The permeability, flux, and permeability coefficient of the optimized niosomal gel were 0.507 mg/cm2, 0.083 mg/cm2 × hour, and 041 cm/hour, respectively. Histopathological evaluation revealed that the niosomal gel had better permeability than the OLM gel. Based on the results of the OLM niosomal gel, it can be concluded that the formulation can be beneficial in increasing bioavailability, resulting in better therapeutic efficacy.

Formulation Development and Characterization of Leonotis nepetaefolia Extract Niosomal Gel for Anti-inflammatory Activity

Inflammation is caused when the microorganism enters in our body and settles at specific tissue or sometimes may circulate into the bloodstream. Leonotis nepetaefolia (LN) flower extract contains various phytochemicals out of which saponins and flavonoids are main constituents. As such the phytochemicals have less permeability in the skin, therefore to enhance them these are loaded in niosomes. In the present work, the extract obtained from flowers of LN was taken to develop niosomal gel. The prepared niosomal gel was evaluated for to determine particle size, EE and zeta potential. Also, the anti-inflammatory activity was reported in the present paper. The study indicates that the niosomal gel possesses significant anti-inflammatory activity.

Green Preparation, Characterization, Wound Healing Assessment, and Histopathological Evaluation of Vitamin A Encapsulated in Niosome and Solid Lipid Nanoparticle

Background: The purpose of the current work was to manufacture vitamin A (Vit A) niosome and solid lipid nanoparticle (SLN) using an ultrasonic approach and to evaluate its effect on wound healing. Methods: The nanoparticles were prepared through an ultrasonication technique and characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Further, the nanoparticles were evaluated for their various parameters such as pH, viscosity, spreadability, stability, in-vitro drug release study, in-vitro cytotoxicity, and in-vivo wound healing. Results: TEM confirmed the spherical nature of the Vit A-niosome and SLN. The Vit A formulations (niosome and SLN) were stable in the accelerated stability test (freeze-thaw cycle). Vit A release from the SLN gel and niosome gel was significantly higher (almost 70 and 80%, respectively) than simple Vit A gel. According to the animal study, the wound healing closure in the Vit A niosomal gel and Vit A SLN gel was greater than the other groups during the 21 days after surgery (P < 0.05) and was close to each other over time and on day 21. Based on histological data, wounds treated with Vit A niosome gel and Vit A-SLN gel had more collagen than the other groups. MDA malondialdehyde (MDA, an end-product of lipid peroxidation) significantly decreased in the Vit A-niosome and Vit A-SLN gel group after 21 days, while glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD, an endogenous antioxidant), and hydroxyproline levels demonstrated an increase. Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that the prepared Vit A nano-formulations could be used as a possible and safe nano-vesicle for Vit A cutaneous delivery thus potentially opening up new prospects for the treatment of wound disorders.

Development of Niosomal Vesicles Loaded Mometasone Furoate Gel for Transdermal Delivery and its Evaluation.

Mometasone Furoate (MF) is a corticosteroid (glucocorticoid) used to treat eczema, psoriasis, allergies, and rash on the skin; also used to reduce itching, redness, and swelling (inflammation). It has been reported that the bioavailability of MF is less than 11% when given via the nasal route. Encapsulating the drug in niosomes can improve the active pharmaceutical ingredient's bioavailability by enhancing both physical and biological stability. The goal of the study is to develop, a non-ionic surfactant-based vesicular system, by loading mometasone furoate, and introducing it into a gel-based formulation by utilizing an appropriate gelling agent, and performing its evaluation. The niosome vesicle was prepared by vacuum rotary evaporation method (Thin film hydration method). Gel was prepared using the dispersion method and in-vitro drug diffusion studies using Franz-diffusion cells. According to the results of the experiments conducted for the study, Mometasone Furoate niosomal gel was prepared utilizing Mometasone Furoate niosomes that were made using the thin film hydration process, Cholesterol, and Span 60, and loaded in various amounts of Carbopol as a geling agent. The niosomes' zeta potential was found to be -24 mV, showing that the formulation is stable. The polydispersity index (PDI) was found to be 0.409 and the average size of niosomes to be 252.7 nm. The performance of the gel of the optimized formulations containing 2% Carbopol showed in vitro diffusion for 7 hours and an increased flux rate as compared to the plain MF. The experiments carried out during the study led to the conclusion that the thin-film hydration method was suitable for the formation of the MF-niosomes by using Span 60 and Cholesterol (2:1). The gel formulation containing 2% Carbopol indicated better in vitro diffusion following the Higuchi model across all niosomal gel formulations. Niosomal gel can be regarded as the best vesicular carrier for the efficient distribution of mometasone furoate via the transdermal route.