Ninh Thuan Research Articles

Bleaching of coral in Nha Trang, Ninh Thuan, Con Dao and Phu Quoc islands in June–July 2019

The studies on coral bleaching were conducted at 21 sites of 4 reef areas in Southern Vietnam, using point transect technique in June–July 2019. Cover of hard corals in the selected sites was quite high with the average values of 65.6 ± 18% % in Con Dao islands, 58.7 ± 26.2% in Ninh Thuan coastal waters, 55.9 ± 17.8% in Phu Quoc island but lower in Nha Trang bay (22.8 ± 15.9%). Soft corals were not abundant with the highest cover in Nha Trang bay (4.73 ± 5.5%) and the lowest in Ninh Thuan (0.16 ± 0.3%). Hard corals were most impacted in Nha Trang bay with 39.5 ± 8.1% bleached, followed by Ninh Thuan reefs (32.9 ± 13.3%), Con Dao Islands (25.0 ± 11.1%) and least affected in Phu Quoc island (7.3 ± 9.05%). For soft corals, ratios of bleached corals were 79.4%, 65.8% and 23.8% in Con Dao islands, Nha Trang bay and Ninh Thuan reefs respectively. No bleached soft coral was recorded in Phu Quoc. At the genus level, Acropora corals were severely affected in Nha Trang bay, Ninh Thuan reefs and Phu Quoc island but not impacted in Con Dao islands. The Porites, Montipora, Millepora genera were quite vulnerable in all sites but no bleaching was observed for Galaxea and Diploastrea genera.

Fluctuations of wind and temperature fields in Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan waters and its possible relationship with coral bleaching

Temperature and wind on the sea surface are factors affecting the development of coral reefs in the seawaters. The research results show that the warming of sea water under the condition of weak wind field is considered a major threat to the bleaching of coral reefs in the sea areas of the Ninh Thuan - Binh Thuan provinces.

Coral reef fishes in the coastal waters of Ninh Thuan province

This study was conducted to evaluate the species composition and distribution of coral reef fish communities at 24 sites in three areas Ninh Hai, Phuoc Dinh, and Ca Na in Ninh Thuan province from 2018 to 2019. A total of 301 species belonging to 131 genera and 49 families of coral reef fishes were recorded. Among them, the wrasse (Labridae: 55 species), the damselfish (Pomacentridae: 46 species) and the butterflyfish (Chaetodontidae: 26 species) occupy the three highest proportion. The average density of coral reef fish in coastal waters of Ninh Thuan province is 106.8 ± 23.4 individuals/100 m2, most of them are small sized fish and ornamental fish groups. Ninh Hai has a higher species richness and density than other areas. Meanwhile, Ca Na and Phuoc Dinh have the two highest densities of the large sized fish and food target fish groups. This research also points out the impact of monsoon on the density and distribution of coral reef fish, in which Ninh Hai is most affected.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERISTICS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF SULFATED POLYSACCHARIDE FROM RED ALGAE BETAPHYCUS GELATINUS

In this paper, sulfated polysaccharides were extracted from red algae Betaphycus gelatinus species collected at Ninh Thuan sea by using several extraction methods. The structural characteristics of sulfated polysaccharides was investigated by IR and NMR methods. The results indicated that polysaccharide from Betaphycus gelatinus identified as hybrid carrageenan, mainly composed of β-carrageenan, κ-carrageenan and g-carrageenan. Biological activity evaluation showed that the sulfated polysaccharides possessed antioxidant activity with different levels.

ベトナムの木造建築と大工道具－ハナム省・トゥアティエンフエ省・ニントゥアン省における調査報告－

ベトナムの木造建築と大工道具－ハナム省・トゥアティエンフエ省・ニントゥアン省における調査報告－

Cryptophyllium, the hidden leaf insects - descriptions of a new leaf insect genus and thirteen species from the former celebicum species group (Phasmatodea, Phylliidae).

While the leaf insects (Phylliidae) are a well-supported group within Phasmatodea, the genus Phyllium Illiger, 1798 has repeatedly been recovered as paraphyletic. Here, the Phyllium (Phyllium) celebicum species group is reviewed and its distinctiveness from the remaining Phylliini genera and subgenera in a phylogenetic context based on morphological review and a phylogenetic analysis of three genes (nuclear gene 28S and mitochondrial genes COI and 16S) from most known and multiple undescribed species is shown. A new genus, Cryptophylliumgen. nov., is erected to partially accommodate the former members of the celebicum species group. Two species, PhylliumericoriaiHennemann et al., 2009 and Phylliumbonifacioi Lit & Eusebio, 2014 morphologically and molecularly do not fall within this clade and are therefore left within Phyllium (Phyllium). The transfer of the remaining celebicum group members from Phyllium Illiger, 1798 to this new genus creates the following new combinations; Cryptophylliumathanysus (Westwood, 1859), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumcelebicum (de Haan, 1842), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumchrisangi (Seow-Choen, 2017), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumdrunganum (Yang, 1995), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumoyae (Cumming & Le Tirant, 2020), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumparum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumrarum (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumtibetense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumwestwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov.; Cryptophylliumyapicum (Cumming & Teemsma, 2018), comb. nov.; and Cryptophylliumyunnanense (Liu, 1993), comb. nov.The review of specimens belonging to this clade also revealed 13 undescribed species, which are described within as: Cryptophylliumanimatumgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Nam Province; Cryptophylliumbankoigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai, Thua Thien Hue, Da Nang, Gia Lai, Quang Nam, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophylliumbollensigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophylliumdaparogen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province; Cryptophylliumechidnagen. et sp. nov. from Indonesia: Wangi-wangi Island; Cryptophylliumfaulknerigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Quang Ngai and Lam Dong Provinces; Cryptophylliumicarusgen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong and Dak Lak Provinces; Cryptophylliumkhmergen. et sp. nov. from Cambodia: Koh Kong and Siem Reap Provinces; Cryptophylliumlimogesigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Lam Dong, Dak Lak, and Dak Nong Provinces; Cryptophylliumliyananaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Guangxi Province; Cryptophylliumnuichuaensegen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Ninh Thuan Province; Cryptophylliumphamigen. et sp. nov. from Vietnam: Dong Nai and Ninh Thuan Provinces; and Cryptophylliumwennaegen. et sp. nov. from China: Yunnan Province. All newly described species are morphologically described, illustrated, and molecularly compared to congenerics.With the molecular results revealing cryptic taxa, it was found necessary for Cryptophylliumwestwoodii (Wood-Mason, 1875), comb. nov. to have a neotype specimen designated to allow accurate differentiation from congenerics. To conclude, male and female dichotomous keys to species for the Cryptophylliumgen. nov. are presented.

<p><strong><em>Typhonium phuocbinhense sp. nov.</em> (Araceae: Areae), a new species from central Vietnam</strong></p>

Typhonium phuocbinhense has been described as a new species from central Vietnam. The plant grows on sand-soil in the gaps of rocks and the banks of stream line in the Phuoc Binh National Park of Ninh Thuan Province. The species is different from all other species in the genus. It is closest to T. varians from Thailand but differs from this species by having leaves not variegated, spathe tube brown and spathe lamina much narrower and staminodes folded 180o at apex. Beside that the species key of Typhonium in Vietnam and the species information of distribution, ecology, habitat and conservation are also introduced.

Geomorphosites of Nui Chua National Park, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Geomorphosites of Nui Chua National Park, Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

Analysis of Trends in Drought with the Non-Parametric Approach in Vietnam: A Case Study in Ninh Thuan Province

A quantitative study was used in the study of the tendency to change drought indicators in Vietnam through the Ninh Thuan province case study. The research data are temperature and precipitation data of 11 stations from 1986 to 2016 inside and outside Ninh Thuan province. To do the research, the author uses a non-parametric analysis method and the drought index calculation method. Specifically, with the non-parametric method, the author uses the analysis, Mann-Kendall (MK) and Theil-Sen (Sen’s slope), and to analyze drought, the author uses the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Moisture Index (MI). Two Softwares calculated in this study are ProUCL 5.1 and MAKENSEN 1.0 by the US Environmental Protection Agency and Finnish Meteorological Institute. The calculation results show that meteorological drought will decrease in the future with areas such as Phan Rang, Song Pha, Quan The, Ba Thap tend to increase very clearly, while Tam My and Nhi Ha tend to increase very clearly short. With the agricultural drought, the average MI results increased 0.013 per year, of which Song Pha station tended to increase the highest with 0.03 per year and lower with Nhi Ha with 0.001 per year. The forecast results also show that by the end of the 21st century, the SPI tends to decrease with SPI 1 being −0.68, SPI 3 being −0.40, SPI 6 being −0.25, SPI 12 is 0.42. Along with that is the forecast that the MI index will increase 0.013 per year to 2035, the MI index is 0.93, in 2050 it is 1.13, in 2075 it will be 1.46, and by 2100 it is 1.79. Research results will be used in policymaking, environmental resources management agencies, and researchers to develop and study solutions to adapt and mitigate drought in the context of variable climate change.

Preliminary test and antioxidant activity of the Coptosapelta flavescens Korth’s root extract

The purpose of this study was to examine the phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of Coptosapelta flavescens Korth root extract obtained from various places. Phytochemical screening, antioxidant activity testing using DPPH radical reduction, color reaction (ABTS), iron reduction (FRAP), reduction capacity technique (RP), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The phytochemical tests revealed that C. flavescens water and ethanol extract included alkaloids, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and flavonoids. The antioxidant activity results revealed that raw material samples gathered directly in the wild in Ninh Son district (Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam) were more effective than those purchased at the local market with EC50 times value. DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, RP, and TAC techniques yielded 56.02 µg/ml, 54.12 µg/ml, 15.9 µg/ml, 44.85 µg/ml, and 110.94 µg/ml, respectively. The antioxidant impact of raw material samples obtained in Bac Ai district (Ninh Son province, Vietnam) was lower but overall better than that of samples gathered at the local market.

Effects of adapted language materials in teaching listening on improving students’ English listening skill

So far the students of Le Hong Phong Junior High School, Phan Rang - Thap Cham City, Ninh Thuan province have been taught listening comprehension with textbook-based language materials which are too obsolete. Therefore, the students are often fed up with listening lessons; thus, their listening skill fails to improve after studying listening with textbooks for many years. Stimulated by this reality, the current study was carried out to investigate the effects of the adaptation of language materials in teaching listening on students' achievement of listening skill development. To obtain the above target, a conceptual framework of teaching listening with adapted language materials was developed. This framework was based on the theories of teaching listening and the implementation of language materials adaptation in listening skill instruction. Following the shaped conceptual framework, a training program with six listening lessons within the prescribed curriculum of ``Tiếng Anh 8'' by the MoET was conducted. The treatment lasted nearly four months from the middle of August 2018 to the end of November 2018 at Le Hong Phong Junior High School, Phan Rang - Thap Cham City, Ninh Thuan province. The results of the current study have shown that after the treatment of listening instruction with adapted language materials, students' achievement was proved to be significant in improving their listening skill. Also, teaching listening with adapted language materials got positive attitudes from the students. That is to say, adapted language materials were effective in improving students' listening skill development. Also, all the adapted listening texts and follow-up tasks highly met students' satisfaction. Accordingly, two major conclusions could be withdrawn from the findings that language materials adaptation was effective in (1) improving the students' listening skill, and (2) enhancing their interest in the listening lessons.

Researching trends of rainfall change in Ninh Thuan in the context of climate change by the non-parametric method

The purpose of this study is to analyze the trend of precipitation change in Ninh Thuan province in the context of Climate Change. In this study, the authors used precipitation data at rain gauges with a minimum duration of 24 years and a maximum of 36 years. The main method was used in this study is the non-parametric method, namely Mann-Kendall analysis and the Theil-Sen slope. The research was conducted under the support of ProULC 5.1 and MAKESEN 1.0 software. The results showed that annual rainfall in Ninh Thuan province tended to increase in the time series of observation. Specifically, the downward trend of rainfall was mainly in March and increased from July to November. Along with that, through the index regarding the trend of increase and decrease of rainfall, the study also showed a prediction of the trend of increasing rainfall for the area. Forecast results of 2035 rainfall in Ninh Thuan the highest the increase is expected 7.7% and in 2050 is 13.8%. The study results have reflected the actual situation of rainfall change in the context of climate change with the stations having statistical significance (p <0.05). The research results are the basis for Ninh Thuan province to develop solutions to adapt and mitigate climate change in the fields of Socio-Economic life.

On The Establishment of the National Renewable Energy Center in Vietnam: a Technological and Economic Study of the Potential of Renewable Energy Sources

Currently, the structure of Vietnam‘s energy sources is changing, with renewable energy sources starting to play an increasing role in meeting the electricity demand and reducing greenhouse gas emissions from fossil energy sources. Vietnam's energy development strategy suggests building some renewable energy centers, of which Ninh Thuan is the first province to become the national renewable energy center. This is because of Ninh Thuan’s endowment as a province having the highest renewable energy potential in Vietnam. The development of a large renewable energy center allows power system planners to overcome the mismatch in timescales associated with expanding transmission power grid and renewable energy generation. Besides, the renewable energy center can facilitate large-scale renewable energy and storage projects. The province of Ninh Thuan, however, is located far from the main load centers of Vietnam, which is why the economic indicators need to be calculated and analyzed. This paper presents the results of an analysis of economic indicators of major renewable electricity sources in Ninh Thuan (onshore wind power, offshore wind power, and solar power) to provide scientific arguments for developing a renewable energy center in Vietnam.

Geological characteristics of potential geoparks in the South central of Viet Nam

The coast of South Central Vietnam from Danang city to Binh Thuan province is about 1200 km long, distributing many geological and geomorphic heritages of high scientific values, including representativeness, integrity and rarity, deserving to build a national geopark such as: i) Ly Son volcanic island geopark is formed up of volcanic materials mainly explosive in the late Holocene age; ii) Phu Yen coastal geopark possessed geological and geomorphic diversity with the presence of ancient Pre-Cambrian rocks; iii) Red Sand Plateau and Rocky Coast Ninh Thuan- Binh Thuan geopark has shaped by intrusive and extrusive igneous rock tips and characterized by majestic red sand plateau. The three geological parks will be established as a legal basis for the conservation of geological and geomorphological heritage for the research, education and local economic development.

Pliocene - present tectonics and strain rate in Ninh Thuan region and surrounding continental shelf

In this paper, we present detail data of Pliocene - present tectonics and strain rate from GPS measurement and seismic interpretation. Using international reference frame ITRF08, we revealed absolute tectonic velocities of GPS sites with the slip rate to the east between 22 to 25 mm/year, to the south between 4 to 8 mm/year. The present strain rate was determined from present tectonic velocities that were consistent with the recent strain rates determined from seismic profiles, thickness of Pliocene - Quaternary sediments. Present day strain rate varying from 10 to 30 nano per year indicated that the region has been deformed weakly, in a stable tectonic regime.

Design and Fabrication the Smart Irrigation Technology Using Soil Moisture Sensor System for Vine in Ninh Thuan, Vietnam

Vietnam’s agricultural production depends heavily on natural conditions such as land, weather and irrigation water. Due to the impacts of climate change, the Central Highlands and the South-Central Coast region, Vietnam often suffer from prolonged drought conditions, wilting many crops such as coffee, apple grapes, pepper causing damage big socio-economy, affecting people’s lives. According to the survey results of the Central Highlands Agriculture and Forestry Science Institute (WASI), over 73% of farmers irrigate water for crops, wasting water resources and increasing production costs. Therefore, the research for advanced irrigation technology, can determine the appropriate amount of irrigation water, at the right time for each type of crop, thereby saving the maximum amount of irrigation water but still ensuring productivity and capacity increase. In this study, we will develop methods, models and designs smart, economical irrigation systems using humidity sensors to regulate the amount of irrigation water sufficiently and at the right time by solar energy. We have designed a soil moisture sensor system using wireless sensor networks technology for remote control for watering enough and at the right time to supply crops. The Soil Moisture Sensor (Soil Moisture Sensor with accuracy: 0 ∼ 50% (m3/m3) within ± 4% of working voltage: DC 3 - 5V. Average current <10 mA) with forecast time is about 1 ∼ 60 minutes/time and operation time without solar power > 16 hours. Moreover, we have built a process of smart watering technology based on the Soil Moisture Sensor system and remote control for vine in Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam for the Vine farm 1000 m2. The system has been tested in reality in vine research area in Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam for the Vine farm with 1000 m2. The system includes automatic sensors connected to the central controller and the pump is simplified by buttons on the electrical cabinet or on the phone application, making it convenient for the farmer to operate and apply.

Essential oil from Amomum Longiligulare T.L. Wu cultivated in Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam

Amomum Longiligulare T.L. Wu fruit (A. Longiligulare) is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat indigestion, cough and abdominal pain. In addition, it can create a nice refreshing effect in the mouth and tends to reduce body weight. In this research, A. Longiligulare fruit essential oil was successfully extracted by the hydrodistillation method. A. Longiligulare from Ninh Thuan province in Vietnam gave high extraction yield, which was about 4.6 ml/100g on weight dried basis. The optimum condition for hydrodistitllation without immersing A. Longiligulare powder at particle size smaller than 1 mm, at 1/8 material-water ratio, at water flow rate 2.7 g/min after 3 h distillation. Significantly, the high concentration of D-Camphor (46.714 %) and Bornyl acetate (31.809 %) were detected in essential oil from Ninh Thuan’s A. Longiligulare.

The impact of hepatitis B vaccination program in central Vietnam; evaluation by population-based, cross-sectional seroprevalence survey of HBsAg

Background: Vietnam is considered hyperendemic for hepatitis B and universal immunization for hepatitis B among infants has been implemented since 2003. To implement better disease control policies, effective impact evaluation of the vaccination program is warranted. Methods and materials: We conducted a stratified, multistage, cluster sampling survey of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity among people aged 1–39 years old. Participants were randomly selected from the 4 provinces (Khanh Hoa, Ninh Thuan, Binh Dinh, Quang Ngai) in the central area of Vietnam via probability proportionate to size sampling. A face-to-face questionnaires and HBsAg rapid tests were administrated. Results: A total of 2078 participants were included into the study. The seroprevalence of HBsAg by age group for every 5years old was estimated as shown on the table below.Tabled 1agenHBsAg(+)95%CI1–42661.50%0.32–2.985–93663.01%1.25–4.7610–142981.01%0.00–2.1515–192493.61%1.28–5.9520–2416710.18%5.55–14.8125–292227.21%3.78–10.6430–3425211.11%7.20–15.0235–392589.30%5.73–12.87 Open table in a new tab In Vietnam, hepatitis vaccine was introduced in 1997 and was expanded nationwide in 2002. A birth dose was added to the immunization schedule in 2003. The decline in the prevalence of HBsAg in younger age groups may be attributed to the immunization program. However, the administrative birth dose coverage of Hepatitis B vaccine became temporally low after media reports of adverse events following immunization in 2007. High prevalence of HBsAg of HBsAg between the age of 5 and 9 in this area may be due to the low coverage of birth dose. Conclusion: Population based seroprevalence survey is able to provide valuable information to assess the effectiveness of previous vaccination and formulate future immunization policy. The survey with rapid field test is feasible and affordable way which can be applied in resource limited settings.

Phytochemical screening and antioxidant potential of crude drug “Cao Khai” in Ninh Thuan Province, Vietnam

For a long time, the ethnic minorities in Ninh Thuan province, Vietnam have mixed Coptosapelta tomentosa Rubiaceae with other types of medicinal herbs to create an esoteric remedy called “Cao Khai”. This study had provided scientific evidence on phytochemical screening and antioxidant potentials of diethyl ether, ethanol and aqueous extracts of “Cao Khai”. Phytochemical screening of crude “Cao Khai” extracts showed the presence of mutiple components such as saponins, flavonoids, volatile oils, triterpenoids, organic acids, anthraquinon, coumarin, reducing compounds and polyuronid. The polyphenols and flavonoids content were determined using gallic acid and quercetin as a standard, respectively. 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′–azino–bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were used to measure free radical scavenging capacity. Results have shown that the total polyphenol and flavonoids content achieved 49.67 ± 0.35 µgGAE/mg and 5.49 ± 0.84 μgQE/mg, respectively. “Cao Khai” had low IC50 values of 126.06 ± 1.33 µg/mL (DPPH) and 35.4 ± 0.74 µg/mL (ABTS), which indicated that the crude drug “Cao Khai” illustrated significant free radical scavenging activity in a dose-dependent manner, as compared to ascorbic acid.

DEVELOP AN EDUCATIONAL MODEL THAT PRESERVES AND PROMOTES THE IDENTITY OF THE TANGIBLE AND INTANGIBLE CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE RA-GLAI ETHNIC MINORITY IN THE PROCESS OF BUILDING A NEW COUNTRYSIDE IN BAC AI DISTRICT, NINH THUAN PROVINCE - SITUATION AND SOLUTIONS

Ra-glai ethnic minorities make up a sizable proportion of the population in Ninh Thuan province in general and Bac Ai district in particular. Ra-glai ethnic minorities have a long-standing culture and have a unique ethnic identity. The tangible and intangible cultural identity of the Ra-glai ethnic minority is both closely associated with religious beliefs and widely popular, has great power to dominate all activities of Ra-glai ethnic minorities. The conservation and promotion of the tangible and intangible cultural heritages of the Ra-glai ethnic group in Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province in the process of building a new countryside is now becoming one of the issues authorized by the party committee, local authorities are very interested in implementing.Over the past years, with the investment of the State, the province, the district, the local organizations and individuals, the education to preserve and promote the ethnic cultural identity of the Ra-glai community In Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province has achieved some encouraging results. However, in the process of building a new countryside, the culture of the local Ra-glai ethnic minority has been gradually fading.The authors of the paper have deeply studied the current state of conservation education and promotion of the cultural heritage of Ra-glai ethnic minorities in Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province, then proposing solutions to building an educational model that conserves and promotes the cultural heritage of Ra-glai ethnic minorities in a sustainable way in the process of building a New Rural in Bac Ai district, Ninh Thuan province in the period of the current.