Nine-factor Model Research Articles

Connective Leadership in an Interdependent and Diverse World

Expressing strong agreement with Robert Sternberg’s rationale for changing our methods for identifying intelligence, this analysis emphasizes connections with leadership failures. In recognition that a changing world requires connective ethical leadership, it discusses the nine-factor behavioral model portraying achieving styles that can facilitate effective leadership in a changing world. Leaders operating along these lines can identify high-potential initiatives and artfully adjust their behaviors to achieve the best outcomes.

The factorial structure of the SCARED-R in a Portuguese community sample

Aim To evaluate the three-, four-, five- and nine-factor structures of the Screen for Child Anxiety Related Emotional Disorders - revised version (SCARED-R) in a Portuguese sample. We further aimed at assessing the gender and age patterns of anxiety symptoms. Method The Portuguese version of the SCARED-R was administered to a community sample of 1,314 children, aged 10-13 years. Confirmatory factorial analysis and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were employed. Results The five-, four- and three-factor models presented an acceptable fit to the data. An unacceptable fit to the data was obtained for the one-factor model. The refined nine-factor model presented good fit to the data after the removal of items with low factorial weights. Based on theoretical considerations, this nine-factor model was considered the best model for assessing children’s anxiety symptoms. A hierarchical structure with a second-order factor called "General Anxiety" was proposed. Adequate internal consistency and criterion related validity were demonstrated. Effects of gender and age on the anxiety scores were found. Conclusion The SCARED-R is a reliable tool for screening anxiety symptoms, and can be initially administered to identify children at high risk for specific DSM-IV defined anxiety disorders.

Měření národní konkurenceschopnosti - komparace výsledků zemí V4, Německa a Rakouska v Porterově SD modelu a 9F modelu

The international competitiveness rankings can be seen as a way of evaluating countries’ future economic potential and opportunities for further development and growth. The discussion of one clear definition of the term “national competitiveness” can be considered a “never-ending story” without an unambiguous generally accepted result. In every composite indicator analysis, the final index is the outcome of a number of choices: the framework (usually driven by theoretical models and experts’ opinions), the indicators to be included, their normalisation, the weights assigned to each indicator, and the aggregation method. This paper is based on evaluating results of the Visegrad group countries (V4), Germany, and Austria. We take into account the sense and the methodology of Porter’s Diamond model (SD model) and the Nine-factor model (9F model). The main aim of this paper is the identification of similarities and differences between these two models and the discussion of suitability of these models for countries with different economic characteristics.

German translation, cultural adaptation, and validation of the Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ).

The Health Literacy Questionnaire (HLQ), developed in Australia in 2012 using a ‘validity-driven’ approach, has been rapidly adopted and is being applied in many countries and languages. It is a multidimensional measure comprising nine distinct domains that may be used for surveys, needs assessment, evaluation and outcomes assessment as well as for informing service improvement and the development of interventions. The aim of this paper is to describe the German translation of the HLQ and to present the results of the validation of the culturally adapted version. The HLQ comprises 44 items, which were translated and culturally adapted to the German context. This study uses data collected from a sample of 1,058 persons with chronic conditions. Statistical analyses include descriptive and confirmatory factor analyses. In one-factor congeneric models, all scales demonstrated good fit after few model adjustments. In a single, highly restrictive nine-factor model (no cross-loadings, no correlated errors) replication of the original English-language version was achieved with fit indices and psychometric properties similar to the original HLQ. Reliability for all scales was excellent, with a Cronbach’s Alpha of at least 0.77. High to very high correlations between some HLQ factors were observed, suggesting that higher order factors may be present. Our rigorous development and validation protocol, as well as strict adaptation processes, have generated a remarkable reproduction of the HLQ in German. The results of this validation provide evidence that the HLQ is robust and can be recommended for use in German-speaking populations.Trial Registration: German Clinical Trial Registration (DRKS): DRKS00000584. Registered 23 March 2011.

How do Indian mothers use feeding practices with children?

Purpose The undesirable effects of TV advertisements and general parenting responsibility propel mothers to monitor and control the eating habits of children through meal time actions and feeding practices. The purpose of this paper is to identify feeding practices used by Indian mothers through the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) developed by Musher-Eizenman and Holub (2007) and to investigate differences in the use of feeding practices across demographic variables. Design/methodology/approach Using a cross-sectional design, a structured and pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect data from 473 mothers of children aged four to 11 years from Punjab (India). Data were analysed using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and ANOVA. Findings The present study confirms the validity and reliability of the nine-factor model through CFA with 28 items in the Indian context than original CFPQ. Further, significant differences exist in the responses of mothers for feeding practices followed with children across age and gender of child, mother’s education status and monthly family income. Practical implications Parents may understand the nature of feeding practices to mediate unhealthy food consumption habits of children. The government should formulate codes or regulations to sufficiently monitor food marketing activities directed at children. The food marketing companies should also act responsibly to protect well-being of children. Originality/value This piece of research is important as no such study (to the best of researchers’ knowledge) has already been conducted in India even though dietary patterns of children are transforming tremendously.

Fixed Income Asset Pricing: Extending the Elton et al. (1995) Four-Factor Model

This paper is enhancing the four-factor fixed income asset pricing model initially developed by Elton et al. (1995). The aim is to increase the explanatory power of the model in time series analysis. Vast progress has been made on equity asset pricing models since the introduction of the Capital Asset Pricing Model in the 1960s with the introduction of the Fama and French (1993) three-factor model and the Carhart (1997) four-factor model. Progress into fixed income asset pricing has been slow, and there is still no consensus of which combinations of bond indexes are most suitable for explaining the returns of fixed income securities and bonds. This paper shows that by introducing a duration factor, a global bond factor, and three exchange rate factors, the resulting ninefactor model can explain up to 95.42% of return variations in fixed income fund portfolios and up to 99.97% of the return variations of individual fixed income funds. The model is shown to be robust when using a global and regional benchmark specifications, and when used in the analysis of a wide range of fund strategies, fund types, and fund objectives.

Schein’s Career Anchors

The purposes of this study are to (1) examine the factorial validity of Schein’s career anchors orientation inventory (COI), comparing the original eight-factor model with an alternative nine-factor model, (2) examine the cross-cultural invariance of the COI and its factor structure across two countries, (3) investigate whether core self-evaluations (CSE) is associated with career anchors, and (4) determine whether the relationship between CSE and career anchors varies by country. Survey data were collected from 469 participants (230 from the United States and 239 from Turkey). Based on multigroup confirmatory factor analysis, the results indicated that the alternative nine-factor career anchor model of the COI has better factorial validity and configural invariance than Schein’s eight-factor model. The findings showed support for the association between CSE and the pure challenge anchor and a moderating effect of culture on the relationship between CSE and two other anchors.

Enhancing national competitiveness through national cooperation

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore how countries can make a more efficient and effective cooperation strategy, considering their competitive strengths and weaknesses. Design/methodology/approach This paper is an exploratory study in examining the efficient way of national cooperation from the competitiveness perspective. By applying the double diamond-based nine-factor model and the framework for the life cycle of national competitiveness, this study proposes the importance of cooperation strategy, considering the current competitiveness status. A case study of two economies of South Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) and Dubai reveals a potentially substantial cooperative relationship. Findings Although Korea and Dubai are geographically and culturally distant, they share complementary resources to enhance their overall competitiveness. In addition, their past experiences of growth can effectively deal with their current challenges and help their economies move to more advanced stage. Practical implications The methodology used in this paper can provide a useful guideline for policy makers to examine the current development status of their economies, find an appropriate cooperation partner and decide the priority of cooperating areas. Originality/value Although most existing studies explain national competitiveness from a narrow perspective, this paper provides a more comprehensive analysis using the extended model of Porter’s single diamond model. In addition, this paper conducts an intensive case study of Dubai and Korea for possible cooperation.

Measurement invariance of second-order factor model of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) across K-12 principal gender

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the factor structure and the measurement invariance of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) across gender of K-12 school principals (n=6,317) in the USA.Design/methodology/approachNine first-order factor models and four second-order factor models were tested using confirmatory factor analysis.FindingsThe results suggested that the nine-factor model provided the best fit for the data. Further examination revealed that most constructs lacked convergent validity and discriminant validity. Second-order factor models were tested and the hierarchical model with two higher order factors (i.e. transformational and transactional leadership) was deemed the best fit and it was then tested for measurement invariance between females and males. The measurement model was found to be invariant across gender. Findings suggested that female school principals demonstrated significantly greater transformational leadership behaviour, while male school principals demonstrated significantly greater transactional leadership behaviour.Originality/valueThis study addressed construct and factor issues previously associated with the MLQ in the measurement of transformational and transactional leadership among a variety of organizations. By using a sample of K-12 school principals across gender, this study has provided support that may ameliorate contextual doubts of transformational leadership behaviour when examining the relational aspects needed to improve schools.

Validation of the Survey of Pre-service Teachers' Knowledge of Teaching and Technology: A Multi-Institutional Sample

The TPACK (technological pedagogical content knowledge) framework (Mishra & Koehler, 2006) has gained tremendous momentum from within the educational technology community. Specifically, much discourse has focused on how to measure this multidimensional construct to further define the contours of the framework and potentially make some meaningful predictions. Some have proposed observation scales while other have proposed self-report measures to gauge the phenomenon. The Survey of Pre-service Teachers' Knowledge of Teaching and Technology instrument is one popular tool designed to measure TPACK (Schmidt et al., 2009) specifically from preservice teachers in teacher education programs. This study extends the measurement framework by providing a confirmatory factor analysis of the theoretical model proposed by Schmidt et al. (2009) on a sample of 227 preservice teachers from four public institutions of higher education in the southeastern United States. The data did not fit the theoretical 10-factor model implied by Schmidt et al. (2009), thus, an exploratory factor analysis was conducted to determine the optimal structure of the measurement tool for these data. This resulted in a nine-factor model, and there were measurement issues for several of the constructs. Additionally, the article provides evidence of external validity by correlating the instrument scores with other known technology constructs.

Common risk factors of infrastructure investments

The risk of infrastructure investments is driven by unique factors that cannot be well described by standard asset class factor models. We thus create a nine-factor model based on infrastructure-specific risk exposure, i.e., market risk, size, value, momentum, cash flow volatility, leverage, investment growth, term risk, and default risk. We empirically test our model on a large dataset of U.S. infrastructure stocks in different subsectors (utility, telecommunication, and transportation) and over a long period of time (1983 to 2011). The new factor model is able to capture the variation of infrastructure returns better than the Fama/French three-factor, the Carhart four-factor or the extended Fung/Hsieh eight-factor models. Thus, our model helps to improve the evaluation of infrastructure funds and to better determine the cost of capital of infrastructure firms, something that is increasingly relevant in light of the growing need for privately financed infrastructure projects.

Validation of a three-dimensional model about sleep: Habits, personal factors and environmental factors

ObjectivesThe present study aims to test the factor structure of two sleep questionnaires and their internal consistency in a sample of adolescents and their respective parents and to evaluate the validity and robustness of a three-dimensional model about sleep, addressing nine subcategories related to sleep habits, personal and environmental factors. MethodsParticipants were 654 adolescents from Portuguese schools, who completed “My Sleep and I” questionnaire, and 664 parents who completed “My child׳s sleep” questionnaire; to them confirmatory factor analysis was applied. ResultsConfirmatory factor analysis indicate that a nine-factor model has better fit indices compared with the others tested models for both samples (adolescents: χ2/df (Chi-square/degrees of freedom)=2.59, Comparative Fit Index (CFI)=.82, Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI)=.92, Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA)=.049, Expected Cross-Validation Index (ECVI)=1.416; Parents: χ2/df=2.89, CFI=.85, GFI=.91, RMSEA=.053, ECVI=1.528). Moreover, the comparison of the models through Δχ2 index (chi-square difference between rival models) indicates a better fit for this model, Δχ2 (24)=186.5, p<.001 for adolescents and Δχ2 (24)=209, p<.001 for parents. Also, the three second-order factors have good internal consistency, convergent and discriminant validity for all factors in both samples. ConclusionsResults postulate that the three factors and their nine subcategories account for correlations between sleep habits, self-perceptions and knowledge about sleep.

CLUSTER MODELS, FACTORS AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE OF LITHUANIAN MARITIME SECTOR

Paper analyses several cluster models on the basis of competitiveness: Nine-factor model, Double diamond model, Funnel model of cluster determinants, Destination Competitiveness and sustainability models, which are related to Porter’s Diamond model and concentrate to the classical one - adopt M. Porter’s Diamond model methodology to the evaluation of Lithuanian Maritime sector’s clustering on the basis of competitiveness. Despite the advances in cluster research, this model remains a complex one and something that is hard to adapt to a real economic environment. However, this model with some extends and implications can be applied to explain the emergence and development of Maritime sector clustering. Although clustering analysis on the basis of M. Porter’s Diamond model highlighted its advantages, the interconnection of factors and their influence on the clustering, the economic theory has not yet provided a model that allows both the analysis and the definition of a process for implementing a successful clustering research. The adoption of M. Porter’s Diamond model creates convenient theoretical basis and has practical implication for real Lithuanian Maritime sector’s clustering abilities evaluation. It also helps to systemize basic cluster characteristics, that can be identified in the Maritime industry and measure the reasonable impact factors, which are identified in Lithuanian Maritime sector. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.em.19.2.4197

Validation of the Polish version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire among women.

In Poland, appropriate means to assess body image are relatively limited. The aim of the study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Polish version of the Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire (MBSRQ). To do so, a sample of 341 females ranging in age from 18 to 35 years (M = 23.09; SD = 3.14) participated in the present study. Owing to the fact that the confirmatory factor analysis of the original nine-factor model was not well fitted to the data (RMSEA = 0.06; CFI = 0.75) the exploratory approach was employed. Based on parallel analysis and minimum average partial an eight-factor structure of the Polish version of the MBSRQ was distinguished. Exploratory factor analysis revealed a factorial structure similar to the original version. The proposed model was tested using an exploratory structural equation modelling approach which resulted in good fit (RMSEA = 0.04; CFI = 0.91). In the present study, the internal reliability assessed by McDonald's ω coefficient amounts from 0.66 to 0.91. In conclusion, the Polish version of the MBSRQ is a useful measure for the attitudinal component of body image assessment.

Characterizing the factor structure of parent reported executive function in autism spectrum disorders: the impact of cognitive inflexibility.

Parents of children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) consistently report executive functioning (EF) deficits. This study investigates the factor structure of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) as reported by parents of children with ASD and typically developing children (TDC). BRIEFs for 411 children with ASD and 467 TDC were examined. Confirmatory factor analysis of a nine-factor model met thresholds for goodness-of-fit in TDC, but not in the ASD sample. We found globally elevated EF problems in the ASD sample, especially on the Shift scale. These findings confirm that children with ASD exhibit significant EF deficits. Further investigation is needed to understand the pervasive nature of cognitive inflexibility in children with ASD.

Porovnání mezi devíti-faktorovým modelem a modelem Diamant: aplikace pro Českou republiku, Slovensko a Maďarsko

The concept of macroeconomic competitiveness became a phenomenon during last decades. Its controversial nature arouses attention of many people all over the world. It is impossible to find a generally accepted definition of national competitiveness as well as the way how to measure and compare competitiveness of countries. This contribution will discuss two models dealing with macroeconomic competitiveness, the original Porter's diamond model and the nine-factor model. Besides methodology, differences and similarities of these models we will be interested in how results of both the models differ. The main goal of the contribution is the identification of differences between the diamond model and the nine-factor model. For practical application of both the models we chose three countries on different development level out of Central Europe: the Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary.

Explaining divergent responses to ethnic exclusion: evidence from two paired comparisons

This article asks why ethnic exclusion from executive-level state power leads to armed conflict in some cases but not in others. To answer this question the author develops a nine-factor model of ethnic conflict, which is used to investigate the diverging conflict trajectories of two pairs of ‘most similar’ ethnic groups. These include the Malinke in Guinea and Northerners in Côte d'Ivoire on the one hand, and Kurds in Syria and Turkey on the other. It is shown that varying responses to ethnic exclusion can mainly be traced back to three factors, which have so far been neglected in the ethnic conflict literature: the selectivity of state violence, the territorial reach of the state and the availability of cross-border sanctuaries. Ethnic rebellion occurs where weak territorial control and indiscriminate repression combine with external sanctuary. Conversely, violent escalation is avoided in a context of strong territorial control, selective repression and no external sanctuary.

Bifactor structural model of symptom checklists: SCL-90-R and Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) in a non-clinical community sample

The Derogatis symptom checklist (SCL-90-R) and its short version, the Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), are widely used instruments, despite the fact that their factor structures were not clearly confirmed. The goals of this research were to compare four measurement models of these instruments including one-factor, nine-factor, a second-ordered factor model and a bifactor model, in addition to testing the gender difference in symptom factors in a community sample. SCL-90-R was assessed in a large community survey which included 2710 adults who represent the population of Hungary. Statistical analyses included a series of confirmatory factor analyses and multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC modeling). The responses to items were treated as ordinal scales. The analysis revealed that the bifactor model yielded the closest fit in both the full SCL-90-R and BSI; however the nine-factor model also had an acceptable level of fit. As for the gender differences, women scored higher on global severity, somatization, obsession-compulsion, interpersonal sensitivity, depression and anxiety factors. Men scored higher on hostility and psychoticism. The bifactor model of symptom checklist supports the concept of global symptom severity and specific symptom factors. Global symptom severity explains the large correlations between symptom factors.

Hedge Fund Exposure to Time-Series Momentum Strategies

This project proposes to investigate the exposure to time-series momentum strategy by hedge funds with various trading strategies. In particular, the project attempts to explain the fund return by including time-series momentum strategies factors into traditional Fung and Hsieh’s nine-factor model. The aim of the project is twofold. Firstly, to explore what types of hedge fund exposure more to the time-series momentum strategy. Secondly, if the hedge fund return relies on time-series momentum strategy, how does the dependence changes over time. The findings of this piece of research provide useful evidence that global macro fund and market neutral fund follow time-series momentum strategies. Global macro funds get more exposure to monthly time-series momentum as the strategy exhibits positive return. Market neutral fund returns follow the similar pattern. This piece of research may provide insight for researcher to extend Baltas and Kieslowski’s momentum strategies in futures market and trend-following funds to other types of hedge fund.

Common Risk Factors of Infrastructure Firms

The risk of infrastructure investments is driven by unique factors that cannot be well described by standard asset class factor models. We thus create a nine-factor model based on infrastructure-specific risk exposure, i.e., market risk, size, value, momentum, cashflow volatility, leverage, investment growth, term risk, and default risk. We empirically test our model on a large dataset of U.S. infrastructure stocks in different subsectors (utility, telecommunication, and transportation) and over a long period of time (1983 to 2011). The new factor model is able to capture the variation of infrastructure returns better than the Fama/French three-factor, the Carhart four-factor or the extended Fung/Hsieh eight-factor models. Thus, our model helps to improve the evaluation of infrastructure funds and to better determine the cost of capital of infrastructure firms, something that is increasingly relevant in light of the growing need for privately financed infrastructure projects.