Nickel-aluminum Alloy Research Articles

Hydrogenation of halophenols to cyclohexanols using Raney Nickel–Aluminium alloy in saturated Ba(OH)2solution under mild conditions

By use of Raney Nickel–Aluminium alloy in a saturated Ba(OH)2 solution, halophenols are easily hydrogenated at mild temperatures and at atmospheric pressure, giving the corresponding cyclohexanols.

Synthesis of [2H13]heptanoic acid via the desulfurization of methyl 3-chloro-5,6-dibromothieno[3,2,b]thiophene-2-carboxylate with nickel-aluminium alloy in NaOD-D2O solution

[2H13]Heptanoic acid was synthesized as its methyl ester (4) (deuterium content: 96%) with Ni-Al alloy in 10% NaOD-D2O via the desulfurization of methyl 3-chloro-5,6-dibromothieno[3,2,b]thiophene-2-carboxylate (3), which was derived from 4,5-dibromothiophene-2-carboaldehyde (1) in two steps.

Electroplating of Nickel-Aluminum Alloys from Room Temperature Molten Chloroaluminates

Electroplating of Nickel-Aluminum Alloys from Room Temperature Molten Chloroaluminates

Preparation of piperidinylpyridines via selective reduction of bipyridines with nickel-aluminum alloy. [Erratum to document cited in CA117(21):212281b

Preparation of piperidinylpyridines via selective reduction of bipyridines with nickel-aluminum alloy. [Erratum to document cited in CA117(21):212281b

Preparation of piperidinylpyridines via selective reduction of bipyridines with nickel-aluminum alloy

Bipyridines were reduced to piperidinylpyridines in modest yield using nickel-aluminium alloy in potassium hydroxide solution. The reduction was selective, and 3-substituted rings were reduced in preference to 4-substitution in preference to 2-substitution. Thus 2,3-bipyridine gave only 2-(3'-piperidinyl)pyridine, and 3,4-bipyridine gave only 4-(3'-piperidinyl)pyridine. The summetrical 2,2'- and 4,4'-bipyridines also gave the corresponding piperidinylpyridines, but the reduction of 3,3'-bipyridine was too sluggish to be practical

High performance liquid chromatographic determination of copper(II) and nickel(II) by using solvent extraction and bis(acetylpivalylmethane)ethylenediimine as complexing reagent

The reagent bis(acetylpivalylmethane)ethylenediimine has been examined for the HPLC separation of copper(II), nickel(II), palladium(II) and oxovanadium(IV) chelates on reversed phase HPLC columns (250 × 4 mm) packed with Hypersil ODS, 5 μ and (150 × 3.9 mm) Nova Pak C 18 with guard column. The complexes are eluted with a binary mixture of methanol and water or methanol, acetonitrile and water. Detection is achieved with a UV detector. The solvent extraction procedure is used for the determination of copper and nickel simultaneously at microgram levels, corresponding to ng levels and pg levels respectively, per injection. The method has been applied to the determination of copper and nickel in a coin, nickel—aluminum alloy and water samples.

Pore formation in and structural stability of helium-ion-irradiated nickel-aluminum alloys annealed at 750�C

Pore formation in and structural stability of helium-ion-irradiated nickel-aluminum alloys annealed at 750�C

Destruction of Azo and Azoxy Compounds and 2-Aminoanthracene

Abstract The destruction of a number of hazardous compounds that might be found in laboratories was studied. The reaction mixtures were analyzed by high pressure liquid chromatography for the presence of the compound and tested for mutagenicity using the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity assay. A 0.3-M solution of potassium permanganate in 3 M sulfuric acid can be used for the degradation of azobenzene, azoxyanisole, phenylazophenol, phenylazoaniline, Fast Garnet, and 2-amino-anthracene. Nickel-aluminum alloy in 2 M potassium hydroxide solution can be used for the destruction of azobenzene, azoxybenzene, azoxyanisole, and phenylazophenol. In each case, the compounds were completely degraded to their limit of detection and only nonmutagenic reaction mixtures were produced. Amberlite XAD-16 resin was used to decontaminate aqueous solutions of all the above compounds as well as Methyl Yellow. In each case, the solution was completely decontaminated and nonmutagenic reaction mixtures were produced. ...

Bayerite-promoted caustic leaching of single phase NiAl 3 and Co 2Al 9 alloys to produce highly active Raney nickel and Raney cobalt catalysts

The leaching method of Raney alloys in the presence of bayerite which uses only catalytic amounts of sodium hydroxide and is favored for controlled degrees of leaching, has been applied to highly reactive single phase NiAl 3 and Co 2Al 9 alloys in order to find the variations in catalytic activity, hydrogen content and surface area as a function of the degree of leaching. In the presence of bayerite, NiAl 3 was leached to a level of 83–85% with the use of 0.014–0.028 molar ratios of NaOH-to-Al and Co 2Al 9 was leached to a level of 85% with use of only a 0.0097 molar ratio of NaOH-to-Al. In typical hydrogenations the activities of the catalysts from these single phase alloys have been found to reach their highest level around 82-86% leaching and their activities decrease with further extensive leaching. With NiAl 3 the surface area increased with the increasing degree of leaching within the levels investigated (to ca. 90%), while the hydrogen content decreased at levels greater than 85%. With Co 2Al 9 the surface area became largest around the 80% leaching level and decreased with further extensive leaching. In the hydrogenation of naphthalene and benzene the catalyst from Co 2Al 9 was more active than the catalyst from NiAl 3, while the cobalt catalyst was much less active than the nickel catalyst in the hydrogenation of cyclohex-anone. In general the catalysts from NiAl 3 were more active than those prepared from commercial 40 wt.-% nickel-aluminium and 50 wt.-% nickel-aluminium alloys and the catalyst from Co 2Al 9 was more active than that prepared from commercial 50 wt.-% cobalt-aluminium alloy when compared at the levels of leaching necessary to give each optimal activity.

VALIDATED METHODS FOR DEGRADING HAZARDOUS CHEMICALS: SOME HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS

Two techniques were investigated for degrading a number of halogenated compounds of commercial and research importance. Reductive dehalogenation with nickel-aluminum alloy in potassium hydroxide solution was used to degrade iodomethane, chloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, 2-chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, 2-chloroethylamine, 2-bromoethylamine, 1-bromobutane, 1-iodobutane, 2-bromobutane, 2-iodobutane, 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-iodo-2-methylpropane, 3-chloropyridine, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene, 4-fluoroaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-fluoronitrobenzene, 2-chloronitrobenzene, 3-chloronitrobenzene, 4-chloronitrobenzene, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, alpha,alpha-dichlorotoluene, and 3-aminobenzotrifluoride. The products were generally those obtained by replacing the halogen with hydrogen although concomitant reduction of the other groups was also observed. Bibenzyl was produced during the reduction of benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, and alpha,alpha-dichlorotoluene. Refluxing with ethanolic potassium hydroxide was used to degrade iodomethane, chloroacetic acid, 2-fluoroethanol, 2-chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, 1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-iodobutane, 2-bromobutane, 2-iodobutane, 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-iodo-2-methylpropane, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, 1-bromononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1-bromodecane. The products were the corresponding ethyl ethers. 2-Methylaziridine was cleaved with nickel-aluminum alloy in potassium hydroxide solution to a mixture of isopropylamine and n-propylamine. In all cases, the compounds were completely degraded and only nonmutagenic reaction mixtures were produced.

Validated Methods for Degrading Hazardous Chemicals: Some Halogenated Compounds

Two techniques were investigated for degrading a number of halogenated compounds of commercial and research importance. Reductive dehalogenation with nickel-aluminum alloy in potassium hydroxide solution was used to degrade iodomethane, chloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, 2-chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, 2-chloroethylamine, 2-bromoethylamine, 1-bromobutane, 1-iodobutane, 2-bromobutane, 2-iodobutane, 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-iodo-2-methylpropane, 3-chloropyridine, fluorobenzene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, iodobenzene, 4-fluoroaniline, 2-chloroaniline, 3-chloroaniline, 4-chloroaniline, 4-fluoronitrobenzene, 2-chloronitrobenzene, 3-chloronitrobenzene, 4-chloronitrobenzene, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, α,α-dichlorotoluene, and 3-aminobenzotrifluoride. The products were generally those obtained by replacing the halogen with hydrogen although concomitant reduction of the other groups was also observed. Bibenzyl was produced during the reduction of benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, and α,α-dichlorotoluene. Refluxing with ethanolic potassium hydroxide was used to degrade iodomethane, chloroacetic acid, 2-fluoroethanol, 2-chloroethanol, 2-bromoethanol, 1-chlorobutane, 1-bromobutane, 1-iodobutane, 2-brontobutane, 2-iodobutane, 2-bromo-2-methylpropane, 2-iodo-2-methylpropane, benzyl chloride, benzyl bromide, 1-bromononane, 1-chlorodecane, and 1-bromodecane. The products were the corresponding ethyl ethers. 2-Methylaziridine was cleaved with nickel-aluminum alloy in potassium hydroxide solution to a mixture of isopropylamine and n-propylanzine. In all cases, the compounds were completely degraded and only nonmutagenic reaction mixtures were produced.

Characterization of the Phase Transformations in the Shape Memory Alloy Ni-36 at.% Al

AbstractA survey by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and recovery during heating of indentations on a series of nickel-aluminum alloys showed that the Ni-36 at.% Al composition has the best potential for a recoverable shape memory effect at temperatures above 100°C. The phase transformations were studied by high temperature transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and by high temperature x-ray diffraction (HTXRD). Quenching from 1200°C resulted in a single phase, fully martensitic structure. The initial quenched-in martensites were found by both TEM and X-ray diffraction to consist of primarily a body centered tetragonal (bct) phase with some body centered orthorhombic (bco) phase present. On the first heating cycle, DSC showed an endothermic peak at 121°C and an exothermic peak at 289°C, and upon cooling a martensite exothermic peak at 115° C. Upon subsequent cycles the 289°C peak disappeared. High temperature X-ray diffraction, with a heating rate of 2°C/min, showed the expected transformation of bct phase to B2 between 100 and 200°C, however the bco phase remained intact. At 400 to 450°C the B2 phase transformed to Ni2Al and Ni5Al3. During TEM heating experiments a dislocation-free martensite transformed reversibly to B2 at temperatures less than 150°C. At higher temperatures (nearly 600°C) 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 reflections from an ω-like phase formed. Upon cooling, the 1/3, 1/3, 1/3 reflections disappeared and a more complicated martensite resulted. Boron additions suppressed intergranular fracture and, as expected, resulted in no ductility improvements. Boron additions and/or hot extrusion encouraged the formation of a superordered bct structure with 1/2, 1/2, 0 reflections.

Material properties and processing in the production of fuel cell components: I. Hydrogen anodes from Raney nickel for lightweight alkaline fuel cells

The production steps of Raney nickel based, PTFE bonded hydrogen anodes for alkaline fuel cells are examined. The Raney nickel catalyst has been made by leaching the nickel aluminium alloy and additional stabilization. The electrode is fabricated by mixing the catalyst with copper oxide for enhancing electronic conductivity and aqueous PTFE emulsion as a hydrophobic binder. Each process step, starting from the nickel aluminium alloy is described and the physical properties of catalyst and electrode are evaluated. At an overpotential of 100 mV the optimized hydrogen anode exhibits at negligable excess hydrogen pressure (1·02bars) a current density of nearly 400 mA cm−2 at 80°C in 30 wt% KOH. Long term performance test shows that electrode overpotential of more than 60 mV should be avoided. A life time of 5000 hrs at 50°C and a current density of 100 mA cm−2 has been proven.

ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Aluminum Alloy as a Reducing Agent

ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Aluminum Alloy as a Reducing Agent

Degradation and Disposal of some Antineoplastic Drugs

Bulk quantities and pharmaceutical preparations of the antineoplastic drugs carmustine (BCNU), lomustine (CCNU), chlorozotocin, N-[2-chloroethyl]-N′-[2,6-dioxo-3-piperidinyl]-N-nitrosourea (PCNU), methyl CCNU, mechlorethamine, melphalan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, uracil mustard, and spiromustine may be degraded using nickel-aluminum alloy in KOH solution. The drugs are completely destroyed and only nonmutagenic reaction mixtures are produced. Destruction of cyclophosphamide in tablets requires refluxing in HCI before the nickel-aluminum alloy reduction. Streptozotocin, chlorambucil, and mechlorethamine may be degraded using an excess of saturated sodium bicarbonate solution. The nitrosourea drugs BCNU, CCNU, chlorozotocin, PCNU, methyl CCNU, and Streptozotocin were also degraded using hydrogen bromide in glacial acetic acid. The drugs were completely destroyed but some of the reaction mixtures were mutagenic and the products were found to be, in some instances, the corresponding mutagenic, denitrosated compounds.

Nickel-aluminum alloy as a reducing agent

Nickel-aluminum alloy as a reducing agent

A thermodynamic and kinetic basis for understanding metastable phase formation during ion-beam mixing of nickel-aluminum alloys

A quantitative thermodynamic explanation for the formation of metastable phases in the nickel-aluminum alloy system through heavy-ion irradiation is presented. The role of kinetics in the transformation to a metastable state is also investigated. Experiments involved the irradiation of both layered nickel-aluminum samples and ordered intermetallic compounds with 500 keV krypton ions over a range of temperatures and compositions. Samples were formed by alternate evaporation of layers of nickel and aluminum. A portion of these samples was subsequently annealed to form intermetallic compounds. Irradiations were performed at both room temperature and 80 K using the 2 MV ion accelerator at Argonne National Laboratory. Phase transformations were observed during both in situ irradiations in the high-voltage electron microscope at Argonne and also in subsequent electron diffraction analyses of an array of irradiated samples. Metastable phases formed included disordered crystalline structures, an amorphous structure, and a hexagonal-close-packed structure. These phase structures were modeled using the embedded atom method to compute heats of transformation ΔHs–ms from stable to metastablestates. It was found that metastable states that have moderate heats of transformation, ΔHs–ms ≍ 15%–20% of the heat of formation of the stable phase, form under irradiation. Metastable states with high heats of transformation, ΔHs–ms ≍ 50% of the heat of formation of the stable phase, do not form under irradiation. Kinetics also play an important role in determining the effect of temperature and initial structure on the formation of metastable phases.

Dislocation-particle interactions during high temperature deformation of two-phase aluminium alloys

Aluminium-silicon, and aluminium-nickel alloys containing various dispersions of secondphase particles have been deformed in compression at elevated temperatures. It is found that there is a sharp transition in the mechanical behaviour, microstructure, and microtexture, at a critical temperature or strain rate, which is dependent on particle size. The results are compared with various models of stress relaxation at particles, and it is shown that both interface and bulk diffusion controlled mechanisms are operative. The relevance of the transition to the hot working of two-phase alloys is discussed.

Reductive destruction of dacarbazine, procarbazine hydrochloride, isoniazid, and iproniazid

Reductive destruction of dacarbazine, procarbazine hydrochloride, isoniazid, and iproniazid using nickel-aluminum alloy in basic solution is described. Solutions of dacarbazine 10 mg/mL were prepared by adding dacarbazine 100 mg, citric acid 100 mg, and mannitol 50 mg to 10 mL of water. Aqueous solutions of procarbazine hydrochloride 10 mg/mL were prepared from commercially available capsules, and aqueous solutions of isoniazid 10 mg/mL and iproniazid 5 mg/mL were prepared from powdered drug. Reductive destruction of drugs was accomplished by mixing each solution with an equal volume of 1 M potassium hydroxide solution and adding 1 g of nickel-aluminum alloy for each 20 mL of basified solution. The resulting mixtures were stirred for 20 hours (96 hours for iproniazid) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography for the presence of residual drug and degradation products. Dacarbazine solutions were also subjected to destruction by photolysis and by oxidation using potassium permanganate in sulfuric acid, and the results were compared with those obtained by reductive destruction. All reaction mixtures were tested for mutagenicity in Salmonella strains. All drugs subjected to reductive destruction were completely degraded to the limits of detection of the assay and produced only nonmutagenic reaction mixtures. The only acceptable results for dacarbazine were obtained by the reductive destruction method. Reduction of dacarbazine, procarbazine hydrochloride, isoniazid, and iproniazid with nickel-aluminum alloy in dilute base appears to be a good method for the destruction of these toxic compounds.

Metastable phase formation by ion beam mixing

There are essentially four basic types of metastable alloys which may be formed through heavy ion irradiation of crystalline structures: amorphous phases with no long range order; crystalline phases with structures different from that of the stable intermetallic alloy; disordered crystalline phases with structures based on the same lattice as that of the stable intermetallic; and a quasicrystalline structure. With the exception of the quasicrystalline structure, all of these metastable structures are produced by ion beam mixing of nickel-aluminum alloys with 500 keV krypton ions. Ion beam mixing was performed on samples formed by alternate evaporation of layers of nickel and aluminum as well as on the intermetallic compounds at both 80 and 300 K. The structure resulting from ion beam mixing depended strongly on composition, and hence its formation was governed primarily by thermodynamic considerations. The thermodynamically favored state was determined analytically using the embedded atom method, and the model results are in qualitative agreement with observations of metastable phase formation. However, kinetic considerations are needed to explain the dependence of the final structures on initial structure and temperature.