Nichols Method Research Articles

Diseño e implementación de un sistema de control a lazo cerrado PID para manipular la temperatura en el proceso de termoformado

The purpose of this work lies in the design and implementation of a closed-circuit temperature control system (SCTLC), to control the temperature transfer in the mold of the thermoprepared system, where the blocks are manufactured from multilayer containers. post-consumer. The plant (electrical resistance) was characterized, with the AC voltage levels (30V, 60V, 90V and 120V) in a time of 60 min each of the voltage levels, considering the initial temperature (ambient temperature), in function of the step signal, then, the plant model was determined using Matlab software and the analytical method with the data of the plant characteristic curve at a voltage of 120Vac, obtaining the first-order transfer function, then The PID controller implemented the Ziegler & Nichols method and the Matlab software were tuned and finally the reference input, the control, the power stage, the plant and the feedback were coupled. This project contributes to control and stabilize the resistance temperature, implemented in the thermoforming process, for the production of blocks using multilayer containers.

A Study of a PID Controller Used in a Micro-Electrical Discharge Machining System to Prepare TiO2 Nanocolloids

This study developed a micro-electrical discharge machining (micro-EDM) system for producing TiO2 nanocolloids. When a proportional–integral–derivative controller designed using the Ziegler–Nichols method was adopted to control the interelectrode gap, TiO2 nanocolloids were obtained from spark discharges generated between two titanium wires immersed in deionized water. For a pulse on time–off time of 40–40 μs and a colloid production time of 100 min, TiO2 nanocolloids were produced that had an absorbance of 1.511 at a wavelength of 245 nm and a ζ potential of −47.2 mV. They had an average particle diameter of 137.2 nm, and 64.2% of particles were smaller than 91.28 nm. The minimum particles were spherical. The characteristics of colloids confirmed that the micro-EDM system can produce TiO2 nanocolloids with excellent suspension stability. The colloid production method proposed in this study has the advantages of low equipment cost and no dust diffusion in the process environment. These advantages can improve the competitiveness of the electric spark discharge method for high-quality TiO2 nanoparticle production. The colloids produced in this study did not contain elements other than titanium and oxygen, and they may prevent secondary environmental pollution.

PID controller parameters adjustment using a single memory neuron

The work presented in this paper presents the use of a single memory neuron to find optimal gains for a PID controller. The adopted strategy with the principal equations is discussed. The efficiency of the proposed method is shown for two usual problems which frequently occur in the industry: a single tank and a boiler and heat exchanger applications. A comparison with the Ziegler–Nichols method is presented in order to prove the effectiveness of our approach.

Design and Analysis of Boost DC-DC Converter with PI Controller

This paper covenants owing to the working of PI Controller fed Boost converter. As PI controller removes the delay and offers quick control, it is preferred in this paper. Out of many controllers which provide effective output, PI is chosen which eliminates the necessity for constant operator attention and instinctive control to the system. In the PI Controller, the gains Kp and Ki are calculated by Ziegler and Nichols method. This PI Controller is used as the effective controller for the Boost Converter. In this converter the output voltage is stepped up (increased) for the given input voltage. The PWM Signal generator is used for commutation purpose in the proposed circuit. The Boost converter maintains a constant voltage at the output.

Construction of software using gain-schedule/auto-adaptive control strategy for automation in drilling fluid production plants

Although many advanced nonlinear process control techniques have been developed over the past decade, classic control based on feedback response still has its place. This is mostly so because feedback empirical control is robust and simple to implement and does not require fancy calculations or high-qualified operational manpower to operate it. This work has developed an application written in LabVIEW® environment capable of doing a fully automated single-input single-output control. Preliminary tests were performed in a drilling fluid production unit, controlling flow rate through manipulation of the pump power engine. In the future, tests in the same plant of pressure control by choke valves manipulation will be performed (as found in rig sites, where wellbore pressure is controlled by manipulation of such valves). The final goal is to implement such software in a real rig site, to help operators in drilling control areas such as flow rate and wellbore pressure. The produced software has embedded three self-developed features: automatic plant identification (API), auto-tuning (ABAP) and controllers auto-switch (CAS). The API determines automatically the linearity of the process determining the empirical parameters according to Sundaresan and Krishnaswamy technique. In sequence, it calculates the parameters for P, PI and PID controllers using Cohen–Coon and Ziegler–Nichols methods. The API method automates the sequence of tests necessary to implement the Sundaresan and Krishnaswamy empirical approach. The ABAP feature based on heuristic rules tunes in real time the controllers’ parameters to optimize its response. The CAS allows automatic switch between controllers and parameters to avoid instability, overshoots and creates a synergy with ABAP feature. The results have shown that the API feature is a good optimizer reducing the invested time to calculate all the parameters, from hours to a few minutes. The CAS results demonstrated an associative property with the ABAP feature to mitigate instabilities and overshoots. Therefore, the preliminary results suggested this software is a unique and important tool to improve performance, profitability and reliability during offshore and onshore drilling operations. Moreover, this application could be used in any industry with an approximate first-order dynamic system due to its robustness and a low human interaction need.

Tank Volume Control Using LabVIEW and Arduino UNO

Abstract - Rapid technological developments in contemporary times also affected the development of the toolsin an industry.Equipment in an industry that was once driven manually by humans are now beginning to be controlled automatically. One of the automatic controller system that is widely used in an industrial controller system is proportional integral derivative (PID). PID controller consists of three kinds of methods that the controller proportional controller, the integral controller, and derivative controller. Controlling the height levels of the system is done through LabView 2013. Arduino UNO board is used to process the data on the flow sensor and height sensor.Data obtained from the height sensor and flow sensor is used to set the input and output water tank so that the water level in accordance with the desired height. From the test results, using Ti as an input parameter in the integral action zigler – Nichols method. Condition stable and constant oscillation at the output level elevation will be obtained, when the conditions given parameter value Ti is getting bigger and parameter values Kp given increasingly smaller. By using the parameters obtained from the calculation using the method zigler – Nichols, obtained results faster output stable when using a PI controller. Keyword : Controller, Proportional Integral Derivative, Ziegler-Nichols, LabView

Research on Improved Auto-Tuning of a PID Controller Based on Phase Angle Margin

In order to realize fast and efficient tuning of the proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller parameters in thermal power plants, this paper thoroughly analyzes the problems existing in the relay characteristic method based on the phase angle margin auto-tuning method (PM method), and proposes an improved PM auto-tuning method for the most common first order plus dead time (FOPDT) model in practical engineering applications. The improved algorithm proposes the design of the target phase angle margin and the method of plant identification. Then, the optimization algorithm is used to calculate the correction coefficient of the setting formula to obtain the PID controller parameters that minimize the integrated time absolute error (ITAE) index of the control system. Finally, through the auto-tuning experiment on the generalized control model of the main steam temperature system in thermal power plants, it is verified that the improved algorithm is superior to the traditional PM method and Ziegler–Nichols method (Z-N method), and can obtain a fast and stable control performance.

Adaptive control of intake air conditioning systems for engine testing

The temperature and humidity control of an intake air conditioning (IAC) system for internal combustion engine testing is considered. A decentralized control structure with four PID controllers is proposed, where the PID parameters are chosen using either the Ziegler–Nichols method or a fuzzy gain scheduling. Experimental tests were conducted on a diesel engine test bench to obtain air conditions data to simulate a closed-loop system. A simulation model of the IAC system is used to evaluate the two PID parameter approaches, and the results show that a fuzzy gain scheduling approach achieves small improvements in terms of settling time and steady-state error.

Models for Optimal Online Tuning Based on Computational Intelligence of PID Controllers Applied to Operational Processes of Bulk Reclaimers

This paper considers the development of models for the optimal online tuning of PID controllers based on computational intelligence approaches that are applied to the operational processes of bulk reclaimers. In the first instance, the optimal gains of a PID controller are determined using a structured artificial neural network (ANN), and in the second instance, a fuzzy system is used to carry out online adjustment through a real-time gain scheduling scheme. The bulk resumption process consists of picking up the stored material in stacks and transporting it using conveyor belts for shipment. For the control system, a model based on data pertaining to the electric current in a bucket wheel motor (a device that picks up material) is estimated and compared with the load measured using a scale. The difference between the load estimated by the model and that measured by the scale is the error, and the proposed control system is designed to minimize it. The results of simulations show that the controller models performed better using structured ANNs and fuzzy logic than PID controllers tuned by the second Ziegler–Nichols method, and the PID–fuzzy controller proposed by Zhao and Tomizuka.

A Control Scheme for Variable-Speed Micro-Hydropower Plants

The aim of this work was to design and build a control system to control the performance of the Pelton wheel and synchronous generator system at different upstream water flow and electrical load conditions. The turbine output power is determined by the upstream water flow and spear valve, whilst the generator output power is determined by the turbine output power and the electrical load. A spear valve is used to control the generator output power at different water and load conditions. An autotuning proportion integration (PI) arithmetic-based controller was built using a relay feedback tuning method. An on–off relay was used in the program in order to oscillate the system. The optimal PI gains can be estimated via the Ziegler–Nichols method. A fully open test was used to test the tuned PI gains. The performance of the original gains and the new tuned gains were discussed. A controller was used to maintain the frequency or voltage of the output power by automatic regulation of the turbine valve. The program could search for the maximum generation efficiency by entering the output current value of the generator into the program manually.

Full Control of Quadrotor Aerial Robot Using Fractional-Order FOPID

This article presents a new design of fractional order $$P I^\lambda \ D^\mu $$ , for the full control of quadrotor (attitude and position)using a modified Black–Nichols method. First, we use single-input–single-output approach to design fractional-order $$P I^\lambda \ D^\mu $$ controllers for each position and attitude component. After that, we employ the same $$P I^\lambda \ D^\mu $$ controllers in the multiple-input–multiple-output model of quadrotor to test their performance. It is shown that we can improve the robustness and performance of the control significantly. Fractional-order modeling and control toolbox is used with Simulink model of quadrotor to prove and validate the performance of our controllers considering several scenarios.

Novel electrical discharge machining system with real-time control and monitoring for preparing nanoiron colloid

Nanoiron colloid is remarkably suitable for medical, engineering, and other applications because it exhibits excellent properties such as nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and high chemical stability. Because no studies have examined preparation of nanoiron colloid through electric spark discharge method, an electrical discharge machining system for preparing nanoiron colloid was developed in this study based on automated electric spark discharge method with real-time monitoring. An Arduino microcontroller, laser positioning technology, and closed-loop motor control were combined for automatic alignment of the two discharge electrodes. This electrode alignment method enabled achieving electrode alignment accuracy of 0.139 mm. The real-time monitoring applied the Ziegler–Nichols method with a proportional–integral–derivative controller for closed-loop control of the interelectrode gap that, compared with the manually tuned proportional–integral–derivative controller, increased the interelectrode gap discharge success rate from 22.25 to 28.99. A user-friendly interface and process parameters were realized through VisSim software, an Arduino microcontroller, and an RT/DAC4 PCI card. This design enabled obtaining data on process efficiency and providing real-time process diagnosis. Compared with colloids prepared using chemical methods, the nanoiron colloids prepared in this study contained only iron and oxygen; therefore, they would be safer for application in the human body. According to the UV-Vis and Zetasizer analyses, the absorbance peak of the nanoiron colloid prepared with this system ranged from 200 to 220 nm, and the zeta potential was approximately –11.6 mV with a diameter of approximately 155.9 nm. These results verified that this electrical discharge machining system can prepare nanoiron colloid featuring excellent suspension stability.

Application of LabVIEW and Genetic Algorithm for controlling of Plate Heat Exchanger

The mathematical modeling of plate heat exchanger (PHE) was studied by effect several step change in entrance hot fluid stream and measuring the temperature of exit cold fluid. Based on the energy balance, a mathematical model for this heat exchanger (PHE) transmit factor (U) is linked with the warm fluid stream (mh). To confirm this model, the control on temperature was applied experimentally and theoretically to the plate heat exchanger using P, PI and PID controllers with some different tuning methods of control parameters; genetic alg - To assess the achievement of control, the time domain specifications such as rise time, overshoot (OS), settling time, measures of control system efficiency (integrates the square of the error over time (ISE) and integrates the absolutes error over time (IAE)) are used. The PID controller gave better control of temperature than other controllers, While Ziegler – Nichols method gave better control than Cohen-Coon. Genetic Algorithm (GA) technique is the best method in simulation compared with Cohen-Coon and Ziegler – Nichols methods because of the semi-perfect regulation of adjusted parameter values that give lower oscillatory pattern, minimal sum error, but it gives the slower response to reach the steady state.

Ant Colony Optimization based on Pareto optimality: application to a congested router controlled by PID regulation

ABSTRACTThe subject of this research work is to stabilize the network TCP (transmission control protocol) as well as the queue of the router congestion by designing an Active Queue Management scheme able to ensure this role. The problem is dealt with under the theory of the command by using a tuned PID (proportional–integral–derivative) controller based on an extension of the Hermite–Biehler theorem applied to quasi-polynomials. This tuning approach uses Hurwitz stability concept, that is to say, a sufficient and necessary condition must be given so the roots of the quasi-polynomial lie in the left half plane. Since this stabilization method gives rise to a set of values for parameters ‘P’, ‘I’ and ‘D’, it turns out relevant to optimize the results achieved within this stability region. To achieve this purpose, a multi-criterion Ant Colony Optimization based on Pareto optimality is used, given the conflictual character of the closed-loop system performance parameters. The set of optimal solutions of the problem is given by determining the Pareto front of objective functions. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated via a series of numerical simulations in MATLAB and SIMULINK. The results are compared with those of the genetic algorithm and Ziegler–Nichols methods.

Frequency control in an islanded hybrid microgrid using frequency response analysis tools

A hybrid microgrid has numerous decentralised control loops. Therefore, coordination among hybrid microgrid subsystems with desired performance is essential. This study presents a practical control approach for efficient tuning of proportional–integral (PI) controllers and leads compensators in islanded hybrid microgrids. This method is based on the frequency response characteristic and root-locus trajectory. It is used to minimise the frequency deviations of an AC hybrid microgrid. The presented well-tuned controllers are tuned based on droop mechanism, and coordination among hybrid microgrid subsystems with desired damping coefficient and stability margin. Then, the system performance is analysed under several disturbances. The results are compared with PI controllers tuned by Ziegler–Nichols method. As well, the robustness of the proposed approach in a wide range of parameter changes is investigated. Eigenvalue analysis and simulation results show that the minimum frequency deviations and desired relative stability of the hybrid microgrid subsystems are achieved by the proposed controllers. To show generality and efficiency of the proposed approach, the presented method is applied to a different hybrid microgrid model used in the literature. For this purpose, in order to control the frequency deviations in the stand-alone mode, presented well-tuned controller is compared with intelligent fuzzy and particle swarm optimisation-fuzzy controllers.

Relay Based Auto Tuner for Calibration of SCR Pump Controller Parameters in Diesel After Treatment Systems

In this paper, the application of relay-based auto tuning method for calibration of PID parameters of SCR (Selective Catalytic Reduction) pump pressure controller in a diesel engine is described. SCR pump, which is defined as the plant of the system in this study, provides urea for pressure line in the SCR urea dosing system. The pump is actuated by a BLDC (brushless DC) motor and the motor adjusts the pump frequency. As a result, the speed of the motor is controlled by PWM signal which is determined by PID controller. Auto tuner was designed to bypass the actual SCR pump controller with relay signal which introduces an oscillation to the system. Based on the relay and plant output signals, system identification is finalized as a first order system with dead time. Once the model is identified, different tuning algorithms such as Ziegler-Nichols, Tyreus Luyben, Ciancone-Marlin and Internal Mode Control become available for comparison. The best algorithm, based on comparison results, can be selected by users. In this study, Ziegler- Nichols method is chosen based on the system performance.

DFIG virtual inertia control in micro‐grid based on setting trigger condition and ZN method for parameters optimisation

The virtual inertia control (VIC) is used to design frequency regulation for a doubly fed induction generator (DFIG). The VIC method can be improved by adding supplementary control loops for inertia response and rotor speed recovery. In this study, certain delay time of the recovery module is replaced by setting a trigger condition to make the speed recover. Then the modified Ziegler–Nichols (ZN) method is used to calculate proportional–integral parameters of the recovery module quickly and accurately. Finally, the VIC method is applied to the micro-grid switch grid-connected mode to unplanned island mode. Simulation results demonstrate that the modified VIC method is effective to improve transient stability for the micro-gird during switching mode.

퍼지게인 스케쥴링 PID 제어이론을 이용한 동적 위치 유지 제어기법에 관한 연구

Many studies on dynamic positioning control algorithms using fixed feedback gains have been carried out to improve station keeping performance of dynamically positioned vessels. However, the control algorithms have disadvantages in that it can not cope with changes in environmental disturbances and response characteristics of vessels motion in real time. In this paper, the Fuzzy Gain Scheduling - PID(FGS - PID) control algorithm that can tune PID gains in real time was proposed. The FGS - PID controller that consists of fuzzy system and a PID controller uses weighted values of PID gains from fuzzy system and fixed PID gains from Ziegler - Nichols method to tune final PID gains in real time. Firstly, FGS - PID controller, control allocation algorithm, FPSO and environmental disturbances were modeled using Matlab/Simulink to evaluate station keeping performance of the proposed control algorithm. In addition, simulations that keep positions and a heading angle of vessel with wind, wave, current disturbances were carried out. From simulation results, the FGS - PID controller was confirmed to have better performances of keeping positions and a heading angle and consuming power than those of the PID controller. As a consequence, the proposed FGS - PID controller in this paper was validated to have more effectiveness to keep position and heading angle than that of PID controller.

ELECTRONIC CONTROL FOR FUEL SUPPLY OF DIESEL ENGINE ON THE BASIS OF PROGRAMMABLE PID-REGULATOR

The article presents a schematic diagram of the Euro-3 diesel engine electronic control and describes hard- and software platform of the high pressure fuel pump pneumatic actuator control that allows to realize the concept of electronic fuel supply control of diesel engine KamAZ-740. The strategic dependence beetwen the angular position of fuel pump governor lever and the angular position of electronic accelerator pedal were put on the basis of electronic control concept. Implementation of this dependence was carried out by applying a modulated PWM signal with determined duty cycle by the controller to the coil proportional solenoid valve, which is responsible for the amount of air pressure in the working chamber of the power air cylinder, connected by articulated-type to the governor lever of the high pressure fuel pump. In this case, the feedback control by position of governor lever of the high pressure fuel pump was introduced in the control circuit, but engine crankshaft speed control was carried out using a software continuous PID governor. Developed strategy gives possibility to track the deflection of control parameter from a predetermined value by real-time and almost instantly, to make a control action on actuators to eliminate this deflection, while providing a minimum time of transition. Governor’s setting (proportional, integral and differential component) performed empirically using the classical Ziegler – Nichols method, based on the analysis of the safety factor of automatic control system. The results of calculating the coefficients of proportional integral-differential regulator and oscillograms HIL experiment on testing the proposed diesel engine throttle control strategies using visualization CoDeSys V2.3 are given in activity.

Conical tank level control using fractional order PID controllers: a simulated and experimental study

In this paper, simulated and experimental results on the conical tank level control are presented. PI/PID controllers of integer order (IO) as well as of fractional order (FO) are studied and compared. The tuning parameters are obtained first by using root locus (RL) and Ziegler and Nichols methods, for comparison purposes. Next, particle swarm optimization (PSO) is employed to determine the optimal controllers’ parameters using as fitness function the integral of the absolute value of tracking error (IAE). From the experimental results it is concluded that PI/FOPI are the controllers presenting the lowest IAE indexes, whereas PID/FOPID controllers present the lowest energy consumption by the control signal.