Ni Supply Research Articles

An investigation of phase formation by high dose silicon ion implantation into nickel

Structural changes and phase transitions during 10 17–10 18 ions/cm 2 silicon ion implantation (at 100 keV) into nickel and subsequent annealing have been studied. Single crystal Ni samples were examined by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry and channeling (RBS-C) and reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED). Polycrystalline samples were thinned after ion implantation for TEM (transmission electron microscope) observations which included in situ annealing at temperatures up to 800°C. The structural changes were found to be critically dependent on the Si concentration which builds up with increasing implantation dose. Partial amorphization occured at intermediate doses higher than 1 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 and a complete amorphous layer formed at a nominal dose of 4.5 × 10 17 ions/cm 2 or above. The in situ annealing of selected prethinned specimens revealed a variety of nickel silicide phases depending on annealing conditions. This behaviour is discussed in terms of the availability of Ni supply during the annealing.

Effect of nickel on two common bean cultivars

Abstract Two common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars, Carioca and IAPAR‐14, were grown in a nutrient solution in the presence of 0,1,2, and 4 mg/L of nickel (Ni). Both cultivars developed symptoms of toxicity in the roots and tops., but especially in the leaves. Dry matter was reduced by the higher Ni levels. The IAPAR‐14 cultivar, however, was more tolerant than the Carioca cultivar to Ni. Yield decreased as Ni levels in the solutions were increased. There was no seed production at the 4 mg/L Ni concentration for either of the two cultivars. A 50% reduction in leaf chlorophyll was observed when 4 mg/L Ni was supplied. Mineral analysis of several plant parts showed a build up of Ni concentration in the roots which was accompanied by higher iron (Fe) concentrations. Increasing Ni supply resulted in no significant changes in the concentrations of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn) in the tissue. The levels of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potasium (K), copper (Cu), and Ni, however, increased, as a consequence either of either the dilution effect, interaction in absorption, or both. No explanation can be given for the observed differential tolerance.

Growth and Nutrition of White Pine and White Spruce Seedlings in Solutions of Various Nickel and Copper Concentrations

AbstractAs part of an investigation of the ways in which supply is related to growth and foliage concentration, and as part of a larger problem of tree establishment on certain polluted soils, seedlings of white pine (Pinus strobus L.) and white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) were grown from seed over a 20‐week period in nutrient solutions of various Ni and/or Cu concentrations in growth chambers. In one series, Ni was supplied during the latter part of the test period at 0, 0.01, 0.1, 1, and 10 ppm; in a second, Cu was supplied at 0, 0.01, 1, 10, and 100 ppm; and in a third, Ni and Cu were supplied together in factorial combination at 0, 1, and 10 ppm. At the end of each experiment the seedlings were harvested and growth and chemical composition were determined. In general, substantial reductions in growth occurred when concentrations of Ni and/or Cu in the nutrient solutions were ≥ 10 ppm. There was some suggestion that white spruce seedlings were more susceptible than white pine seedlings to elevated Ni levels, with the order being reversed for Cu. Foliage concentrations of Ni and/or Cu increased in relation to their concentrations in the external solutions. No definitive trends were evident in foliage concentrations of other dements except Fe and Zn, both of which decreased: Fe in relation to both Ni and Cu supply, Zn chiefly in relation to Ni supply.

Wachstum, Futterverwertung und Proteingehalt einzelner Organe bei unterschiedlicher Zink‐ und Nickelversorgung

In two-factorial experiment with variable Zn- and Ni-content of the diet effects of interactions between iron and zinc on growth, food intake, food efficiency and protein concentration is serum, liver and pancreas of rats were investigated through a wide range of supply of both elements. Besides food efficiency interactions between zinc and nickel influenced all parameters, if certain relations of the both elements were imbalanced. Especially by growth it could be shown that either zinc deficiency could be reduced by excessive Ni supply nor Ni toxicity by elevated Zn content of the diet.

Disruption of Hardwood Nutrition by Sulfur Dioxide, Nickel, and Copper Air Pollution Near Sudbury, Canada

AbstractFoliage from each of four hardwood species—white birch (Betula papyrifera Marsh.), red oak (Quercus rubra L.), red maple (Acer rubrum L.), and trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.)—growing on sites severely and moderately damaged by fumes and dustfall and on control sites near Sudbury, Ontario, and soil from beneath the trees were sampled and analyzed for various chemical constituents. Results indicated that on sites damaged by fumes and dustfall, soils were impoverished with respect to organic matter content, exchangeable bases (particularly Ca and Mg), and trace elements (particularly Mn and Zn). Levels of S, Fe, Cu, and Ni were also increased. Foliage analysis provided additional support for the proposition that soils contained near toxic to toxic levels of Ni and Cu. If conditions improve, however, with respect to suppression of Ni or Cu supply, tree growth could be limited by the availability of Ca, Mg, or Mn, or even of N or P.

Alpha amylase and dehydrogenase activity in suboptimal Ni intake

Supplementary to studies on the activity of various enzymes during Ni deficiency, the present work was done to determine their response to suboptimal Ni supply. Live weight gain of rats was not affected by 60 versus 150 ppb Ni in the diet. The activity of alpha-amylase, however, was reduced by 43% in the case of 60 ppb dietary Ni and in relation to the change in this enzyme the activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase by 56% and of the lactate dehydrogenase by 27%. These dehydrogenases responded with increased activities to the slight raise in Ni supply with the diet containing 150 ppb Ni as compared to the group given 60 ppb dietary Ni. Overall, it may be inferred that growth is not affected unless dietary Ni supply is below 50 ppb and that dietary Ni contents of 60 and 150 ppb must be regarded as suboptimal supply levels because of the diminished activity of various enzymes.

Deficient nickel supply and the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus inthe bone of growing rats

Based upon studies on Ni deficiency with marked changes in intermediary metabolism, the recent investigation examined the extent to which deficient Ni supply affects the content of calcium, magnesium and phosphorus in rat femurs. In Ni deficiency the content of calcium and phosphorus was reduced, in the case of calcium even more so than accounted for by the decrease in bone weight. The result was Ca : P ratio of 1.8 : 1 in Ni deficiency compared with 2.0 : 1 in control animals. In the case of magnesium, however, the Mg concentration was increased by 45% in the bone fresh matter of the deficient animals. The reduced Ca retention in the bone is accordingly contrasted by an enhanced deposition of magnesium.

Nickel — ein essentielles Spurenelement

Pigs and goats were used in long-term trials to investigate in which way supplements of 100 mug Ni per kg of a semisynthetic diet (control rations: 10 mg Ni per kg of the diet) would influence the rate of weight gains and food consumption and the body composition of the animals. A significant decline in the rate of weight increase was noted in the Ni-deficient animals. Ni-supplements added to the diet (10 mg/kg) increased the weight gains by 21% (goats) and 13% (pigs). In the present trial goats showed a more sensitive response to Ni-deficiency than pigs. Ni-deficiency did not affect the food consumption of neither the growing goats nor the growing pits. It was only during their lactation period that the Ni-deficient goats showed a statistically well-established decrease in food consumption. The level of Ni supply did not affect the crude protein, crude fat and crude ash content of the pigs.

Malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in livers of Ni-deficient rats

In experiments using rats it was shown that inadequate dietary supply of Ni reduces growth and lowers the erythrocyte count, hematocrit and hemoglobin level in blood, that the Ni supply affects the trace element content of iron, copper and zinc in various body organs, and that the absorption of iron is greatly impaired by Ni deficiency. For further biochemical criteria on the essentiality of nickel, the activities of two dehydrogenases, malate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, were measured in liver homogenates from two generations of rats at 30 and 50 days of age. In the 30-day-old rats of both the F 1 and F 2 generation, the activity of the malate dehydrogenase fell to about two-thirds the level of control animals. In the liver of the 50-day-old rats the activity of this enzyme was about the same in deficient animals as in the controls. The activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase of Ni-deficient rats was reduced by 85% in the F 1 generation and by 56% in the F 2 generation at 30 days of age as compared with control levels. In 50-day-old rats the activity had fallen to half the level of control animals at 30 days of age. At the age of 50 days, there was no significant difference between the deficient and the control groups of either generation.