NH4Cl Solution Research Articles

Synthesis, Antimicrobial and Corrosion Inhibition Studies of 1,3-Benzothiazole Derivatives

With an emphasis on potential medicinal and corrosion inhibition applications, four N-(4-(substituted benzylidene)benzo[d]thiazol-2-amine were synthesized by the condensation of 2,3-dihydro-1,3- benzothiazol-2-amine with 4-substituted benzaldehydes. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), infrared (IR) and mass spectroscopy were used to characterize the synthesized compounds. To assess the antibacterial activity of synthetic drugs, the conventional serial dilution approach has been used. The synthesized compounds showed excellent bioactivities comparable to those of a typical medication. The corrosion inhibition effect of benzothiazole derivatives has been investigated against mild steel in 0.1 N HCl solution using potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods at room temperature. The results revealed that 4-{[(1,3-benzothiazol-2-yl)imino]methyl}-N,Ndimethylaniline inhibitor has high inhibition efficiency (56.39%) at room temperature for a 50 mg/L concentration when compared to other compounds.

Cross-linkable, phosphobetaine-based, zwitterionic amphiphiles that form lyotropic bicontinuous cubic phases.

The design, synthesis, and lyotropic liquid crystal phase behaviour of six cross-linkable, phosphobetaine-based, zwitterionic amphiphiles are described. Two form a QII phase with aq. NH4Cl solution, giving 3D-nanoporous membrane materials that can be used for water desalination and are not susceptible to ion exchange like traditional ionic analogues.

Separation of lithium chloride from ammonium chloride by an electrodialysis-based integrated process

Li+ and NH4+ have the same charge, valence, and similar ionic hydration radii. Hence, it is challenging to separate them through individual electrodialysis. Herein, an electrodialysis (ED)-based integrated process is proposed to separate Li+ from the mixed solution of LiCl and NH4Cl and simultaneously generate a concentrated LiOH solution. First, bipolar membrane electrodialysis (BMED) converts the mixed solution into the alkali solution of LiOH and NH3·H2O. The BMED performance was investigated by varying the operating parameters. The results show that the BMED membrane stack with the BP-A-C configuration performs better than the one with the BP-C configuration. A solution of 2.16 mmol/L LiOH and 0.05 mol/L NH3·H2O, selected as the initial alkali solution for the alkali tank, can reduce the energy consumption from 88.51 to 83.45 kW·h/kg, and improve the current efficiency from 53.45% to 56.69% slightly. Reducing the initial volume ratio of the alkali solution to the feed can concentrate the generated alkali solution and increase the LiOH conversion ratio simultaneously. Furthermore, reducing the initial feed concentration can efficiently improve the BMED performance. A maximum LiOH conversion ratio of 97.10% can be achieved in the BMED process. Second, ammonia removal with direct air stripping (AR-DAS) process is performed on the mixed alkali solution of LiOH and NH3·H2O to remove the ammonia and obtain the pure LiOH solution. The results show an ammonia removal ratio of more than 99%. Third, conventional electrodialysis (CED) concentrates the LiOH solution. Effects of the applied voltages and initial LiOH solution concentrations on the CED performance were investigated. The results show that a higher applied voltage increases energy consumption, while a higher initial LiOH solution concentration improves the LiOH concentration ratio. A maximum LiOH concentration ratio of 2.19 can be achieved in the CED process. Moreover, through analysis, the final solid products, generated by evaporation and crystallization, are LiOH·H2O crystals with the purity of 94.3 ± 3.56%. This work suggests that the ED-based integrated process is a highly effective approach to separating the mixed salt solutions of Li+ and NH4+.

Rapid and highly selective removal of cesium by Prussian blue analog anchored on porous collagen fibers

Removing radioactive cesium from wastewaters is necessary for sustainable development of nuclear energy. In this study, a novel adsorbent (PBA-CFs) was successfully fabricated by securely anchoring Prussian blue analog on porous collagen fibers (CFs) crosslinked with Zr4+. PBA-CFs showed low pH sensitivity and high adsorption capacity (qe) for cesium, with an optimal adsorption pH range of 2–10 and a maximum of 1.32 mmol g−1. The novel adsorbent also displayed high selectivity for Cs+ in the presence of competing ions (K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Sr2+, or Co2+). They could effectively remove above 98 % Cs+ from tap water, lake water, and mineral water and more than 75 % of Cs+ in seawater at the Cs+ concentration of 10–60 mg/L. The adsorption process could rapidly reach equilibrium within 30 min and satisfy the pseudo-second-order kinetics model. Adsorption thermodynamics further indicated the process was exothermic, feasible, and spontaneous. Significantly, PBA-CFs exhibited superior adsorption performance in the continuous column process, with qo of 1.53 mmol g−1. One gram of PBA-CFs could effectively treat 4.03 L (666 BV) of water at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min−1, with a removal rate beyond 95 %, superior to other common adsorbents. Moreover, 0.1 mol/L NH4Cl solution with pH 2 could rapidly regenerate the saturated PBA-CF column. PBA-CFs demonstrated notable irradiation stability after exposure to 10–350 kGy of 60Co γ-ray. These results demonstrate PBA-CFs are a highly effective and promising adsorbent for the removal of radioactive 137Cs from wastewater. This work not only provides a feasible method for Cs+ removal to facilitate the environmental protection and sustainable development of nuclear energy but also extends the effective application and circular development of CFs as a reproducible biomass resource.

A green process for the conversion of hazardous sintering dust into K2SO4 and NH4Cl fertilizers

Sintering dust from the steelmaking industry is a hazardous waste that is rich in valuable metals. The purpose with the present study has been to design an efficient process for the preparation of K2SO4 and NH4Cl fertilizers by using sintering dust as raw material. The K, S, and Cl in the sintering dust were selectively and efficiently leached using water. The leaching of Ca impurities was then greatly reduced and the appearance of Zn and Mg was avoided. The Cl− ions in the leachate were, thereafter, adsorbed by a 201 × 7 resin to form a K2SO4 solution. Finally, the loaded Cl− on the resin was desorbed to form a NH4Cl solution, and the resin was regenerated and recycled. The purified solutions were crystallized to prepare K2SO4(s) and NH4Cl(s) products, which met the national standard of China for superior potassium sulfate and ammonium chloride, to be used for agricultural use. The recoveries of K, Cl, and S from the sintering dust were 80.78%, 92.63%, and 93.92%, respectively. Notably, the Mn content in the leaching residue increased from 9.08% to 14.19%. This could be used for the conversion of Mn impurities into recyclable manganese-rich raw materials. This green process enables an effective extraction of important impurities in hazardous sintering dust, thereby providing a new potassium source for potash fertilizer manufacturing with notable economic and environmental benefits.

Effect of Hydrogen on Corrosion Behavior of 321 Stainless Steel in NH4Cl Solution.

For a hydrogenation heat exchanger operating under severe working conditions such as high temperature, high pressure and a hydrogen environment, perforation accidents caused by NH4Cl corrosion occur frequently. However, few reports on the effect of hydrogen on the corrosion behavior of metal materials in NH4Cl aqueous solution have been published. In this paper, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), electrochemical dynamic potential polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), Mott–Schottky (M-S) curves and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to study the effect of electrochemical hydrogen charging (EHC) on the corrosion behavior of 321 stainless steel in an NH4Cl solution environment. The results show that: (1) hydrogen can change the structure and chemical composition of 321 stainless steel passive film and promote the conversion of metal oxide to hydroxide. At the same time, it can reduce the stability of the passive film. (2) Hydrogen can increase the thermodynamic and kinetic tendency of corrosion reaction and cooperate with Cl− to promote the occurrence of pitting corrosion.

Study on the Corrosion Behavior of CoCrFeMnNi HEA in NH4Cl Solutions with Different Concentrations

Study on the Corrosion Behavior of CoCrFeMnNi HEA in NH4Cl Solutions with Different Concentrations

Preparation of high-purity vaterite CaCO3 from lead-zinc tailings

This study introduced a green scheme for high value treatment of lead-zinc tailings, which produced high-purity vaterite from lead-zinc tailings. The effects of different experimental parameters on the leaching and carbonization of Ca2+ in lead-zinc tailings were discussed. It was found that the optimum leaching ratio of Ca2+ in NH4Cl solution was 74.87% and the optimum carbonization ratio of Ca2+ in the leaching solution was 96.96%. The spherical CaCO3 with d50 < 10 μm, 99.41% purity, and 98.70% whiteness was prepared under suitable carbonization conditions. The XRD results showed that the CaCO3 product was high purity vaterite. The presence of NH4+ and Zn2+ in the leaching solution hindered the transformation of vaterite into calcite, leading to the formation of high-purity vaterite CaCO3. The SEM results indicated that the dispersants STP or PEG-6000 could improve the dispersion of vaterite, and STP contributed to the formation of fine particle vaterite. This method proposed an approach for the production of vaterite from lead-zinc tailings, broad application prospects.

Influence of Calcium Leaching on Mechanical and Physical Properties of Limestone Powder–Cement Pastes Cured under Different Temperatures

This work investigates the influence of calcium leaching on mechanical and physical properties of limestone powder (LS)–cement pastes cured under different temperatures. In order to achieve this goal, three different mass percentages of LS (10%, 30%, and 50%) were selected to replace cement, and the LS–cement pastes were cured under three different temperatures (5°C, 20°C, and 50°C). The LS–cement pastes were soaked in NH4Cl solution to accelerate the calcium leaching and simulate the leaching influence from water. The mechanical and physical properties including the compressive strength, flexural strength, Vickers hardness (VH), leaching depth, and electrochemical impendence spectroscopy (EIS) were conducted. The prediction model of VH and the relationship between equivalent VH and mechanical strength were built. The microstructure of LS–cement pastes is characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) tests. Experimental results demonstrate that with the increase of LS, the decrease degree of mechanical and physical properties of LS–cement pastes increases gradually; Furthermore, the leaching damage degree of LS–cement pastes is the largest under curing temperature of 5°C, followed by 50°C and 20°C. The microstructure results reveal that the Ca(OH)2 in the leached zone of LS–cement pastes is completely dissolved, and the calcium leaching makes the LS–cement pastes cured under 5°C obtain the loosest structure and the most serious leaching damage, followed by 50°C and 20°C.

Ammonium‐Iron(III) metallacryptate inclusion complexes based on Aroylbis(N,N‐diethylthioureas): Synthesis and structure

AbstractOne‐pot reactions of pyridine‐ or catechol‐scaffolding aroylbis(N,N‐diethylthioureas), H2L1 or H2L2, with methanolic solutions of FeCl3 and NH4Cl bring about novel cationic ammonium‐inclusion complexes {NH4 ⊂ [Fe2(L)3]}+ (L = L1 or L2), which could be separated as PF6– salts. The inclusion compounds have been characterized by elemental analyses and spectroscopic methods such as HRMS, IR and SCXRD. Ammonium ions are captured in the intramolecular voids of {2}‐metallacryptands {[Fe2(L)3]} (L = L1 or L2) resulting from the octahedral coordination of Fe3+ ions with aroylthiourea moieties of the ligands. Hydrogen bonds are established between the NH4+ ions and the donor atoms of the cages.

Influences of leaching on the composition, structure and morphology of calcium silicate hydrate (C–S–H) with different Ca/Si ratios

Leaching of hydration products in cement-based materials may reduce the service life of concrete constructions, such as radioactive waste disposal containers and hydro structures. C–S–H is the most important cement hydration product, and systematic research on its nanostructures change under leaching is necessary to clarify the leaching mechanism in cement-based materials. This work aims to disclose the leaching mechanism of C–S–H with different Ca/Si ratios by immersing them in NH4Cl solution. The chemical structure, composition and morphology of samples were investigated by XRD, TG, ICP-OES, FTIR, 29Si NMR and TEM. Results show that decalcification occurs both in interlayer and intralayer of C–S–H, reducing the Ca/Si ratio to 0.67–0.70. Although initial Ca/Si ratios are different, the eventual decalcification behavior of C–S–H tends to be congruent dissolution. Additionally, Ca(OH)2 buffers the decalcification of C–S–H. Ca leaching breaks the charge balance of C–S–H and therefore changes the chemical state of silicate tetrahedra, which increases the length of silicate chains. Meanwhile, the silicate chain in adjacent layers was linked and the amorphous silica gel was formed. Leaching coarsens the pore structure of C–S–H and transforms partial foil-like C–S–H into silica gels with flocculent morphology.

Nature of the Electrical Double Layer on Suspended Graphene Electrodes.

The structure of interfacial water near suspended graphene electrodes in contact with aqueous solutions of Na2SO4, NH4Cl, and (NH4)2SO4 has been studied using confocal Raman spectroscopy, sum frequency vibrational spectroscopy, and Kelvin probe force microscopy. SO42– anions were found to preferentially accumulate near the interface at an open circuit potential (OCP), creating an electrical field that orients water molecules below the interface, as revealed by the increased intensity of the O–H stretching peak of H-bonded water. No such increase is observed with NH4Cl at the OCP. The intensity of the dangling O–H bond stretching peak however remains largely unchanged. The degree of orientation of the water molecules as well as the electrical double layer strength increased further when positive voltages are applied. Negative voltages on the other hand produced only small changes in the intensity of the H-bonded water peaks but affected the intensity and frequency of dangling O–H bond peaks. The TOC figure is an oversimplified representation of the system in this work.

P362: MINIMAL-LOSS-CYTOMETRY FOR EVALUATION OF CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IN PEDIATRIC ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA. SINGLE CENTER STUDY.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) involvement at diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) represents a risk factor for CNS relapse. Currently, examination of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is performed and evaluated quantitatively using a counting chamber and qualitatively using cytomorphological analysis of cytospin. Recently, flow cytometry (FC) evaluation of CSF was shown to provide more reliable results and to predict relapse risk (de Haas et al., 2021, Thastrup et al., 2020). Independently of these studies, we applied a lyse-no wash technique aiming at minimizing cell loss during preparation and at improved cell concentration estimate. Aims: Our aim was to compare our findings with morphological criteria and published data and correlate them with clinical outcome in pediatric patients with ALL. Methods: We included pediatric patients with newly diagnosed ALL (04/2014 – 01/2022), whose CSF examination was performed in CLIP laboratory (n=208). Patients were classified as B cell precursor ALL (BCP ALL; 85%) and T ALL (15%) and treated according to following protocols: AIEOP-BFM ALL 2009 (n=118), AIEOP-BFM ALL 2017 (n=71), EsPhALL(n=8), Interfant06 (n=5), off-protocol (n=6). During follow up, 14 patients relapsed (5 CNS incl. combined, 9 non-CNS). CSF (drawn into tube with no fixative agent and processed within 2 hours) was concentrated by centrifugation and incubated with combination of antibodies (CD20/CD10/CD45/CD34/CD19/CD3/Syto41 in BCP ALL and CD4/CD99/CD5/CD3/CD7/CD16 + 56/CD8/CD45/Syto41 in T ALL). Residual erythrocytes were lysed with NH4Cl solution, followed by immediate acquisition on BD FACS Lyric or BD LSRII cytometers. Blasts were quantified to initial CSF volume. Cluster of 20 events was required to assign samples as FC positive (FC+). In parallel, CNS status was concluded according to morphological criteria, being classified as CNS1 (no blasts), CNS2a/b (≤5 WBC/μL with blasts), CNS2c/CNS3 (≥5 WBC/μL with blasts) according to treatment protocol guidelines. Continuous variables were compared with the Mann–Whitney test, survival data were analyzed using Mantel-Cox test. P values<0.05 were considered as significant. Results: Using FC, we identified atypical blasts in 50 out of the 208 analyzed samples (24%). Median of analyzed CSF volume was 367µL (range 143-1033µL), which enabled median sensitivity 0.054 events/µL (range 0.02-0.14ev/µL). Mean blast concentration was 0.47ev/µL (range 0-25ev/µL) in all samples and 2 ev/µL (range 0.01-25ev/µL, median 0.53ev/µL) in FC+ samples. We observed significantly higher blast concentration in patients with T ALL, in patients with CNS2 and CNS3 and those who subsequently relapsed. Patients with FC+ had significantly lower relapse-free survival than FC- patients (55% vs 94%), which provided better separation than CNS status (68% vs.85% for CNS2/3 vs. CNS1, respectively). Image:Summary/Conclusion: Using fresh CSF sample with lyse-no wash protocol enabled us to detect approximately 10x higher blast count (0.24ev/µL in FC+CNS1 and 1.25ev/µL in FC+CNS2/3) than was recently published (0.015ev/µL in FC+CNS1 and 0.073ev/µL in FC+CNS2/3 in Thastrup et al., 2020), and thus it better correlates to cytomorphological data. Interestingly, the proportion of FC+ patients in our cohort is comparable to (24% vs 25%), showing that although in our method we lose fewer cells, we identify the same proportion of FC+ patients. The presented study shows a higher impact of FC positivity on relapse risk than described previously. The disadvantage of our method is a need for a fresh sample, which is investigated locally. Supported by UNCE/MED/015, NU20J-07-00028.

Ultrahigh Performance Self‐Supported Cl‐Cu2O@Cu Foam Electrode Fabricated by Sonochemical Surface Reconstruction Approach

AbstractUnlike powdery transition metal oxide (TMO) coated electrodes, self‐supported TMO electrodes have attracted considerable interests for optimizing the electrocatalytic performances of electrodes due to sufficient exposure of active sites and improved TMO‐substrate interfaces. However, conventional manufacture methods for self‐supported electrodes are faced with inefficiency and high complexity. Herein, a facile sonochemical surface reconstruction approach is proposed to fabricate Cl‐doped Cu2O@Cu foam (Cl‐Cu2O@Cu) electrode with ultrahigh sensitivity for glucose sensing. The intensive collapse of cavitation bubbles near Cu foam under sonication within NH4Cl solution, for this reason, massive Cu complex ions and highly active Cu surfaces are simultaneously generated. Then the nanosized Cu2O particles with large active surfaces are in situ formed and tightly anchored on the Cu surface, which undergoes Cl doping in Cu2O, resulting in ascending electrical conductivity. The Cl‐Cu2O@Cu electrode shows excellent catalytic performance to glucose, presenting ultrahigh sensitivity of 28 mA cm−2 × 10−3 m and ultralow limit of detection of 0.35 × 10−6 m (S/N = 3). This work promotes a novel approach for the rational design of self‐supported electrochemical electrodes by sonochemistry.

High Diffusion Permeability of Anion-Exchange Membranes for Ammonium Chloride: Experiment and Modeling.

It is known that ammonium has a higher permeability through anion exchange and bipolar membranes compared to K+ cation that has the same mobility in water. However, the mechanism of this high permeability is not clear enough. In this study, we develop a mathematical model based on the Nernst–Planck and Poisson’s equations for the diffusion of ammonium chloride through an anion-exchange membrane; proton-exchange reactions between ammonium, water and ammonia are taken into account. It is assumed that ammonium, chloride and OH− ions can only pass through membrane hydrophilic pores, while ammonia can also dissolve in membrane matrix fragments not containing water and diffuse through these fragments. It is found that due to the Donnan exclusion of H+ ions as coions, the pH in the membrane internal solution increases when approaching the membrane side facing distilled water. Consequently, there is a change in the principal nitrogen-atom carrier in the membrane: in the part close to the side facing the feed NH4Cl solution (pH < 8.8), it is the NH4+ cation, and in the part close to distilled water, NH3 molecules. The concentration of NH4+ reaches almost zero at a point close to the middle of the membrane cross-section, which approximately halves the effective thickness of the diffusion layer for the transport of this ion. When NH3 takes over the nitrogen transport, it only needs to pass through the other half of the membrane. Leaving the membrane, it captures an H+ ion from water, and the released OH− moves towards the membrane side facing the feed solution to meet the NH4+ ions. The comparison of the simulation with experiment shows a satisfactory agreement.

Terahertz absorption characteristics of ammonium salt solution based on self-sampling microfluidic chip

With the continuous development of terahertz (THz) detection technology, the use of terahertz spectroscopy to study chemical samples has become one of the indispensable tools in the field of biochemistry. While most biomolecules biological activity can only be expressed in aqueous solutions, water as a polar molecule has strong absorption properties for terahertz waves, making it difficult to use terahertz technology to study the activity of biological samples in aqueous solutions. In this study, a sandwich-type terahertz microfluidic chip with high terahertz wave transmission was designed and combined with a terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) system to test the terahertz spectra of distilled water, 0.9 mol/L NH4Cl, (NH4)2SO4, (NH4)2CO3 and CH3COONH4 solutions, respectively, and to investigate the effect of the electric field action time on the hydrogen bond in the solution under the action of an external electric field. The experimental results show that the terahertz spectra of different ammonium solutions at the same concentration differ significantly, indicating that the ion hydration process affects the intermolecular hydrogen bonding in water, while the applied electric field also affects the hydrogen bonding in water, resulting in a change in the terahertz waves water absorption.

Effect of ammonium salt on corrosion of pipelines and components in a crude oil distillation column: Electrochemical and AIMD studies

Experiments and theoretical calculations were conducted on the corrosion behavior and mechanism of SAE 1020 steel in NH4Cl solution. In-situ measurements demonstrate that temperature and concentration exert a great impact on corrosion and that the interfacial phenomena differ in early stages of immersion, while ex-situ measurements indicate the development of the corrosion product film from loose to denser. The Kelvin potential increases with temperature and concentration, exhibiting a significant characteristic of pitting corrosion. Additional kinetic trajectory simulation was conducted to combine surface reactions with hydrolysis of NH4+ to illustrate the essence of corrosion as a modification of the chemical bond.

Efficient conversion of low-concentration nitrate sources into ammonia on a Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire electrocatalyst.

Electrochemically converting nitrate ions, a widely distributed nitrogen source in industrial wastewater and polluted groundwater, into ammonia represents a sustainable route for both wastewater treatment and ammonia generation. However, it is currently hindered by low catalytic activities, especially under low nitrate concentrations. Here we report a high-performance Ru-dispersed Cu nanowire catalyst that delivers an industrial-relevant nitrate reduction current of 1 A cm-2 while maintaining a high NH3 Faradaic efficiency of 93%. More importantly, this high nitrate-reduction catalytic activity enables over a 99% nitrate conversion into ammonia, from an industrial wastewater level of 2,000 ppm to a drinkable water level <50 ppm, while still maintaining an over 90% Faradaic efficiency. Coupling the nitrate reduction effluent stream with an air stripping process, we successfully obtained high purity solid NH4Cl and liquid NH3 solution products, which suggests a practical approach to convert wastewater nitrate into valuable ammonia products. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the highly dispersed Ru atoms provide active nitrate reduction sites and the surrounding Cu sites can suppress the main side reaction, the hydrogen evolution reaction.

Preparation of structured biochar, its adsorption capacity of N and P and its characterization.

Structured biochar (SC) was prepared by biochar from cattail-sludge mixture (CS) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and treated as an adsorbent, and the KH2PO4 and NH4Cl solution were treated as adsorbates, to explore the adsorption capacity of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) on SC in water. A single factor experimental method was employed to determine the optimal parameters for SC. The results showed that: 60% sizing amount, 5 N (cm2)-1 molding pressure, 160 °C molding temperature and 95 min molding time were optimal parameters for SC preparation. The adsorption of P and N on SC conforms to the Langmuir model, with the distribution of adsorption sites on the surface tending to be even. The adsorption of P and N on SC is favorable and spontaneous, and the adsorption tends to be monolayer adsorption with a major role for chemical adsorption. The higher the temperature, the higher the adsorption capacity of P and N on SC is, and the affinity of SC with P is higher than that with N. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model for the adsorption of N and P by SC has a high degree of fit. The pHpzc value of SC was 8.57. The hydrophobicity and stability of SC are rather high, with the surface particles closely bonded and increased roughness and pore diameter. The adsorption mechanism of P and N on SC can be attributed to pore filling, electrostatic attraction and hydrogen bonding. The results can provide a new technology for the resource utilization of cattails and sludge, a new idea for the recycling and reuse of biochar, and a basis for the selection of materials for the treatment of eutrophic water bodies.

Supramolecular Template-Assisted Catalytic [2+2] Photocycloaddition in Homogeneous Solution

Supramolecular Template-Assisted Catalytic [2+2] Photocycloaddition in Homogeneous Solution