Research Nexus Research Articles

Biometric Spoofing and Deepfake Detection

Biometrics have increasingly become most suited mechanisms for identification and authentication in the use of diverse technologies and systems. However, much they prove to be more robust than other identification and authentication mechanisms, there is also an upsurge with privacy and security concerns. With AI being at the forefront of our technological advancement, it has been to our advantage and also, somehow to our detriment. People are constantly deriving ways to either trick biometric sensors to crack and bypass these authentication protocols. The practice of these nefarious activities ranges from creating fake videos or images for spreading hate, political expediency, embarrassing celebrities etc. This paper seeks to delve to the nooks and crannies of the subject matter to provide a vivid understanding in this regard and also throws light on a few areas where there exists the need for more research. Keywords: Biometrics, Spoofing, Deepfakes, Deepfake Detection, Africa, Cybersecurity. BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Yaw Amoah-Yeboah (2022): Biometric Spoofing and Deepfake Detection Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 279-284 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P45

Analysing Network Information and Protocol Using Wireshark

The volume and variety of threats and attacks against computer systems has increased the value of computer network security. There is growing need for a network manager to have the ability to inspect and analyse network data in order to understand what is going on and to respond quickly if an attack is detected. During a network investigation, protocol analysis is the evaluation of some fields in a protocol's data structure. Understanding the components of a network protocol may be quite beneficial during an inquiry. Wireshark is a useful tool for analysing network packets and their dynamics and may be used to identify and categorize many sorts of attack in this regard. This paper examines network protocols that are often utilized by applications using Wireshark. Wireshark can decode the stream of data traveling across a network and display those bits in the protocol's structured representation. The purpose of this paper is to show how Wireshark may be used to analyse network information and protocol. Keywords: Packet Sniffer, Wireshark, Protocol Analyser, Network Packet Analysis BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Theophilus Botcway (2022): Analysing Network Information and Protocol Using Wireshark Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 203-208 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P33

Internet of Things (IoT) & Underwater Network Forensics

The proliferation of IoT devices and technology in recent years cannot be overstated. With the diverse area of application, IoT devices will be prone to unscrupulous attacks. Applying digital forensics in this field makes it a multi-faceted area that necessarily implies a lot of challenges out to be addressed in order to ensure compatibility. This research extensively considers existing literature with the view of highlighting the application areas of IoT, underwater networks and digital areas as well the research challenges that needs attention in order to realize a robust IoT and underwater forensics regime. These recommendations as well policy directions were also added Keywords: Internet of Things (IoT), Underwater Network Forensics, Cybersecurity, Compatibility BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Timothy Kwaku (2022): Internet of Things (IoT) & Underwater Network Forensics Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 291-300 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P47

Effective ways of Carrying Out Network Autopsy

By focusing on intrinsic network weaknesses and communication processes, network forensics techniques aid in the tracking of internal and external network attacks. However, when cyber criminals remove traces in order to evade detection, the investigation of cybercrime becomes more difficult. As a result, network forensics approaches use mechanisms to make inquiry easier by recording every packet and event that passes over the network. As a result, it is possible to determine the source of the assault by reconstructing the captured data. The purpose of this paper is to outline effectives way of carrying out network autopsy. Keywords: Network Autopsy, Network Forensics, Network Security, Packets, Data Capture. BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Louis Opoku Gyamfi (2022): Effective ways of Carrying Out Network Autopsy Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 329-334 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P52

Analysis of Attack Intention Recognition

With the rapid development of network technology, network security problems are gradually increasing, and the network attack situation is very severe (Chen, Yanhua, Li, & Gao, 2019). In a complex attack scenario, timely detection of potential attack behaviours and timely identification and pre-judgment of attack intentions are important components of security risks. However, the attack behavior in the network presents complexity, multi-step and uncertainty, which brings new technical challenges to attack intent analysis. Aiming at the problem that the attack intention of multi-step complex attack is difficult to identify. Intrusion intention recognition is to interpret and judge the purpose, vision and intention of attackers through analyzing a large number of low-level alarm information, which is to give a reasonable explanation of a large number of attack data. This paper focuses on identifying attack intention in order to can determine the real purpose of attackers and predict the subsequent attack behavior, which is the premise and foundation of threat analysis and an important part of network security situation awareness. Keywords: Attack Intention, Multi-Stage Attack, Networks, Casual Network Approach, Systems, Cyber Security BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Tsatsu, K. Sabblah (2022): Analysis of Attack Intention Recognition Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 259-262 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P41

Cloud Computing Forensic Challenges for Law Enforcement

Cloud computing is a relatively new concept that offers the potential to deliver scalable elastic services to many. The notion of pay-per use is attractive and in the current global recession hit economy it offers an economic solution to an organizations' IT needs. Computer forensics is a relatively new discipline born out of the increasing use of computing and digital storage devices in criminal acts (both traditional and hi-tech). In the last decade computer forensics has developed in terms of procedures, practices and tool support to serve the law enforcement community. However, it now faces possibly its greatest challenges in dealing with cloud computing. Through this paper we explore these challenges and suggest some possible solutions. Keywords: Forensic, Cybercrime, law Enforcement, Digital Universe, Cyberspace, Security BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Samuel Opuni Boateng (2022): Cloud Computing Forensic Challenges for Law Enforcement Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 339-344 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P54

5G Cellular Network Forensics

The fifth generation (5G) of cellular networks will bring 10Gbps user speeds, have a wider bandwidth which can accommodate 1000 times what the fourth generation (4G) could and 100 times faster than the previous 4G cellular network. This paper’s focus is to highlight on the legal aspects of the 5G cellular network. That is, the health issues, privacy, and security issues on Africans. Most crimes currently are facilitated by cellular network devices and with the improvement that the 5G cellular network brings, there is going to be an increase in cybercrime and hence the need for forensics. These forensics’ techniques used in evidence acquisition violates the privacy and security of the users of the 5G cellular network. Keywords: Cellular Networks, Fifth Generation (5G), Lawful Interception (LI), Lawful Access Location Services (LALS), Privacy, Security, Africa, Natural Resources, Carbon, Ozone Layer, Internet of Things (IoT) BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Edwin Angmor Kofi Ohipeni (2022): 5G Cellular Network Forensics Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 181-184 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P29

Bitcoins Usage By Cybercriminals – Evolution And Current Mitigating Approaches

Bitcoins Usage By Cybercriminals – Evolution And Current Mitigating Approaches Daniel Tibina Apuri Digital Forensics & Cyber Security Graduate Programme Department Of Information Systems & Innovations Ghana Institute of Management & Public Administration Greenhill, Accra, Ghana E-mail: dapuri@gimpa.edu.gh Phone: +233205967243 ABSTRACT The issue of security is one of the most pressing concerns about the emergence and adoption of cryptocurrencies. There is currently a serious concern regarding the security of blockchain technology. Although cryptocurrencies offer a high level of network security by keeping transactions anonymous, it also raises the possibility of bitcoin being used for illegal reasons. Furthermore, the technology that underpins the operation of a cryptocurrency, like any other information system, is vulnerable to many forms of attacks. A connection where bitcoin is traded for traditional money is a weak spot in the cryptocurrency circulation chain. Because this occurs on newly unregulated exchanges, they are frequently targeted by hackers. Other dangers exist in the bitcoin industry. For example, with the fast appearance of new cryptocurrency exchanges, determining their previous performance and just hoping for their dependability becomes challenging. There are "grey" stock exchanges, which can halt operations at any time after withdrawing assets. The potential of a cryptocurrency to launder money or support terrorists is the most serious security concern for many nations. To combat money laundering, the Japanese government, finance ministers, and chiefs of central banks in France and Germany have proposed making cryptocurrency regulation international. The IMF also believes that worldwide regulatory oversight of the digital currency sector is required. Keywords: Cryptocurrencies, Blockchain, Security, Transaction, Distributed, Network, Encryption, Privacy, Regulations, Decentralised, Dark Web BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Daniel Tibina Apuri (2022): ): Bitcoins Usage By Cybercriminals – Evolution And Current Mitigating Approaches Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 251-258 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P40

Net-Force for Email Tracing

Phone: +233244087207 ABSTRACT Email is a widely used communication channel between businesses and individuals. Its importance has increased a lot nowadays, and the majority of the businesses prefer email as their primary communication medium to contact other businesses. Billions of emails are exchanged between businesses on a daily basis, and it is essential to note that most of them also contain spam or viruses. It is estimated that in Africa over 1 billion people use mail for their various communications. Malicious actors have also observed the lucrative advantages associated with mail communications on unsuspecting victims. They are able to reach masses and this has played a major role in the recent trend of romance scammers syndicate. The egregious impact of these cyber offenses offered the need to introduce tools to help investigate the mail communications and reveal actions of malicious actors in cyber space, this will also assist Africa in decreasing its cybercrime rate especially among home users with no or limited cyber safety knowledge. The legal implications of using NET-Force for email tracing to reveal actions of malicious actors will be assessed in this document. Keywords: Cyber Offenses, Cybeyspace, Net-Force Suite, E-mails, legal implications, Africa BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Nana Kwame Kwakye (2022): Net-Force for Email Tracing Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 273-278 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P44

A Survey Of Packet Analysis For Network Forensics

Network forensics is a branch of the network security paradigm (a collection of rules and configurations for protecting the integrity, confidentiality, and accessibility of computer networks and data using both software and hardware technologies) that focuses on network attack prevention and detection. It solves the present model's lack of specific investigation tools for probing harmful activities in networks. It also monitors the network for attacks and analyzes the attackers' characteristics. Packet analysis is the most common technique in network forensics, and it may replay the whole network traffic for a given period if the packet characteristics gathered are sufficiently detailed. The data collected can be utilized to track down traces of illegal internet activity, data breaches, unauthorized website access, malware infection, and so on across the network. This article provides a thorough packet analysis approach with extensive network traffic categorization and pattern detection capabilities, as well as a broad examination of the use of packet analysis in network forensics. Because not all network data can be used in court, the categories of digital evidence that may be acceptable are described in depth. The features of both hardware appliances and packet analyzer software are examined in light of their potential applications in network forensics. Keywords: Network Forensics, Computer & Network Security, Digital Forensics, Local and Wide Area Network, Internet BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Tsatsu, K. Sabblah (2022): Analysis of Attack Intention Recognition Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 263-266 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P42

Security Measures Against Malware, Botnets & Ransomware

Phone: +233574346850 The COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed a huge surge in the number of malware and ransomware attacks. Different institutions such as healthcare, financial, and government have been targeted. There can be numerous reasons for such a sudden rise in attacks, but it appears working remotely in home-based environments (which is less secure compared to traditional institutional networks) could be one of the reasons. Cybercriminals are constantly exploring different approaches like social engineering attacks, such as phishing attacks, to spread ransomware. Hence, in this paper, I explored recent advances in ransomware prevention and detection and highlighted future research challenges and directions. Keywords: Ransomware, Cybersecurity, Antivirus, Malware, Ransomware prevention, COVID-19, Ransomware detection BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Joseph Antwi Attoh (2022): Security Measures Against Malware, Botnets & Ransomware Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 345-352 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P55

Deep Learning (DL) Oriented Forensic Analysis

Cyber-attacks are now more prevalent than ever before in all aspects of our daily lives. As a result of this circumstance, both individuals and organizations are fighting cybercrime on a regular basis. Furthermore, today's hackers have advanced a step further and are capable of employing complex cyber-attack strategies, exacerbating the problem. Some of these approaches are minute and undetectable, and they frequently masquerade as genuine requests and directives. To combat this threat, cyber security professionals, as well as digital forensic investigators, are constantly compelled to filter through massive and complicated pools of data, also known as Big Data, in order to uncover Potential Digital Forensic Evidence. that can be used as evidence in court. Potential Digital Evidence can then be used to assist investigators in reaching certain conclusions and/or judgments. The fact that Big Data frequently comes from various sources and has diverse file formats makes cyber forensics even more difficult for investigators. When it comes to the processing of vast amounts of complicated data for forensic purposes, forensic investigators typically have less time and budget to fulfil the rising demands. This paper will be studying how to incorporate Deep Learning cognitive computing approaches into Cyber Forensics Keywords: Deep Learning, Forensic Analysis, Artificial Intelligence, Online Safety, Evidence BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Herbert Cyril Dodoo (2022): Deep Learning (DL) Oriented Forensic Analysis Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 320-328 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P51

Phase-Oriented Advice and Review Structure (PARS) for Digital Forensic Investigations

The PARS is the first documented peer review methodology for the digital forensics field, a six staged approach designed to formally support organizations and their staff in their goal of facilitating effective peer review of digital forensic work, from investigative tasks to forensic activities and forensic analysis processes (Pollitt et al., 2018). This assignment discusses how the PARS methodology can be implemented, and the available options and mechanisms available to ease the interpretation of this model into existing practices. Both the early ‘Advisor’ and later ‘Reviewer’ roles in PARS are discussed and their requirements and expectations are defined. Keywords: Digital forensics, Peer review, Digital evidence, Quality assurance, Forensic science Multi-staged Rview, Multi-person Review BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Aliloulaye Tchaou (2022): Phase-Oriented Advice and Review Structure (PARS) for Digital Forensic Investigations Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 173-180 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P28

The Dark Web – A Review

The internet consists of or can be divided into three parts. They are known or referred to as surface web, deep web and dark web. The dark web also known as the ‘dark net’, represents part of the deep web. TOR, 12P, and Freenet are some specialized tools needed to access the dark web as they cannot be accessed ordinarily. These tools anonymize the internet protocol address of the user. This web level is characterized by notoriety and the operation of illegal markets and activities such as the sale of illicit drugs, firearms, and hitman services amongst others. This review seeks to find out the usage of the dark web, findings in related literature, the ethical and unethical sides of the dark web as well as its involvement in cybercrime. Keywords: Dark Web, Darknet, TOR, Internet, Cybercrime BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: (2022): Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 209-214 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P34

Deleted Data Recovery Mechanism

According to a survey, 90% of all information never leaves the digital form. The fundamental importance of data preservation is quite clear, as a small inattentive move could lead to a loss of pertinent data which could inform a major decision. The majority of information these days is being created, modified, and consumed entirely in digital form. This means most spreadsheets, digital snapshots and databases will never make it onto paper. It is common to lose data due to storage errors or low performance. If this happens, the user/owner may want to quickly recover the files if the data is really important and if it is possible to retrieve the lost data. In this article, we look at ways data can be lost through deletion, recovery procedures and mechanisms, and recommendations to secure data against such events. (3) Keywords: Deleted, Lost Data, Data Preservation, Security, Digital Data Forensics, Data Recovery Mechanism BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Ephraim Mawutor Adehenu (2022): Deleted Data Recovery Mechanism Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 363-372 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P58

Libforensics For Developing Digital Forensics Applications

The evolution of computers, increase in cybercrime and the demand by law requirements for the production of admissible forensic reports require the application of digital/computer technologies and require the development of a methodology to systematically search digital devices for significant evidence. Cyber and computer fraud are growing by the passing of the day with less than two percent of the reported cases resulting in confidence leading to securing justice and or convictions. This study explores the digital forensic applications and ease of integration of the existing forensic applications. It was the view of the researcher that there exists a gap of monolithic in forensic applications and the cyber universe. One requires different applications to conduct a forensic investigation into a crime revolving around different digital universes. The study proposed research into the development of a single enterprise digital forensic application capable of examining all aspects of the universe regardless and producing an admissible report in the court of law Keywords: Forensic, Cybercrime, Monolithic, Digital universe, Cyberspace, Cyber ecosystem BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: James Hebidzi Senanu (2022): Libforensics For Developing Digital Forensics Applications. Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 335-338 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P53

Liabilities of Shared System in Forensic Analysis

In today’s connected world, there is a tendency for connectivity even in the sectors which conventionally have been not so connected in the past, such as power systems substations. Substations have seen considerable digitalization of the grid hence, providing much more available insights than before. This has all been possible due to connectivity, digitalization, and automation of the power grids. Interestingly, this also means that anybody can access such critical infrastructures from a remote location, and gone are the days of physical barriers. The power of connectivity and control makes it a much more challenging task to protect critical industrial control systems. This capability comes at a price, in this case, increasing the liabilities and risk of potential cyber threats to substations. (ASIF, FARHAN , & EKSTEDT) Keywords: Digital Evidence Backlog, Digital Forensic Challenges BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Eric Sowah Badger (2022): Liabilities of Shared System in Forensic Analysis Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 191-196 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P31

Smartphone RSS Traces For Forensic Analysis

This paper’s topic is on Smartphone RSS traces for Forensic analysis; RSS represents Really Simple Syndication whereas smartphone RSS traces refers to a small software program that collects and displays RSS feeds. It allows you to scan headlines from a number of news sources in a central location and has the ability to suggest information of interest to you based on the criteria of your search. RSS feed has been in existence for many years but has never been as widely used as it is today, the term syndication refers to publishing information on the Internet that can be used by other sites as well as by stand-alone reader applications. The introduction of blogs hyped content syndication before, the syndicated content, known as feeds, was typically found on news sites only. Once blogs began proliferating on the Internet, content started being shared left and right, and users began using readers and aggregators to track their favorite blogs. In addition, those who subscribe to podcasts are actually using technology built on RSS. Whether providing a feed for a blog, providing a feed of changes for some software you may be writing, or doing your own podcast, the applications for content syndication are almost endless, and its usage is growing at a phenomenal rate every day.” Robert Richards, January 2006- Article on “RSS feed and content Syndication”. Forensically, Smartphone RSS feed gives the forensic examiner a fair idea about the conception of the individual whose phone contains the analyzed feed. This is because the feed usually contains information of interest to the user which helps you think like the user in order to get the needed information you are looking for. This paper will also identify gaps with smartphone RSS feed users and suggest solutions/recommendations to mitigate them in order to be safe even after subscribing to certain RSS feeds. Keywords: RSS, Forensics, Syndication, Tracing, Cybersecurity, Feeds BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Roselyn Abena Terbie Hammond (2022): Smartphone RSS Traces For Forensic Analysis Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 227-232 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/

Attack Intention Recognition Techniques

When sensitive information is transmitted over computer networks, it faces serious risks. Existing security systems are still limited in their ability to ensure the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of network data. The rapid advancement of network technologies has only aided in the proliferation of network attacks and the concealment of their malicious intent. This paper examines attack types and the method of observing an attacker's behavior and inferring his intent using known attack scenarios. Attacks have gotten more deadly than ever as networking technology advances, deploying new safeguards to disguise harmful conduct. The ultimate attack goal that the attacker attempts to achieve by executing various methods or techniques is known as attack intention, and recognizing it will assist security administrators in selecting an appropriate protection system. Keywords: Attack Intention Recognition, Causal Network Approach, Cyber Security, Network Forensics Investigation. BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: Terry Kwaku Boateng (2022): Attack Intention Recognition Techniques Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 301-306 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P48

Evidence Confidentiality and Digital Forensic Experts

Digital forensics has increasingly galloped into the space of criminal justice and law enforcements as a unique tool for evidence and its dissemination. Technological advancement in database and information has also made digital forensics an important tool in law enforcement and judicial proceedings. On the other side of the coin, evidence confidentiality is an indefinite concept and one that is very dynamic and intricate. Therefore, the services of forensic experts in the digital forensic field are often required due to the significance of digital evidence to many investigations. This paper provides a brief information about evidence confidentiality and digital forensic experts. Keywords: Digital Forensics, Evidence, Confidentiality, Forensic Experts, Justice, Law. BOOK Chapter ǀ Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Open Access. Distributed Free Citation: John Kwaku Oppong (2022): Evidence Confidentiality and Digital Forensic Experts Book Chapter Series on Research Nexus in IT, Law, Cyber Security & Forensics. Pp 161-166 www.isteams.net/ITlawbookchapter2022. dx.doi.org/10.22624/AIMS/CRP-BK3-P26