Newton's Law Research Articles

The Usage of Game-Based Learning Approach in Physics Education: A Novel Board Game in Learning Resolution of Forces among Upper Secondary

Game-based learning (GBL) is an innovative teaching pedagogy that uses games to promote learning or act as educational tools. The teaching and learning of Newton's laws of motion, especially the topic of Resolution of Forces, are challenging when students cannot understand abstract concepts, leading to the failure to solve related problems. This study introduces a novel board game called Catch the Flight, designed to facilitate students' learning of resolution of forces and enhance their problem-solving skills. The board game was systematically designed based on the ADDIE model and the Integrated Design Framework of Playful Learning. A case study was conducted to test and evaluate the board game quality involving 41 upper secondary school physics students in the state of Perak, Malaysia through MEEGA + KIDS self-assessment questionnaire. The results suggest that the game can offer students a positive player experience and, at the same time, enhance students' learning and motivation. Based on the findings, it shows that the game is fun, user-friendly, relevant, and promotes social interaction. This study offers valuable insights for educators considering using educational board games as an instructional strategy or those interested in developing new educational games to teach physics.

ANALISIS MISKONSEPSI SISWA KELAS X SMA DI KOTA PADANG TENTANG MATERI HUKUM NEWTON DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN TES DIAGNOSTIK FOUR-TIER MULTIPLE CHOICE

The importance of students' understanding of concepts is to enhance the learning process and achieve good learning outcomes. However, what often happens is that students struggle to understand the material, make mistakes in applying concepts, and even become frustrated or lose interest in certain subjects. This research aims to describe students' misconceptions through a four-tier multiple-choice diagnostic test on Newton's laws. This study is a qualitative descriptive research using a four-tier multiple-choice test instrument. The research sample includes three public high schools in the city of Padang in the academic year 2023/2024. The sampling technique used is simple random sampling, with 25% of the total number of students in each school participating in the study, totaling 80 students. Based on the analysis, the highest level of understanding of concepts experienced by students is in the subtopic of Newton's Third Law, with an average percentage of 57.3%. Meanwhile, the highest misconceptions experienced by students are in the subtopics of the applications of Newton's Laws I, II, III, with average percentages of 84.6%, 76.3%, and 85%, respectively. Additionally, the highest lack of understanding of concepts is in the subtopic of forces on inclined planes, with a percentage of 40%. Therefore, it can be concluded that in Newton's laws, there are more misconceptions experienced by students.

INVESTIGATION ON THE DYNAMICS OF MOVEMENT OF CYLINDRICAL CLEANING PIGS THROUGH THE BENDS OF PIPELINE SYSTEMS FOR FLUID TRANSPORTATION

Development and implementation of methods for cleaning the internal cavity of pipelines in the process of transporting fluids is important to ensure their energy efficiency and safe operation. The dynamics of the movement of one-piece cylindrical cleaning pistons made of various materials (silicone compound, self-destructive elastic polymer composition, polyurethane foam assembly foam) in the pipelines of pipeline systems intended for fluid transportation were studied by modelling and experimentally. The dynamics of movement of solid cylindrical cleaning pigs made from various materials (silicone compound, self-destructive elastic-polymer composition, polyurethane foam) in bends of pipeline systems intended for fluid transportation were studied through modelling and experiments. The analysis of forces acting on the pig during its movement in the pipeline bend was conducted, and the equations of pig motion based on Newton's second law were formulated. Contact forces of normal reaction, arising due to pig bending in the pipeline bend and determining the magnitude of frictional force between the pig and the inner wall of the bend, were determined based on classical bending theory. The impact of the material's modulus of elasticity, from which the pig is made, on the magnitude of contact forces of normal reaction at the pig pressing points against the inner wall of the pipeline bend was established. A method for determining the conditions under which pigs made from different materials will pass through pipeline bends without stopping and getting stuck was proposed. An equation for calculating the minimum allowable pig movement speed at the entrance to the bend to ensure its passage without stopping and getting stuck was derived.

Analysis of Student Learning Needs in the Differentiated Learning Review of Merdeka Curriculum in Physics Learning

This research aims to determine students' needs in studying physics material about Newton's Laws. Respondents consisted of 149 students and three physics teachers spread across schools within Malang Regency High School and Malang City High School. This research uses an explanatory sequential approach, quantitative data in the form of a questionnaire with respondents selected using a random sampling technique, then qualitative data in the form of a questionnaire with respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. The instruments used were questionnaires and questionnaire guidelines. This research uses analysis by coding and grouping respondents' answers. In this research, it was found that there are various learning needs of students which are divided into three categories. Learning needs by learning grouping category are 6% of students who like the reading and writing learning model, 35.6% of students who like the audio-visual learning model, and 49% of students who like the kinesthetic learning model. It is hoped that the results of this research will provide follow-up in implementing learning that takes into account the learning needs of students that have been found in this research.

Analisis Redaman Sistem Vibrasi Paksa Satu Derajat Kebebasan Pada Simple Vibration Apparatus

Vibration testing in the field of mechanical engineering has an important role in planning and maintaining machines to determine whether the design is safe and suitable for application. Newton's second law is a reference for back-and-forth movement around equilibrium both within the system and from outside the system which affects the machine itself, if the frequency of stimulation is equal to one of the system's natural frequencies, then resonance occurs, and dangerously large oscillations, resonance can cause damage to the system. The solution to avoid excessive resonance requires a damper. Forced vibration oscillations are applied by excitation using an unbalanced mass installed on a DC motor unit, the response is a mass deviation to obtain oscillations or time relationships with amplitude, the natural frequency of the system, mass-spring deviation, and characteristics of vibration. This activity aims to analyze the effect of the vibration amplitude of a forced vibration simulator under conditions without damping and using damping. The experimental test method was applied to a forced vibration system with one degree of freedom with an oil and air damper in a simple vibration apparatus simulator, 2 types of unbalanced masses, regulated by rotation up to 500rpm, tested under conditions without a damper, using an oil and air damper. The results of the activity showed that the air-dampening media can limit greater amplitude compared to the oil-dampening media.

Development of Interactive Learning Media Using the Lectora Application to Enhance Student’s Critical and Creative Thinking Skills

The Development of Interactive Learning Media in the 2013 Curriculum is a government effort to ensure that students have 21st-century skills. The goal of the conducted research is to develop valid interactive learning media on the topic of Newton's Law of Gravity. A field study revealed that students' critical and creative thinking skills in Newton's Law of Gravity were still low. Therefore, the existing problem was addressed by producing a product in the form of integrated learning media that fostered critical and creative thinking skills for high school students. The research conducted followed the Research and Development (R&D) approach using the ADDIE model, which was reduced to the Implementation stage. Three Physics lecturers from the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences Education at State University of Padang (UNP) were involved in this research as validators, along with six Physics teachers from Padang City as practitioners. Validity test sheets were used as the data collection instrument in this research. During the data analysis phase, instrument validation and product validation were performed using the V Aiken Model Technique. The research results showed that the validated development instrument for the product category was valid. The average validity test score for the product was 0.79, which falls into the valid category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the interactive learning media developed in this study is considered valid.

Using Gabions to Protect Oil Storage Facilities from Damage

Purpose. During a drone explosion, debris is generated that poses a risk of damage to both humans and objects at an industrial site. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of using gabions with different fillers to reduce the risk of damage to the wall of an oil storage facility by debris generated during a drone explosion at an industrial site, as well as to analyze the value of the out-of-band velocity of the debris. Methodology. A numerical model based on the integration of the equation of motion of a material point was used to analyze the effectiveness of using gabions as protective structures of an oil storage facility during the flying of drone debris. The equations of motion of the debris are based on Newton's second law. This approach makes it possible to determine the unobstructed velocity of the fragment after passing the body of the protective barrier - the gabion. The developed numerical model takes into account the initial velocity of the fragment, its size, direction of movement, ejection height, and the material that fills the gabion body. On the basis of this numerical model, a computer program was created to conduct a computational experiment. Findings. An effective tool has been developed to analyze the risk of damage to the oil storage facility from the metallic impact of debris generated in the event of a drone explosion and to analyze the effectiveness of gabions. The results of computational experiments are presented. Originality. A fast-calculating numerical model has been built for the operational analysis of the efficiency of using gabions with different contents, which are used to protect an oil storage facility at an industrial site from the missile impact of debris generated by a drone explosion. Practical value. A computer program has been developed to calculate the dynamics of debris movement in the air and in the body of the gabion. The use of this program makes it possible to select the rational dimensions of a protective barrier - gabion at an industrial site to protect an oil storage facility from damage.

An Interaction-Design Method Based upon a Modified Algorithm of Newton's Second Law of Motion

Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm is crucial to interactive visual effects and interactive behavior in interface design. Designers can only utilize simple algorithm templates in interface design since they lack organized mathematical science, especially programming. Directly using Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm introduces two interface design issues. First, the created picture has a simplistic impact, laborious interaction, too few interactive parts, and boring visual effects. Second, using this novel approach directly to interface design reduces creativity, originality, and cognitive inertia. This study suggests a Newton's Second Law–based algorithm modification. It provides a novel algorithm application idea and a design strategy based on algorithm change to enable new interface design. Algorithm design gives interface design a new viewpoint and improves content production. In the arithmetic process of Newton's Second Law of Motion algorithm, the introduction of repulsive force, reset force, shape, color, and other attributes of interactive objects, and the integration of other algorithms to transform its basic arithmetic logic, is conducive to the improvement of the visual effect of interaction design. It also improves users’ interaction experiences, sentiments, and desire to participate with design work.

Analytical model for Joule-Thomson cooling under heat exchange during CO2 storage

This paper discusses axi-symmetric flow during CO2 injection into a non-adiabatic reservoir accounting for Joule-Thomson cooling and steady-state heat exchange between the reservoir and the adjacent layers by Newton's law. An exact solution for this 1D problem is derived and a new method for model validation by comparison with quasi 2D analytical heat-conductivity solution is developed. The temperature profile obtained by the analytical solution shows a temperature decrease to a minimum value, followed by a sharp increase to initial reservoir temperature on the temperature front. The temperature distribution head of the front is determined by the initial reservoir temperature, while the solution behind the front is determined by the temperature of injected CO2. The analytical model exhibits stabilisation of the temperature profile and the cooled zone. The explicit formula for temperature distributions allows determining the maximum injection rate that avoids hydrate formation.

Experiment study on adhesion dynamic characteristics of droplet impacting on an inclined heated surface

The behaviors and mechanisms of droplet impact on an inclined heated surface is of great importance. In this work, an experimental platform for the droplets impact on the surfaces with different inclined angles and temperatures was established to study the various impact patterns and dynamics. The impact pattern, sliding distance, lengths at the leading and trailing edge points and maximum spreading factor were studied in detail. The results show that the impact patterns were classified as adhesion, splash, rebound and breakup patterns. In the adhesion pattern, a sliding distance model was developed based on Newton's second law and force analysis that considered the viscous, adhesion and gravitational forces for different angles. Larger angle promotes length of the leading edge point, inhibits length of the trailing edge point. Higher temperature suppresses the length of the trailing edge point by boiling. In addition, a model for the maximum spreading factor of the inclined surface was developed by combining a spreading prediction mode with an energy conservation equation, which incorporates kinetic, surface and dissipation energies. An increase in the normal Weber number suppresses the maximum spreading factor. Temperature has a different effect on the maximum spreading factor depending on the normal Weber number.

Robustness of traveling states in generic nonreciprocal mixtures.

Emergent nonreciprocal interactions violating Newton's third law are widespread in out-of-equilibrium systems. Phase separating mixtures with such interactions exhibit traveling states with no equilibrium counterpart. Using extensive Brownian dynamics simulations, we investigate the existence and stability of such traveling states in a generic nonreciprocal particle system. By varying a broad range of parameters including aggregate state of mixture components, diffusivity, degree of nonreciprocity, effective spatial dimension and density, we determine that traveling states do exist below the predator-prey regime, but nonetheless are only found in a narrow region of the parameter space. Our work also sheds light on the physical mechanisms for the disappearance of traveling states when relevant parameters are being varied, and has implications for a range of nonequilibrium systems including nonreciprocal phase separating mixtures, nonequilibrium pattern formation and predator-prey models.

Enhanced Sampling in Molecular Dynamics Simulations: How Many MD Snapshots can be Needed to Reproduce the Biological Behavior?

Since its early days in the 19th century, medicinal chemistry has concentrated its efforts on the treatment of diseases, using tools from areas such as chemistry, pharmacology, and molecular biology. The understanding of biological mechanisms and signaling pathways is crucial information for the development of potential agents for the treatment of diseases mainly because they are such complex processes. Given the limitations that the experimental approach presents, computational chemistry is a valuable alternative for the study of these systems and their behavior. Thus, classical molecular dynamics, based on Newton's laws, is considered a technique of great accuracy, when appropriated force fields are used, and provides satisfactory contributions to the scientific community. However, as many configurations are generated in a large MD simulation, methods such as Statistical Inefficiency and Optimal Wavelet Signal Compression Algorithm are great tools that can reduce the number of subsequent QM calculations. Accordingly, this review aims to briefly discuss the importance and relevance of medicinal chemistry allied to computational chemistry as well as to present a case study where, through a molecular dynamics simulation of AMPK protein (50 ns) and explicit solvent (TIP3P model), a minimum number of snapshots necessary to describe the oscillation profile of the protein behavior was proposed. For this purpose, the RMSD calculation, together with the sophisticated OWSCA method was used to propose the minimum number of snapshots.

Testing MOND on Small Bodies in the Remote Solar System

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND), which postulates a breakdown of Newton's laws of gravity/dynamics below some critical acceleration threshold, can explain many otherwise puzzling observational phenomena on galactic scales. MOND competes with the hypothesis of dark matter, which successfully explains the cosmic microwave background and large-scale structure. Here we provide the first solar system test of MOND that probes the subcritical acceleration regime. Using the Bekenstein–Milgrom “aquadratic Lagrangian” (or AQUAL) formulation, we simulate the evolution of myriads of test particles (planetesimals or comets) born in the trans-Neptunian region and scattered by the giant planets over the lifetime of the Sun to heliocentric distances of 102–105 au. We include the effects of the Galactic tidal field and passing stars. While Newtonian simulations reproduce the distribution of binding energies of long-period and Oort-cloud comets detectable from Earth, MOND-based simulations do not. This conclusion is robust to plausible changes in the migration history of the planets, the migration history of the Sun, the MOND transition function, effects of the Sun's birth cluster, and the fading properties of long-period comets. For the most popular version of AQUAL, characterized by a gradual transition between the Newtonian and MOND regimes, our MOND-based simulations also fail to reproduce the orbital distribution of trans-Neptunian objects in the detached disk (perihelion q > 38 au). Our results do not rule out some MOND theories more elaborate than AQUAL, in which non-Newtonian effects are screened on small spatial scales, at small masses, or in external gravitational fields comparable in strength to the critical acceleration.

Controlling a Single Tank Liquid Level System with Classical Control Methods and Reinforcement Learning Methods

In this study, the control of the single tank liquid level system used in control systems has been carried out. The control of the single tank liquid level system has been performed with the classic PI, modified PI, state feedback with integrator action, and Q learning algorithm and SARSA algorithms, one of the artificial intelligence methods. The tank system to be modelled was carried out using classical physics, namely Newton's laws. Then, the mathematical model obtained of the system that are continuous model in time is acquired. The originality of the study; the non-linear liquid tank system is controlled by classical controllers and reinforcement methods. For this purpose, the system was firstly designed to model the system, then the system has been linearized at a specific point in order to design classic PI, modified PI, and state feedback with integral. After that, agents of the Q Learning algorithm and SARSA algorithms were trained for the system. Then the agents have controlled the single-level tank system. The results of the classic controllers and supervised controllers are contrasted with regard to performance criteria such as rising time, settling time, overshoot and integral square error. Consequently, Q learning method has produced 0.0804-sec rising time, 0.943 sec settling time and 0.574 integral square errors. So, Q learning algorithm has produced and exhibited more thriving and successful results for controlling single liquid tank system than PI, Modified PI, state feedback controllers and SARSA.

Matrix methods and teaching the fundamentals of fluid and gas mechanics in higher education institutions

Problem. The instruction of physical and mathematical disciplines in higher education institutions employing cutting-edge methods and universal approaches, which seamlessly integrate scientific and engineering activities of future specialists, remains one of the pertinent and priority tasks. The utilization of multidimensional or even infinite-dimensional spaces has become an effective and nearly indispensable tool in mathematical modeling of physical phenomena. This circumstance is directly linked to the increasing level of abstraction and the refinement of mathematical methods. The use of geometric methods inherent in vector algebra and vector analysis as the foundation for studying mechanics, despite their illustrative nature, is losing its relevance. Methods built upon matrix formalism are evolving as substitutes. The matrix framework enables the exploitation of phase space advantages to derive canonical equations of motion for continuous media and electromagnetic field equations in covariant forms. The electromagnetic potential acquires mechanical significance, allowing the utilization of electromechanical analogies at a fundamental level rather than on a merely formal basis, as done in classical electrodynamics. Goal. The aim of this research is to study and justify the advantages of matrix methods for deriving equations of motion for fluids and gases from the canonical equations of mechanics by utilizing a continuum model in phase and physical space. The research is directed towards demonstrating the connection between the internal microscopic and macroscopic motion of fluids and gases, as well as highlighting the potential of matrix formalism both in terms of modeling and the utilization of computational tools. Methodology. The methodological basis for selecting matrix methods lies in the application of tensor analysis and its generalizations for modeling the motion of fluids and gases in physical and phase space. Results. It has been demonstrated that the matrix method, previously applied to classical and relativistic mechanics, allows for the consideration of the molecular structure of the environment by folding the multidimensional phase space of the mechanical system, represented by a particle of the medium, and thereby deriving equations of motion for fluids and gases from the canonical equations of classical mechanics and the equations of momentum balance of the medium. Originality. The combination of canonical equations as a result of applying the conservation law of matter in the form of balance equations in phase space and momentum balance equations in physical space allows for elucidating the relationship between macroscopic and microscopic motions of the medium, as well as the mathematical structure of the equations of motion for fluids and gases. Practical value. The proposed method allows, while remaining within the standard mathematical training offered by technical educational institutions, to effectively formalize the equations of motion for fluids and gases and provide them with an invariant form. By guiding oneself through invariance, both fundamental laws (such as the law of universal gravitation) and partial laws (the generalized Newton's law) can be obtained.

Analysis of Students' Physics Conceptual Understanding using Five-Tier Multiple Choice Questions: the Newton's Law of Motion Context

Conceptual understanding is one of the physics learning objectives that can support students' thinking skills. Understanding of concepts in physics learning is very important for students, so that learning outcomes can be achieved maximally. This study aims to analyze the level of understanding of students' concepts on the topic of Newton's law of motion. This research is a descriptive research with quantitative approach. The research was at SMAN 4 Padang, SMAN 6 Padang, and SMAN 12 Padang West Sumatera. The total sample was 218 students. The five-tier multiple choice questions was used as a research instruments. Before the questions were used, the questions were tested first in different schools with the aim of knowing the validity, reliability, difficulty level, and distinguishing power of the items. After testing, 14 questions were obtained that could be used in this study. The results showed that 13.37% of students scienctific conception, 9.53% of almost scientific conception, 42.01% of students lack of confidence, 30.14% of students have misconceptions, 0.98% of students have no conception, and 3.96% of students have undefined. Based on these results, it can be concluded that students' conceptual understanding of Newton's law of motion material is still low.

Misconceptions of High School Students on Motion and Force Using the Force Concept Inventory (FCI)

This research aims to identify high school students' misconceptions regarding motion and force using the Force Concept Inventory (FCI) instrument. This study used a quantitative method with respondents of 108 students in class XI science. Misconception data was obtained using FCI in the form of multiple-choice questions. There are 30 questions with five options. The results showed that a total of 46 out of 108 students (19.44%) answered 8 to 11 questions correctly, 41 students (37.96%) answered 5 to 7 questions correctly and the other 21 students (42.59%) only answered 2 to 4 questions correctly. The conclusion is students had misconceptions about the concepts of motion and force, especially on topics such as kinematics, Newton's laws, the principle of superposition, and kinds of force. This research implies the importance of understanding students' misconceptions in developing physics curricula and learning strategies in high schools. It is hoped that the research results can provide information to teachers about students' conceptual understanding so that appropriate learning strategies can be developed to correct students' misconceptions in learning.

Extension of Newton's classical theory of gravitation to the Universe: new law of cosmological force as an addition to Newton's law of gravitation

Extension of Newton's classical theory of gravitation to the Universe: new law of cosmological force as an addition to Newton's law of gravitation

High Frequency Response of Volatile Memristors

AbstractIn this theoretical study, the high‐frequency response of the electrothermal NbO2‐Mott threshold switch is focused, a real‐world electronic device, which has been proved to be relevant in several applications and is classified as a volatile memristor. Memristors of this kind, have been shown to exhibit distinctive non‐linear behaviors crucial for cutting‐edge neuromorphic circuits. In accordance with well‐established models for these devices, their resistances depend on their body temperatures, which evolve over time following Newton's Law of Cooling. Here, it is demonstrated that HP's NbO2‐Mott memristor can manifest up to three distinct steady‐state oscillatory behaviors under a suitable high‐frequency periodic voltage input, showcasing increased versatility despite its volatile nature. Additionally, when subjected to a high‐frequency periodic voltage signal, the device body temperature oscillates with a negligible peak‐to‐peak amplitude. Since the temperature remains almost constant over an input cycle, the devices under study behave as linear resistors during each input cycle. Based on these insights, this paper presents analytical equations characterizing the response of the NbO2‐Mott memristor to high‐frequency voltage inputs, demarcating regions in the state space where distinct initial conditions lead to various asymptotic oscillatory behaviors. Importantly, the mathematical methods introduced in this manuscript are applicable to any volatile electrothermal resistive switch. Additionally, this work presents analytical equations that accurately reproduce the temperature time‐waveform of the studied device during both its transient and steady‐state phases when subjected to a zero‐mean sinusoidal voltage input oscillating in the high‐frequency limit. This analytical approach not only increases the comprehension of volatile electrothermal memristors but also provides a theoretical framework to harness the enhanced dynamical capabilities of real‐world volatile memristors in practical applications.

Experimental and model research on judging liquid accumulation in pipelines under the action of surfactant

Foam drainage gas extraction is applied in various natural gas extraction scenarios, such as water-bearing gas wells, gas fields with high water content, and wet natural gas pipeline transport, with the goal of enhancing extraction efficiency and lowering production costs. A common issue in foam-carrying liquid gas wells and wet natural gas pipelines is the large errors observed in the prediction model for liquid accumulation onset, derived using ellipsoidal droplets. Additionally, this model is only applicable to a single surfactant type and concentration. To investigate the effects of different types and concentrations of surfactants on the onset of liquid accumulation. This paper re-establishes the critical foam-carrying flow rate model for spherical cap-shaped foam droplets using Newton's laws of motion, through an analysis of their motion state within the air core. Through the critical foam-carrying flow rate test experiments and foam droplet deformation test experiments to obtain critical foam-carrying flow rate model in the surface tension, foam density, Weber number, drag coefficient and other parameters of the change rule and calculation method. The model's validity was further confirmed using field-measured production data from foam-carrying liquid gas wells, demonstrating accurate validation results. Compared to the previous model, this new model treats foam droplets as spherical cap-shape and introduces a dimensionless scaling factor and foaming capacity to quantify the impact of surfactant types and concentrations on foam droplet surface tension and density. This enhances the model's applicability across different types and concentrations of surfactants with greater accuracy. This offers an efficient, precise, and versatile method for predicting liquid accumulation in foam-carrying liquid gas fields, thereby enhancing the efficiency and safety of gas extraction.