Newcastle Disease Antibody Titers Research Articles

Supplementation of Azolla microphylla Flour in Broiler Feed Increases Antibody Titers against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease

This study aimed to determine the level of protection provided by supplementation of Azolla microphylla flour in broiler feed against the antibody titers profile of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease. The research was conducted over two months (July-August 2021) at the broiler unit of the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design with four treatments and five replications. Each replication consisted of five Cobb CP707 strain broilers, resulting in 100 broilers. Azolla microphylla flour supplementation in the feed was administered at different doses: P0=100% commercial feed (control); P1=97.5% commercial feed + 2.5% Azolla microphylla flour; P2=95% commercial feed + 5% Azolla microphylla flour; P3=92.5% commercial feed + 7.5% Azolla microphylla flour. Serum samples were collected from 30-day-old broilers, with one sample taken from each replication, totalling 20 samples. The samples were analyzed for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease antibody titers at AGRILab Vaksindo Laboratory using the Hemagglutination Inhibition test. Each treatment's antibody titer data for Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease were tabulated and presented in histograms to facilitate descriptive analysis. Antibody titers (log2 X) of Avian Influenza 4.00±0.71 and Newcastle Disease 4.60±2.07 from P2 were included in the protection level based on the WOAH Standard. The study concluded that supplementing 5% Azolla microphylla flour in broiler feed increases the antibody titers against Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease to protective levels.

Immunostimulating potentials of methanolic extract of <i>Plectranthus parviflorus</i> in chickens vaccinated against Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease

Outbreaks of Newcastle disease (ND) and Infectious Bursal disease (IBD) have been reported in vaccinated poultry flocks in many countries highlighting the need for the administration of immunostimulants to improve immunity in such birds. The immunomodulatory effects of methanol leaf extract of plectranthus parviflorus on ND and IBD antibody titre was investigated. One hundred day-old cockerels were randomly assigned into five groups each, A-E and A1-E1 for Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease studies respectively. Groups A and A1 were control groups and received water only while groups B and B1 received LaSota and IBD intermediate plus ® vaccine respectively. Groups C and C1, D and D1 were administered 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg of Plectranthus parviflorus orally for three days before vaccination respectively, while groups E and E1were given 100mg/kg of the extract orally three days post vaccination. Blood samples were obtained via jugular vein at day-old and 14 days as well as on days 7, 14 and 21 post vaccination. Haemagglutination- inhibition (HI) test and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were used to assay the antibody titre against ND and IBD respectively. A decline in maternal antibody over 14 days was observed for antibody titre against Newcastle disease and infectious bursal disease from 6.1 to 1.8 geometric mean (log2) and (1043.37±2.1) to (524.48±2.7) respectively. Group D was observed to have a significant titre value of 2.3 and 3.7 geometric mean (log2) 14 and 21 days post ND vaccination while group D1 also had a significant increase (1037.90±3.6) titre 14 days post-vaccination. This study showed that plectranthus parviflorus extract had a significant effect on Newcastle disease and Infectious bursal disease humoral response when administered orally at 200mg/kg before vaccination with ND and IBD vaccines respectively.

Novel MHC BLB2 gene polymorphism and its association with IgY concentration and Newcastle disease antibody titer in IPB-D2 chickens.

This study aimed to identify the polymorphism of the B Locus Beta 2 (BLB2) gene and its association with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) concentration and Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titer; we analyzed BLB2 gene expression in different categories of ND antibody titers in IPB-D2 chickens. The total sample used was 100 IPB-D2 chickens. Blood samples were collected at 21 weeks old for an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) test, an HI (hemagglutination inhibition) test, and genotyping. The method for BLB2 polymorphism was Sanger sequencing. Analysis of BLB2 gene expression was performed using the cecal tonsil tissue of IPB-D2 chickens. Polymorphism data were analyzed using SNPstats and DNAsp (DNA Sequence Polymorphism) software. The association of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with IgY concentration and ND antibody titer was analyzed using SAS software (version 9.2). The genotype mean values were compared by means of a T test. The relative mRNA expression analysis was performed using a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that 13 SNPs were found in exon 2 and exon 3 in the BLB2 gene. As many as 4 out of the 13 SNPs were associated with IgY concentration. As many as 9 out the 13 SNPs may have changed amino acids. The Ct value showed that the expression of the BLB2 gene in IPB-D2 chickens with high ND antibody titers is higher than IPB-D2 chickens with low ND antibody titers. In conclusion, the AA genotype of g.458 T A was associated with high IgY concentrations, and the BLB2 gene presented with a high expression in IPB-D2 chickens with high ND antibody titers.

Flow cytometric evaluation of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell in IPB-D2 chickens with different Newcastle disease antibody titers level.

IPB-D2 chickens are selected from IPB-D1 due to their disease-resistance characteristics. One-way to evaluate the strength of a chicken's immune system is by examining the number of circulating T lymphocytes. This assessment can be conducted using a modern analytic method called flow cytometry which relies on monoclonal antibodies to detect the relative proportions of each cell and measure the quality and quantity of biological and physical features of cells, including specific membrane or intracellular glycoprotein markers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the population of lymphocytes, cluster of differentiation (CD)4+ and CD8+ in IPB-D2 chickens. Flow cytometry was used to evaluate the population of lymphocytes, CD4+, and CD8+ in IPB-D2 chickens. The data obtained in this study were analyzed by Minitab, and the mean values were compared using a t-test. The lymphocytes, CD4+, and CD8+ populations of IPB-D2 chicken with high Newcastle disease (ND) antibody titers were 65.04%, 10.53%, and 5.47%. Meanwhile, this breed, with low ND antibody titers had lymphocytes CD4+ and CD8+ population of 57.19%, 8.40%, and 4.11 %. The comparison of CD4+ and CD8+ populations in chickens with high and low ND antibody titers was 1.92 and 2.04, respectively. IPB-D2 chickens with high ND antibody titers exhibited increased lymphocyte, CD4+, and CD8+ cell populations in comparison to those with low ND antibody titers. However, the high ND antibody titer group had a lower CD4+/CD8+ ratio.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN EKSTRAK DAUN SAMBILOTO (ANDROGRAPHIS PANICULATA) TERHADAP TITER ANTIBODI AYAM RAS PETELUR

This experiment aims to determine the effect of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract on antibody titers of Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) of starter phase laying hens. This study used 100 Isa Brown strain laying hens. The cages used were 20 box cages of 60x50x50 cm size. The research method used is a completely randomized design (CRD) with 5 treatments (T1: 0%, T2: 0,5%, T3: 1%, T4: 1,5% and T5: 2%) of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract and each treatment was repeated 4 times. The result of the analysis of variance showed that the treatment of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract had no significant effect (P>0,05) on AI and ND antibody titers at 3, 4 and 5 weeks of age, but has a significant effect (P<0,05) on AI and ND antibody titers at 6 weeks of age. In conclusion, the administrasion of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract in drinking water was able to accelerate the formation AI and ND antibody titers and was able to maintain higher antibody compared to the control treatment. The administration of sambiloto (Andrographis paniculata) leaf extract in drinking water was able to form and maintain AI and ND antibody titers. Keywords: antibody titers, avian influenza, laying hens, newcastke disease, sambiloto leaf extract

Effect of Age and Presence of Maternal Antibodies on Success of Avian Influenza and Newcastle Disease Vaccinations in Broiler

Avian Influenza (AI) and Newcastle Disease (ND) are viral infections that attack poultry worldwide. AI outbreaks in Indonesia were first reported in 2003, which led to the death of millions of birds, while ND is an endemic disease. Vaccination control of these diseases has been carried out, but cases are still being reported in poultry. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effect of age and the presence of maternal antibodies on the success of vaccination using the AI H5N1 and the ND vaccine. It was conducted using a tiered randomized block design with 3 treatments group and 10 replicates. The tiered pattern of antibody examination was carried out at pre-vaccination, followed by 7, 14, and 21 days after vaccination. Furthermore, antibody measurements were carried out using the hemagglutination inhibition (HI) test. The results showed that age had no significant effect as demonstrated by P>0.05 on antibody titer after AI vaccination, given that the chickens at the time of vaccination had unprotected maternal antibodies. Meanwhile, age affected the ND antibody titers because the chickens with maternal protective antibodies at the time of vaccination showed lower ND antibody titers (P<0.05). AI vaccination in broilers without maternal antibodies showed a good response to antibody development, while protective maternal ND antibodies interfered with the formation of ND antibodies caused by vaccination. Based on the results, the age at vaccination and the presence of maternal antibodies greatly affects the antibody titers produced by the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to consider the timing of vaccination when maternal antibodies level decreased then vaccine should be administered to avoid neutralization.

UJI EFEKTIVITAS Echinacea purpurea (Radix) SEBAGAI IMUNOMODULATOR TERHADAP TITER ANTIBODI AVIAN INFLUENZA (AI) DAN NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND) PADA BROILER JANTAN

This study intended to know the effectiveness of E. purpurea as an immunomodulator against AI and ND antibody titer in male broilers, and conducted in December 2018 until January 2019 at Lapang Terpadu Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Antibody titer analysis was done in Virology Laboratory of Balai Veteriner Lampung. The study was conducted on 60 samples of Lohmann male broiler with four treatments, P0 (drinking water without E. purpurea), P1 (drinking water with 3 mg/kg BW/day E. purpurea), P2 (drinking water with 6 mg/kg BW/day E. purpurea), and P3 (drinking water with 9 mg/kg BW/day E. purpurea). The results showed that E. purpurea (Radix) was effective to increase Avian Influenza antibody titers and was not effective to increase Newcastle Disease antibody titers in male broilers. E. purpurea (Radix) at a dose of 6 mg/kg BW/day can increase AI antibody titer in male broilers.
 
 Keywords: E. purpurea, Immunomodulator, Antibody titer, Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease

Identification of Newcastle Disease case on Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) and Sentul Terseleksi (SenSi) chicken in Ungaran Research and Assessment Installation for Agricultural Technology

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a common avian disease that attacks native chickens by causing respiratory problems, thereby leading to a high mortality rate of about 60% per year and economic losses in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the prevalence of ND in Kampung Unggul Balitbangtan (KUB) and Sentul Terseleksi (SenSi) chickens which was conducted from March to June 2021, on their cages at the Ungaran Research and Assessment Installation for Agricultural Technology. The total number of 20 serum KUB and SenSi chicken samples were collected, with 25% KUb A cages, 50% KUB B cages, and 25% SenSi cages. Each chicken’s serum was analyzed for inhibition of hemagglutination (HI) to determine antibody titers against ND. The average antibody titer is expressed as a log2 value. The HI test results indicated that the KUB A cage, KUB B cage, and SenSi cage all contained positive ND antibodies. In the KUB A, KUB B, and the SenSi cages, the average ND antibody titer are 2 log 2, 0.8 log 2, and 2 log 2 respectively. In conclusion, the prevalence of ND antibodies is 100% in KUB and SenSi hens. The ND infection was not described in all chicken cages because the prior vaccine provided a limited level of protection.

Mycotoxins binder supplementation alleviates aflatoxin B1 toxic effects on the immune response and intestinal barrier function in broilers

This experiment was conducted to evaluate whether a commercial mycotoxins-binder, XL, could effectively attenuate the negative effects of Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on growth performance, immunological function, and intestinal health in birds. Two hundred forty 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly divided into 4 treatments using a 2 × 2 factorial randomized design with 2 levels of dietary mycotoxins binder (0 or 2g /kg) and 2 AFB1 supplemented levels (0 or 200 μg/kg) from 0 to 42 d. Results showed that AFB1 exposure impaired growth performance by decreasing BWG in 1–21 d and 1–42 d, decreasing FI in 1–21 d, increasing FCR in 1–21 d and 1–42 d (P < 0.05). Broilers fed AFB1- contaminated diet impaired the immune function, as evident by decreasing IgA contents, Newcastle disease antibody titers in serum, and sIgA contents of jejunal mucosa at 21 d (P < 0.05). On the other hand, AFB1 challenge significantly increased the gene expression of proinflammatory factors in spleen at 21 d and liver at 42 d, and significantly decreased claudin-1 expression at 42 d and occludin expression at 21 d, and increased claudin-2 at 21 d in jejunum of broiler chickens (P < 0.05) compared to the basal diet group. Dietary XL supplementation significantly decreased the gene expression of IL-6 in spleen at 21 d and IL-1β in liver at 42 d, cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) expression in liver at 21 d of broilers (P < 0.05) compared with the nonsupplemented birds, regardless of AFB1 challenged or not. Inclusion of 2 g/kg XL increased serum ALB at 42 d, IgM and IgA at 42 d, Newcastle disease antibody titer level at 35 d (P < 0.05). Dietary XL addition enhanced intestinal barrier function by increasing the expression of claudin-1 at 21 d and Occludin at 42 d (P < 0.05) in jejunum. Conclusively, 2 g/kg mycotoxins-binder can relieve the toxic effect of AFB1 on broilers.

Protective Effects of Rhino-Hepato Forte in Broiler Chickens During Aflatoxicosis

A research was conducted to investigate the counteracting effect of Rhino-Hepato (RHF), against aflatoxin B1 effect on the hematology, serum biochemical parameters and its immunomodulatory effect on Newcastle disease antibody titer in broilers. One hundred twenty , of one day old commercial Ross 308 broiler chicks were divided into four groups: G1 [Control group, without addition of Aflatoxin (AF) or (RHF) ; G2 [ feed contaminated with 500ppb AF]; G3 [feed contaminated with 500ppb AF + 1 ml / L of RHF in drinking water ]; G4 [feed contaminated with 500ppb AF + 2 ml/L of RHF in drinking water]. Birds were vaccinated with Newcastle and lasota vaccines at 8 and 28 days of age. At the end of the experiment (42 days), 72 birds were slaughtered and blood samples from them were collected for evaluation of (RHF) counter effect against aflatoxin B1. Results showed that AFB1 was negatively affecting hematological parameters by reducing RBCs, PCV and Hemoglobin, WBCs and increasing H/L stress factor ratio. AFB1 also had a deleterious effect on serum biochemistry by increasing triglycerides , cholesterol, AST, ALP and creatinine, while reducing glucose, total protein and calcium. Antibody titers against NDV vaccine were significantly reduced by contaminating feed with AFB1. Inclusion of (RHF) at two doses (1 and 2 ml/L) was responsible for restoring all the previous parameters to those of the normal ones. It is concluded that(RHF), containing silymarin and other active ingredients protect birds against adverse effects of (AFB1) one hematological, biochemical and NDV antibody titers.

A Meta-analysis of Antimicrobial Peptide Effects on Intestinal Bacteria, Immune Response, and Antioxidant Activity of Broilers

This study used a meta-analysis to systematically assess the effect of antimicrobial peptide (AMP) addition on the number of bacteria, immune responses, and antioxidant activity of broilers. The database was compiled from 29 post evaluation articles that were found in search engines consisted of 36 experiments and 111 data. The mixed model method was used to assess the effect of AMP, with AMP addition level as a fixed effect and experiment as a random effect. The fixed effect was tested for linear and quadratic models. The quadratic model was retained when significant at p&lt;0.05 but turned into its corresponding linear model when insignificant. In the starter phase, AMP addition decreased the number of bacteria in the ileum (coliform and total aerobic bacteria (TAB); (p&lt;0.05), the caecum (Clostridium spp., Escherichia coli, coliform, and lactic acid bacteria (LAB); p&lt;0.05), and excreta (Clostridium spp.; p&lt;0.1). Similarly, the number of bacteria also declined in the ileum (Escherichia coli, p&lt;0.05; TAB, p&lt;0.1), the caecum (LAB; p&lt;0.1), and excreta (Clostridium spp.; p&lt;0.05) of broilers in the finisher phase. There were significant improvements in immune response and antioxidant activity in starter broiler, as indicated by the titer of Newcastle disease (ND) antibody, bursal index, spleen index, and thymus index (p&lt;0.05) due to AMP addition. Variables of immunoglobulin M (IgM), cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4), ND antibody titer, bursal index, spleen index, and thymus index were also significantly increased (p&lt;0.05) while superoxide dismutase activity (SOD activity) tended to increase (p&lt;0.1) in finisher broiler following the AMP addition. In short, AMP addition is able to suppress the number of pathogenic bacteria and increase the immune response and antioxidant activity of broilers.

Coconut water enhances immunity of cockerels before and after vaccination against Newcastle disease virus

Coconut water contains cytokinins and lauric acid which have potentials to enhance immune response. Poor immune response after vaccination is a common problem in poultry industry. Due to this challenge, this experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effects of coconut water on cell mediated and humoral immunity in cockerel chicks. Seventy five day-old cockerel chicks were randomly divided into three groups (A, B and C) and each group contained 25 birds. Group A (control) received ordinary water for 32 days while birds in group B received 100 ml of coconut water/1 L of water for 32 days. Group C received 100 mL of coconut water/1 L of water till day 19 of age and ordinary water from day 20 to day 32 of age. The birds were vaccinated against Newcastle disease (NDV) on day 20. Blood samples were collected on day 19 and 32 to evaluate the leukogram, antibody titer against NDV, total proteins and cytokines. Intestinal samples were also collected for immunoglobulin A analysis following the euthanasia of the birds. Means ± SD of the parameters were calculated and compared for significance differences using one-way ANOVA (p&lt;0.05). A significantly lower total protein and globulin levels were recorded in groups B and C on day 19. Contrarily, there was an increase in total protein and globulin levels in groups B and C, and an increase in monocytes count in group B on day 32. The serum levels of gamma interferon, interleukin 2 and Newcastle disease antibody titre increased significantly in groups B and C on day 32. Immunoglobulin G and A concentrations were not significantly different across the three groups on day 32. These results showed that coconut water supplementation before and after vaccination improved immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN IMUNOMODULATOR JINTAN HITAM (Nigella sativa L.) DI DALAM AIR MINUM TERHADAP TITTER ANTIBODI AVIAN INFLUENZA (AI) DAN NEWCASTLE DISEASE (ND) PADA BROILER BETINA

The aim of this research was to know the effectiveness of Nigella sativa L. as an immunomodulator given in drinking water with different doses on AI and ND antibody titers in female broilers. This research was conducted in December 2019 -- January 2020 at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. The antibody titers was analyzed at the Lampung Veteriner Virology Laboratory in Lampung. This study used a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications; namely drinking water without Nigella sativa L. (control) (P0), drinking water with 36 mg/kg BW/day Nigella sativa L., drinking water with 72 mg/kg BW/day Nigella sativa L., and drinking water with 144 mg/kg BW/day Nigella sativa L. The antibody titer data from each treatment and control was arranged in the form of a histogram and simple tabulations and then were analyzed descriptively. The results of this study indicated that female broilers given Nigella sativa L. was effective in increasing Newcastle Disease antibody titers and was not effective in increasing Avian Influenza antibody titers in female broilers. Giving Nigella sativa L. As much as 36 mg/kg BW/day in drinking water could increase the Newcastle Disease antibody titer in female broilers.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: Antibody titer, Avian Influenza, Female broilers, Immunomodulator, Newcastle Disease, Nigella sativa L.

Evaluation of Newcastle Disease antibody titers in backyard poultry in Germany with a vaccination interval of twelve weeks.

Newcastle Disease (ND) is a viral disease spread worldwide with a high impact on economy and animal welfare. Vaccination against Newcastle Disease is one of the main control measures in countries such as Germany with endemic occurrence of Newcastle Disease virus in the free ranging bird population. The German Standing Veterinary Committee on Immunization (StIKo Vet) recommends to revaccinate chickens at intervals of six weeks against Newcastle Disease with attenuated live vaccines via drinking water or spray in line with the SPCs (Summary of Product Characteristics) of current vaccines. However, it is still common practice to revaccinate only every twelve weeks because the SPCs of former vaccines proposed a revaccination after checking the antibody titer which based on practical knowledge was typically sufficient for twelve weeks. The aim of this study was to evaluate if a vaccination interval of twelve weeks against Newcastle Disease under field conditions results in sufficient seroconversion to protect flocks. Antibody titers of 810 blood samples from 27 backyard flocks of chickens were analyzed by ELISA- and HI-tests between 69 and 111 days after vaccination of the flocks with attenuated live vaccines of the ND strain Clone 30. Furthermore, data on the flocks such as breed, sex and age were collected through a questionnaire. In this study a sufficient antibody titer was found in 26 of these flocks. Therefore, a vaccination interval of every twelve weeks with the live vaccines tested is suitable for a vaccination protocol against Newcastle Disease. The lack of seroconversion of one flock also emphasizes the need for regular vaccination monitoring by serological testing and re-evaluation of the vaccination process if needed.

Polymorphism of CD1B Gene and Its Association with Yolk Immunoglobulin (IgY) Concentration and Newcastle Disease Antibody Titer in IPB-D1 Chicken

The CD1B gene has an important role in the immune system of poultry by mediating antibody induction. The study aimed to identify the CD1B gene polymorphism and its association with the concentration of IgY and ND antibody titers in IPB-D1 chicken. As many as 111 of IPB-D1 chickens at 21 weeks old were used in this study. Polymorphism identification of the CD1B gene was made using the PCR Sequencing method, while the IgY and ND antibody titers were done using the ELISA and HI test, respectively. The associations of gene polymorphism with IgY and ND antibody titers were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) procedure and Duncan`s Multiple Range test. The results show that there are 4 SNPs in exon 3, i.e., c.550 G>A, c.562 T>A, c.588 A>G, and c.612 C>G. All the SNPs are missense, silent mutations, and polymorphic. The c.550 G>A and c.562 T>A SNPs were in Hardy Weinberg’s equilibrium and heterozygosity (0.054-0.252) condition, while the c.588 A>G and c.612 C>G SNPs were not in equilibrium and their heterozygosity was low (0.072-0.252). The combination of 4 SNPs generated 8 haplotypes, i.e., haplotypes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8. Haplotypes 1, 2, and 8 had high frequencies (17.6%-23.5%). The c.588 A>G and c.612 C>G mutations were significantly associated (p A were significantly associated (p G and c.612 C>G mutations had higher IgY concentration and ND antibody titers (p<0.05) compared to the other haplotypes. In conclusion, this study has identified the CD1B gene as a polymorphic and is associated with IgY concentration and ND antibody titers in IPB-D1 chicken.

Polymorphisms and Associations of the NRAMP-1 and iNOS Genes on Newcastle Disease and Salmonella enteritidis Resistances in SenSi-1 Agrinak Chickens

NRAMP-1 and iNOS genes were reported to be associated with a defense mechanism against bacteria and virus infections. This study aimed to identify NRAMP-1 and iNOS genes polymorphisms and their associations with the defense mechanisms against Salmonella enteritidis and Newcastle Disease (ND) in SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken. The present study used a total number of 172 SenSi-1 Agrinak chicken. Identifications of NRAMP-1 and iNOS genes polymorphisms were performed by PCR-RFLP method. NRAMP-1 and iNOS genotypes were associated with immunoglobulin Y (IgY) concentration, specific antibodies against S. enteritidis and ND using General Linear Model (GLM). Immunity characteristics were further grouped into high, medium, and low categories. NRAMP-1|SacI exon 11 and iNOS|AluI intron 24 in SenSi-1 Agrinak chickens were polymorphic. TC genotype has a higher immune response to infectious agents compared to TT and CC genotypes. The frequency of C allele was higher than the T allele in the concentration of immunoglobulin Y (IgY), antibodies titers against S enteritidis and ND. The TC genotype of NRAMP-1 gene was significantly associated with ND antibody titers, and the TT genotype of iNOS was significantly associated with S. enteritidis specific antibody. NRAMP-1 and iNOS genes can be used as potential candidate genes for immune traits in SenSi-1 Agrinak chickens.

Potensi Bentonite Clay Dan Karbon Aktif Sebagai Aflatoksin Binders Berdasarkan Gambaran Imunologis Dan Histopatologis Pada Ayam Buras

Aflatoxin is a toxic compound from the fungus A. flavus which can cause a decrease in chicken productivity. This study aims to evaluate the effect of bentonite clay and activated charcoal in chicken feed as aflatoxin binders based on histopathological and immunological features in chickens. A total of 60 chickens were randomly divided into 4 groups (G0, G1, G2, and G3) each group consisted of 15 chickens. G0 as a control without the addition of aflatoxin to the feed. Groups G1, G2, and G3’s feed were added with 106 ppb of aflatoxin. G2 was treated with 5g/kg bentonite clay, G3 was treated with 5g/kg activated charcoal. Chickens were vaccinated with Newcastle Disease (ND) on day 5. On days 14 and 28 serum was collected from the specimens for titer antibody testing. At the end of the study the chickens were dissected, the liver was taken for a histopathological test. The results of the aflatoxin level in the G0, G1, G2, and G3 groups were 10.5, 106, 19.1, and 23.95 ppb, respectively. Microscopic changes show the negative effects of aflatoxin on the liver organ. Group G0 did not show any histopathological changes, Group G2 and G3 showed several mild histopathological changes, whereas group G1 was the most severe. The antibody titers against Newcastle Disease (ND) of 4-weeks old chickens in G0, G1, G2, and G3 were 64, 4, 32, 32 HI units, respectively. The G0 treatment group has a protective titer against ND disease. Group G1 has the lowest (non-protective) ND antibody titer. Whereas the G2 and G3 groups both have protective titers against ND disease. Based on this study it was concluded that the administration of bentonite clay and activated charcoal was able to produce better immunological and histopathological features than the control group.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN DOSIS EKSTRAK MENIRAN (Phyllanthus niruri L) TERHADAP TITER ANTIBODI NEWCASTLE DISEASE DAN AVIAN INFLUENZA PADA BROILER JANTAN

This study was intended to know the effect of meniran (Phyllanthus niruri L) extract as an immunomodulator against avian influenza (AI) and newcastle disease (ND) antibody titers in male broilers, which was conducted in April 2019 to May 2019 at the Integrated Field Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Lampung. Analysis of antibody titers was carried out at the Lampung Veterinary Virology Laboratory in Lampung. This study used Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications, those were drink water without Phyllanthus nirurilinn extract (P0), drink water with 1.5 mg/kg BW/day Phyllanthus niruri linn extract (P1), drink water with 3 mg/kg BW/day Phyllanthus niruri linn extract (P2), drink water with 4.5 mg/kg BW/day Phyllanthus niruri linn extract (P3). Based on variance analysis, the results of this study showed that the application of Phyllanthus niruri linn extract did not significantly affect on ND and AI antibody titers in male broilers. However, based on the average of antibody titer produced, giving Phyllanthus niruri linn extractat of 4.5 mg/kgBW/day can increase the AI antibody titer in male broilers.&#x0D; Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri linn, Immunomodulator, Antibody titer, Avian Influenza, Newcastle Disease, Male broiler&#x0D;

High frequency vaccination-induced immune stress reduces bone strength with the involvement of activated osteoclastogenesis in layer pullets

In poultry production, vaccination is an effective measure to protect chickens from diseases. Vaccination, however, is a stressor that may induce stress responses that interfere with the growth and development of chickens. The interaction between the skeletal and immune systems on bone quality has gained more attention. In the present study, the influence of high frequency vaccinations on the bone development of layer pullets was investigated. Thirty 35-day-old SPF White Leghorn layer pullets were obtained and randomly subjected to the following treatments: vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) with LoSota vaccine once at 35-day-old (V1, control); 4 times at 35, 49, 63, and 77 d of age (V4); and 7 times at 35, 42, 49, 56, 63, 70, and 77 d of age (V7). The body weight and organ index of the spleen, thymus, and tibia were recorded. The antibody titer and serum and the tibia calcium and phosphorus concentrations were measured. The transcription levels of the IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α, receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL), and osteoprotegerin (OPG) genes were determined in spleen, thymus, and the tibia. The results showed that V7 decreased body weight and increased the ND antibody titer, compared to V1-chickens. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α were upregulated in spleen, thymus, and the tibia of V7 chickens. In the tibia, RANKL was upregulated, while OPG was downregulated by V7 treatment. The results indicate that high frequency vaccination induces immune stress and impairs bone development. The results suggest that the augmented cytokine expression in immune organs and the tibia is associated with activation of the OPG/RANKL pathway, which, in turn, enhances osteoclastogenesis. The appropriate frequency of vaccination should support optimal bone development and full immunoprotection in layer pullets.

Survey for Newcastle Disease Virus Antibodies in Local Chickens, Ducks and Pigeons in Makurdi, Nigeria

This study aimed to determine the seroprevalence of Newcastle disease (ND) among some local poultry species from live bird markets (LBM) and households in Makurdi Benue State, Nigeria. A total of 543 (300 local chickens, 199 pigeons and 44 ducks) sera samples were collected between October 2018 to April 2019. Sera samples were tested using Haemagglutination inhibition HI) test. The overall seroprevalence of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) antibodies was 9.9% (54/543). The prevalence of antibodies to ND was found to be higher in ducks 20.5% (9/44), followed by local chickens 10% (30/300) and pigeons 7.5% (15/199) respectively. There was statistical significant association (P = 0.000817) between location of sampling of local poultry and seropositivity for ND. Also there was a statistical significant association (P = 0.0348) between species of local poultry and ND antibody titre. This study revealed that local chickens, ducks and pigeons in Makurdi could play significant role in the epidemiology and transmission of ND to susceptible commercial exotic birds or other local poultry species especially when reared in close proximity. The study concluded that the prevalence of ND antibodies indicated the presence of the virus among the population and ducks and pigeons could be reservoirs and carriers for NDV. Vaccination campaign should be organized for local poultry species for the control of ND in the study area.