Source Of New Products Research Articles

In vivo anti-inflammatory activity of M116, one extract obtained from the marine bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens

Context: Marine organisms are sources of compounds with anti-inflammatory activity, many of them derived from the secondary metabolites produced by microorganisms. Aims: To evaluate the possible anti-inflammatory effect of M116, an extract obtained by fermentation from the CBM-116 strain of the marine bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, which was isolated from sediments of the southern coast of the Cuban shelf. Methods: The oral single and repeated different doses of the CBM-116 were evaluated for their ability to ameliorate edema using two in vivo experimental inflammation models: croton oil-induced atrial acute edema and cotton pellets-induced chronic granuloma, both in male Balb/c mice. The systemic production of redox biomarkers after repeated doses in the chronic inflammation model was also tested. Results: A single application of M116 (50-200 mg/kg, 10 mL/kg, p.o.) decreases croton oil-induced acute inflammation in a dose-dependent manner. Single and repeated doses of extract (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.) also were able to inhibit chronic inflammation during both, transudative and proliferative phases of the inflammatory process. This effect was associated with the systemic reduction of oxidative stress. Conclusions: M116 showed anti-inflammatory activity in the context of acute and chronic inflammation associated with its antioxidant mechanisms, which suggest the potential of the marine bacterium Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as a source of new products with biomedical application.

Valorization of agro-industrial byproducts: Extraction and analytical characterization of valuable compounds for potential edible active packaging formulation

Large amounts of byproducts having high environmental impact are produced in the agro-industrial field. However, they are often rich of bioactive molecules and can represent a good source of new products. In a sustainability context, supporting Circular Economy project, this work aimed at extracting active compounds from onion, artichoke and thistle byproducts, and exploited new applications in the field of food packaging. Compound characterization achieved by chromatographic techniques demonstrated the presence of valuable ingredients such as quercetin and chlorogenic acid, and prebiotic carbohydrates. A high content of total phenolic compounds was evaluated mainly in artichoke and onion byproducts, and the addition of the extracts to oil samples showed a significant increase of oxidative stability, measured by Oxitest, even higher than 100% respect to blank oil. An active film based on the use of edible substances has been realized, and preliminary data about its application on food products showed promising developments.

Research progress of anthocyanin prebiotic activity: A review

BackgroundAnthocyanins are a kind of flavonoids and natural water-soluble pigments, which endow fruits, vegetables, and plants with multiple colors. They are important source of new products with prebiotic activity. However, there is no systematic review documenting prebiotic activity of anthocyanins and their structural analogues. This study aims to fill this gap in literature. PurposeThe objective of this review is to summarize and evaluate the prebiotic activity of anthocyanin's, and discuss the physical and molecular modification methods to improve their biological activities. Study design and methodsIn this review, the databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, Researchgate and Elsevier) were searched profoundly with keywords (anthocyanin's, prebiotics, probiotics, physical embedding and molecular modification). ResultsA total of 34 articles were considered for reviewing. These studies approved that anthocyanins play an important role in promoting the proliferation of probiotics, inhibiting the growth of harmful bacteria and improving the intestinal environment. In addition, physical embedding and molecular modification have also been proved to be effective methods to improve the prebiotic activity of anthocyanins. Anthocyanins could promote the production of short chain fatty acids, accelerate self degradation and improve microbial related enzyme activities to promote the proliferation of probiotics. They inhibited the growth of harmful bacteria by inhibiting the expression of harmful bacteria genes, interfering with the role of metabolism related enzymes and affecting respiratory metabolism. They promoted the formation of a complete intestinal barrier and regulated the intestinal environment to keep the body healthy. Physical embedding, including microencapsulation and colloidal embedding, greatly improved the stability of anthocyanins. On the other hand, molecular modification, especially enzymatic modification, significantly improved the biological activities (antioxidant, prebiotic activity and so on) of anthocyanins. ConclusionAll these research results displayed by this review indicate that anthocyanins are a useful tool for developing prebiotic products. The better activities of the new anthocyanins formed by embedding and modification may make them become more effective raw materials. Our review provides a scientific basis for the future research and application of anthocyanins.

LEGAL FRAMEWORK ON POLICY FOR NATURAL GAS DEVELOPMENT AND UTILIZATION

Due to declining of crude oil production and global energy crisis, development and utilization of natural gas policy should arrange to meet domestic demand. The gas sector’s potential is bright; domestic, regional and international demand for natural gas is expected to rise dramatically over the next decade. To capitalize on this opportunity, Indonesia must improve its gas infrastructure, expand power capacity and attract new investment that will create new sources of production. Legal framework for natural gas exploration and production and downstream activities should be directed to create conducive investment atmosphere and to provide the sustainable of natural gas availability.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОЇ СПІВПРАЦІ ВІТЧИЗНЯНИХ ТА НІМЕЦЬКИХ ПІДПРИЄМСТВ МОЛОЧНОЇ ГАЛУЗІ (НА ПРИКЛАДІ ТДВ «ІВАНО-ФРАНКІВСЬКИЙ МІСЬКМОЛОКОЗАВОД»)

The article substantiates and develops practical recommendations on the peculiarities of the development of international cooperation between domestic and German dairy enterprises, in particular international cooperation ALC "Ivano-Frankivsk City Dairy Plant". Since international relations are the part of social relations that crosses the borders of state borders. International relations form the structure of the international system. The main factors for the development of the IER include: heterogeneity of natural, geographical, demographic, economic conditions, different security of material, labor, financial and other resources; deepening the international social division of labor in general, special and single forms, in particular international specialization, a significant expansion of the product range; increasing the efficiency of national production due to the influence of foreign economic activity (in particular, international trade); the need to at least partially overcome the growing gap between highly developed and underdeveloped countries in the formation of a holistic world economy; deepening the global environmental crisis, which can only be alleviated or overcome by the joint efforts of all countries; increasing power and strengthening the role of international economic; public parties with their demands for deepening cooperation between different countries. International cooperation reflects a process dominated by a common search for opportunities to pursue the interests of all stakeholders. This is a joint activity, joint work to achieve a goal, which is based on the presence of trust in the relationship between partners. When developing a strategy, it is always necessary to take into account the existing level of the enterprise in all areas, taking into account the influence of the external and internal environment of the organization and factors affecting its dynamics. It should be noted that international business activity is mainly focused on the implementation of specific measures by expanding existing markets, services, capital, labor, a thorough search for new sources of production and financial resources, diversification of all economic activities, etc. It is these main motivations for carrying out versatile business operations outside state borders that form the structure of international business, which is a certain system of interconnections of types, forms and methods of implementing international, functioning in a certain direction of international trade relations, dynamic movement and rational use of financial and labor resources within the global interdependent economic system.

Exogenous Enzymes as Zootechnical Additives in Animal Feed: A Review

Enzymes are widely used in the food industry. Their use as a supplement to the raw material for animal feed is a current research topic. Although there are several studies on the application of enzyme additives in the animal feed industry, it is necessary to search for new enzymes, as well as to utilize bioinformatics tools for the design of specific enzymes that work in certain environmental conditions and substrates. This will allow the improvement of the productive parameters in animals, reducing costs and making the processes more efficient. Technological needs have considered these catalysts as essential in many industrial sectors and research is constantly being carried out to optimize their use in those processes. This review describes the enzymes used in animal nutrition, their mode of action, their production and new sources of production as well as studies on different animal models to evaluate their effect on the productive performance intended for the production of animal feed.

Wound healing properties of flavonoids: A systematic review highlighting the mechanisms of action

BackgroundFlavonoids are a class of compounds with a wide variety of biological functions, being an important source of new products with pharmaceutical potential, including treatment of skin wounds. PurposeThis review aimed to summarize and evaluate the evidence in the literature in respect of the healing properties of flavonoids on skin wounds in animal models. Study designThis is a systematic review following the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. MethodsThis was carried out through a specialized search of four databases: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science and Embase. The following keyword combinations were used: "flavonoidal" OR "flavonoid" OR "flavonoidic" OR "flavonoids" AND "wound healing" as well as MeSH terms, Emtree terms and free-text words. ResultsFifty-five (55) articles met the established inclusion and exclusion criteria. Flavonoids presented effects in respect of the inflammatory process, angiogenesis, re-epithelialization and oxidative stress. They were shown to be able to act on macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells by mediating the release and expression of TGF-β1, VEGF, Ang, Tie, Smad 2 and 3, and IL-10. Moreover, they were able to reduce the release of inflammatory cytokines, NFκB, ROS and the M1 phenotype. Flavonoids acted by positively regulating MMPs 2, 8, 9 and 13, and the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/Akt and NO pathways. ConclusionFlavonoids are useful tools in the development of therapies to treat skin lesions, and our review provides a scientific basis for future basic and translational research.

Degraded Arabinogalactans and Their Binding Properties to Cancer-Associated Human Galectins.

Galectins represent β-galactoside-binding proteins with numerous functions. Due to their role in tumor progression, human galectins-1, -3 and -7 (Gal-1, -3 and -7) are potential targets for cancer therapy. As plant derived glycans might act as galectin inhibitors, we prepared galactans by partial degradation of plant arabinogalactan-proteins. Besides commercially purchased galectins, we produced Gal-1 and -7 in a cell free system and tested binding capacities of the galectins to the galactans by biolayer-interferometry. Results for commercial and cell-free expressed galectins were comparable confirming functionality of the cell-free produced galectins. Our results revealed that galactans from Echinacea purpurea bind to Gal-1 and -7 with KD values of 1–2 µM and to Gal-3 slightly stronger with KD values between 0.36 and 0.70 µM depending on the sensor type. Galactans from the seagrass Zostera marina with higher branching of the galactan and higher content of uronic acids showed stronger binding to Gal-3 (0.08–0.28 µM) compared to galactan from Echinacea. The results contribute to knowledge on interactions between plant polysaccharides and galectins. Arabinogalactan-proteins have been identified as a new source for production of galactans with possible capability to act as galectin inhibitors.

Rapid photoacclimation during episodic deep mixing augments the biological carbon pump

Episodic deep mixing events are one component of the biological carbon pump that physically transports organic carbon into the mesopelagic. Episodic deep mixing also disrupts summertime thermal stratification thereby changing the light field and nutrient concentrations available for phytoplankton growth. Phytoplankton survival and growth below the mixed layer following restratification depends on how rapidly cells can employ a variety of photoacclimation processes in response to the environmental changes. To compare the relative timescales of summertime episodic deep mixing events with the timescales of phytoplankton photoacclimation processes, we first analyzed autonomous float data to survey the frequency and magnitude of deep mixing events in the western North Atlantic Ocean. Next, we simulated a sustained deep mixing event in the laboratory and measured rates of acclimation processes ranging from light harvesting to growth in a model diatom and green alga. In both algae increases in chlorophyll (Chl) were coupled to growth, but growth of the green alga lagged the diatom by about a day. In float profiles, significant increases in Chl and phytoplankton carbon (C phyto) were detected below the mixed layer following episodic deep mixing events. These events pose a previously unrecognized source of new production below the mixed layer that can significantly boost the amount of carbon available for export to the deep ocean.

STUDY OF CROSS-CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AS ONE OF THE FACTORS OF INFLUENCE ON DOING INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS

The article determines that the modern internal and external environment of successful and long-term international activities is undergoing constant change. In order to ensure the efficiency of economic activity, it is necessary to form and apply modernized methods of doing business. A significant number of factors influencing the activities of companies on the world stage determines the interest in their study and structuring. It is proved that the key drivers of the impact of globalization on international business in hypercompetition are lowering barriers, increasing cross-border trade and investment, increasing global product production for global consumers, use of Internet and information technologies, the role of emerging economies in the world market. global quality systems and product standards. It should be noted that international business is focused on the implementation of specific measures to expand markets, services, capital, labor, search for new sources of production and financial resources, diversification of economic activities and more. Factors influencing business efficiency are investigated. The authors have identified the most important factors influencing international business and considered them in terms of three groups: domestic, microeconomic and macroeconomic factors. This is the way to structure the factors of influence will allow you to most effectively determine their positive effect and possible risks. The degree of influence of each group of factors is determined. In the framework of this research, the emphasis is on the characteristics of communicative cultural differences and their impact on international business. The problem of intercultural interaction has become one of the key areas of research on the effectiveness of international relations. The role of intercultural functions in the global business network is revealed. The company's success in the foreign market depends mainly on how well established professional communication with a foreign business partner and how well he knows the details of local culture for effective and professional negotiations.

Chemical Profiling and Biological Screening of Some River Nile Derived-Microorganisms.

AimsChemical and biological studies of the River Nile derived-microorganisms are limited. Hence, this work was carried out to screen the River Nile habitat. Identification of the isolated organisms, chemical profiling of their ethyl acetate extracts as well as screening of their antimicrobial, antileishmanial, antitrypanosomal, and antimalarial activities were investigated.MethodsIdentification of the microbial isolates were carried out using bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA gene sequencing. Chemical profiling of the EtOAc extracts using LC-HRESIMS spectroscopy was carried out. The in vitro antimicrobial screening using the modified version of the CLSI method, antileishmanial and antitrypanosomal activities were screened using Leishmania donovani promastigote assay, L. donovani axenic amastigote assay, Trypanosoma brucei trypamastigotes assay and THP1 toxicity assay. The in vitro antimalarial activities against D6 (chloroquine sensitive) and W2 (chloroquine-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum were evaluated.ResultsSeven isolated microorganisms were identified as Streptomyces indiaensis, Bacillus safensis, B. anthracis, Bacillus sp., and Aspergillus awamori. Chemical investigation of different extracts showed several bioactive compounds, identified as; nigragillin, 5-caboxybenzofuran and dyramide B from A. awamori and actinopolysporin B from S. indiaensis. On the other hand many nitrogenous compounds with high molecular weights showed no hits that may correspond to new long chain and/or cyclic peptides. The EtOAc extract of B. safensis fermentation broth showed the highest activity against P. falciparum D6 and P. falciparum W2 (IC50 = 25.94 and 27.28 μg/mL, respectively), while two isolates S. indiaensis and Bacillus sp. RN-011 extracts showed the highest antitrypanosomal activity (IC50 = 0.8 and 0.96 μg/mL).ConclusionThe River Nile could be a new source for production of promising bioactive leading compound where antimicrobial and antiparasitic activities may be correlated.

Pulp wash: a new source for production of ligninolytic enzymes and biomass and its toxicological evaluation after biological treatment

ABSTRACTPulp wash was used as substrate for the activity of ligninolytic enzymes of the fungus Pleurotus sajor-caju. Activity of laccase (Lac) and manganese peroxidase (MnP) as well as fungal biomass occurred under four conditions: different pulp wash concentrations, pH variation at the optimal pulp wash concentration, different glucose concentrations, and different concentrations of ammonium nitrate. The best enzyme activity and biomass production were obtained with in natura pulp wash and pH corrected to 5.0 (4884 IU/L Lac; 82 IU/L MnP; 25 g/100 mL biomass). However, the addition of glucose and ammonium nitrate to the pulp wash was not necessary for increasing the enzyme activity and biomass production. Efficient removal of pulp wash chemical oxygen demand (99.66%) and biochemical oxygen demand (83.27%) occurred after the mycoremediation with P. sajor-caju in the optimized conditions. Lactuca sativa L. seeds germination bioassay showed a four-fold reduction in the residue toxicity (EC50 28.72%) after the treatment with the fungus. Our findings are consistent with the notion that pulp wash is an excellent substrate for inducing the activity of ligninolytic enzymes and producing fungal biomass, and that the biological treatment is efficient to reduce effluent toxicity.

Life Cycle Assessment of Secondary Mangrove Forest in Bintuni Bay,West Papua, Indonesia

The life cycle assessment is conducted in order to assess the impact of mangrove woodchip production in Bintuni bay, West Papua Indonesia on the environment. Study includes the analysis of non-renewable energy use (MJ), global warming potential or carbon footprint (kg CO2), acidification potential (kg SO2) and ozone creation potential (kg O3) of mangrove logging, processing and shipment. Mangrove woodchip production consumes 960 MJ of non-renewable energy and gives out 59.59 kg CO2, .383 kg SO2 and 30.39 kg O3, which is the lowest in comparison with other wood products. Mangrove processing incur less fuel because it is delivered in bulk to the processing area via barges in comparison to other wood products The current shipping of mangrove woodchips to customers has the greatest environmental impact because of the use of bunker fuel. The processing of mangrove woodchips used diesel exclusively for fuel in its power sources. Forest residues from logging can be a source of renewable fuel and may also be another source of new products.

Impact of Chlorella vulgaris on the rheology of wheat flour dough and bread texture

Modern foods lead to healthier, cheaper and more convenient products to increasingly demanding consumers. Microalgae are an enormous biological resource, representing one of the most promising sources for new products and applications and can be used to enhance the nutritional and technological value of food products. The enrichment of bread with microalgae biomass is a great challenge resulting from its impact on the development of the gluten structure. The addition of Chlorella vulgaris in a wheat flour dough was studied, to evaluate its influence on the dough rheology and bread texture. Microalgae contents from 1.0 to 5.0 g per 100 g of wheat flour were tested and it was observed that up to 3.0 g of microalgae biomass addition, a positive impact on dough rheology and viscoelastic characteristics, with strengthening of the gluten network, was observed. For higher microalgae content, a negative effect on dough rheology, bread texture and flavor was noticed and an acceleration on bread aging was relevant. No impact on the kinetics of yeast fermentation, neither on the time required for fermentation, was induced by the biomass addition.

Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 isolated from an oil-polluted environment–a new producer of levan

Various microorganisms isolated from polluted environments, such as Pseudomonas sp. and Micrococcus sp. can synthesize exopolysaccharides (EPSs) which are natural, non-toxic and biodegradable polymers. EPSs play a key role in protection of microbial cells under various external influences. For humans, these substances have potential use in many industries. EPSs can be applied as a flavor or a fragrance carrier, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a prebiotic, an antioxidant or an antitumor agent. In this study, we characterized an environmental microorganism that produces EPS, optimized EPS production by this strain and characterized the EPS produced. Isolate CH-KOV3 was identified as Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum. The sucrose level in the growth medium greatly influenced EPS production, and the highest yield was when the microorganism was incubated in media with 500g/L of sucrose. The optimal temperature and pH were 28°C and 7.0, respectively. The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) results and GC–MS analysis confirmed that the residues were d-fructofuranosyl residues with β-configuration, where fructose units are linked by β-2,6-glycosidic bonds, with β-2,1-linked branches. All these data indicate that the investigated EPS is a levan-type polysaccharide. Thus, it was concluded that Brachybacterium sp. CH-KOV3 could constitute a new source for production of the bioactive polysaccharide, levan.

Multifaceted Health Benefits of Mangifera indica L. (Mango): The Inestimable Value of Orchards Recently Planted in Sicilian Rural Areas.

Historically, Mangifera indica L. cultivations have been widely planted in tropical areas of India, Africa, Asia, and Central America. However, at least 20 years ago its spreading allowed the development of some cultivars in Sicily, an island to the south of Italy, where the favourable subtropical climate and adapted soils represent the perfect field to create new sources of production for the Sicilian agricultural supply chain. Currently, cultivations of Kensington Pride, Keitt, Glenn, Maya, and Tommy Atkins varieties are active in Sicily and their products meet the requirements of local and European markets. Mango plants produce fleshy stone fruits rich in phytochemicals with an undisputed nutritional value for its high content of polyphenolics and vitamins. This review provides an overview of the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties of mango, a fruit that should be included in everyone’s diet for its multifaceted biochemical actions and health-enhancing properties.

KINETIKA REAKSI TRANSESTERIFIKASI MINYAK GORENG BEKAS DENGAN KATALIS HETEROGEN CaO DARI CANGKANG KERANG DARAH (Andara granosa)

Biodiesel (Fatty Acid Methyl Ester / FAMEs) is an alternative fuel replacing crud oil (petroleum) which is more friendly to environmen, unsmelling and containing no sulfur. Biodiesel is produced by reacting vegetable oil with alcohol using a base as a catalyst. The transesterification has carried out used waste frying oil with CaO catalyst from blood mussel shells (Anadara granosa) that calcined at a temperature of 800oC for 10 hours as heterogeneous base catalyst. The reaction of transesterification produce products that is optimalized by varying the temperature of the reaction time, and determined by the reaction order. The reaction follows first kinetics order with an activation energy (Ea) which is 93.5 kJ / mol and the frequency factor (A) which is 8,16x 1010min-1. The biodiesel Characterization fuel is measured according to ASTM D 6751. The blood mussel shell (Anadara granosa) is a new source for production of heterogeneous base catalysts that can be used for synthesis biodiesel with high purity.

Valorization of Winery Spent Yeast Waste Biomass as a New Source for the Production of β-Glucan

In this paper we report the first isolation of yeast β-glucan from a new source, winery spent yeast biomass and its production with an environmental friendly oriented method. β-Glucan has been isolated from brewery wastes and proposed for various applications in food industry but until now the winery solid wastes have not been treated for this purpose. The aim of this study was dual. Firstly, the exploitation of a completely new and alternative source for yeast β-glucan industrial production, winery yeast waste biomass. Secondly, the utilization of winery yeast waste for the production of added value products as a part of an intergraded and sustainable wine industry, targeted to the protection of the environment. β-Glucan isolation from wine lees was performed in a two-step process, yeast autolysis and alkali extraction with NaOH. Autolysis at 55 °C/pH 5.0/48 h with the use of acetic acid from wine must acetic acid bacteria fermentation for the production of yeast extract was optimum. Most purified fraction of β-glucan from red wine lees (28.95 ± 0.50 %) was received with NaOH 2 M/0.5 h/90 °C/1:5 sample to NaOH concentration and from white wine lees (43.37 ± 0.65 %) with NaOH 0.5 M/1.0 h/90 °C/1:5 sample to NaOH concentration. NaOH waste produced during β-glucan isolation process can be further treated for lignin degradation from wood biomass. Winery yeast waste lees can comprise an innovative way for β-glucan production. Further research in extraction methods, immunoactivity and applications of obtained β-glucan from this source, must be investigated. Also, a deeper research for a new β-glucan with wine polyphenols product for incorporation in functional foods and medicines is proposed.

Rhizophora mangle L. (mangle rojo): Una especie con potencialidades de uso terapéutico

Check the properties attributed to medicinal plants is of vital importance as an alternative in the medical therapy and as a source of development of new drugs. Medicinal plants offer a path with great possibilities, an encouraging alternative for the control of various diseases in man. Mangroves are a resource of great significance for Cuba and the world, mangrove vegetation is represented in this country for four tree species, where Rhizophora mangle L. also known as red mangrove, is now the dominant species. Due to the pharmacological results found in this species as healing, antiseptic, antimicrobial, anti-ulcer, treatment of open wounds, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, insecticide, larvicide among others; it could be an important source of new products aimed at solving health problems of great current relevance, but using this species for drug development has been limited by the damage it can cause to the ecosystem over-exploitation of mangroves. The objective of this scientific review is to show the benefits and therapeutic potential of R. mangle from a review of existing information and the main results in the researches on this species.

Fruit Waste and Sugarcane Bagasse as Potential Natural Resources of Mineral and Lipophilic Substances

The objectives of this study were to explore alternatives for using fruit waste and sugarcane bagasse as important sources for new products and potential applications in the food industry. Fast foods are part of modern life, as well as sources for producing biofuels based on biomass. The mineral content and compounds of nutritional interest, such as lipophilic substances, were determined in fruit waste (orange peels, passion fruit, bananas, grapes) and sugarcane bagasse. Significant differences were found in the samples tested, where minerals, such as potassium, nitrogen, zinc and iron, were found in fruit residues (bananas, oranges, passion fruit) and sugarcane bagasse. Banana residues were the most important source of minerals, followed by orange peels. Gas chromatography mass spectrography (GC-MS) analyses of the lipophilic fractions obtained from the plant residues revealed the presence of mostly saturated (palmitic, stearic) and unsaturated (oleic and linoleic) fatty acids, as well as other nutritionally valuable compounds, such as antioxidants (flavones in orange residues). The residues studied here can be used for future research to optimize pretreatment and hydrolysis of biomass for bioethanol production.