New Set Of Risks Research Articles

Earthquake disaster-induced urban policies: paradoxes and challenges in Turkey

ABSTRACT Over 92% of Turkey’s land is exposed to earthquake risk: from historical earthquakes to the recent Kahramanmaras disaster, earthquakes created dramatic consequences. Consequently, there is a pressing need for urban policies aimed at mitigating earthquake risk and implementing a nation-wide urban transformation. In this regard, the central government enacted Law 6306, the ‘Law on Transformation of Areas under Disaster Risk’, in 2012. This paper analyses earthquake-oriented restructuring policies that are authorised by this law. It is argued that the law introduces a new set of risks due to its centralised, discretionary, non-transparent and non-participatory approach. While the constant threat of earthquake still endangers the lives of millions, it also creates an opportunity to exploit the urban space for speculative interest.

The Role of Audit in Mitigating Risks Associated with the Digitalization of HR Processes

The digitalization of HR processes has transformed the way organizations operate, improving efficiency and streamlining operations. However, this digital transformation also introduces a new set of risks that organizations need to address to ensure the security and integrity of their HR data.This research paper examines the crucial role of audit in mitigating these risks associated with the digitalization of HR processes. The study examines the various risks that organizations face in the digital era, including data breaches, unauthorized access, and system failures. It explores the potential vulnerabilities and challenges that emerge with the adoption of digital HR systems and highlights the need for a robust audit framework to ensure data integrity, privacy, and protection. It discusses how audit procedures and controls can help identify vulnerabilities and provide assurance over the effectiveness of controls implemented to manage these risks. The research paper also identifies key strategies and best practices that organizations can implement to effectively audit their digital HR processes and enhance risk management. The objective is to analyze how auditors can contribute to ensuring the security, reliability, and compliance of digital HR processes. The paper examines the specific risk areas associated with HR digitalization, including data privacy, cybersecurity, accuracy, and regulatory compliance. Drawing upon existing literature and case studies, the research highlights the importance of audit procedures, such as control testing, vulnerability assessments, and data analytics, in addressing these risks. It further explores the challenges auditors may encounter, such as the need for specialized knowledge and the dynamic nature of technology. The findings emphasize the need for effective auditing strategies to enhance organizational resilience against digital HR risks. This paper is expected to contribute to the academic literature on HR digitalization and provide practical insights for auditors and HR professionals to effectively navigate the risks associated with the digital transformation of HR processes

COVID-19 emerging risk assessment for the construction industry of developing countries: evidence from Iraq

In developing countries, the construction industry has been one of the hardest hit by the COVID-19 pandemic. The impact of the pandemic has created a whole new set of risks, causing workforce-related issues, supply chain disruptions, and legal and contractual implications. This research aims to identify and quantitatively analyse COVID-19 emerging risks in the construction industry of Iraq. A mixed method approach was used for data collection and analysis, including a focus group session to identify COVID-19 emerging risks, a survey to rate the identified risks, and the development of a fuzzy-based risk assessment model to analyse the level of riskiness of the identified risks. Results indicate that the most critical COVID-19 risks are (1) contract suspension, (2) contractor bankruptcy, (3) materials price escalation, (4) construction contract claims, (5) inappropriate risk allocation, (6) non-compliance with social distancing guidelines, (7) skills shortage, and (8) poor site and virtual communication. This paper contributes to the body of knowledge by providing academics and industry practitioners with a more comprehensive understanding of the risks arising from the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, this paper presents a novel model for analysing risks related to extreme conditions, such as the COVID-19 pandemic and future pandemics.

Game Changer in Cybersecurity: Quantum Cryptography

With digital technology and increasingly linked economies comes a new set of risks from a slew of cyber-attacks. To improve cyber resilience, a cybersecurity capability system comprised of People, Process, and Technology is required to control the ongoing advancement of science and technology, particularly the quantum computer. As a result, attempts have been undertaken to lay new groundwork for cryptography research in computer communication networks. One of these attempts resulted in the creation of quantum cryptography technology, the security of which is based on quantum mechanics rules. Cyberspace security has emerged as the most important problem for the Internet in the foreseeable future. The objective of this research paper is to discuss the flaws and security problems in contemporary encryption, quantum cryptography essential concepts, real-world application use of this technology, and lastly the future direction of quantum cryptography.

Combining research methods in policy and governance: taking account of bricolage and discerning limits of modelling and simulation

We present a perspective on combining research methods in policy and governance which starts from an understanding of governance as the result of a double bricolage: an organizational or institutional bricolage, and a bricolage of knowledges and associated methods. We develop a typology of common ways to combine methods in governance, distinguishing between nesting, framing, mixing, specifying, and specializing, where not all methods can be combined at all times and sometimes different modes of combining methods can coexist. We reflect on the possibilities and limits of combination and give the concepts of boundaries and couplings central place in this reflection. The perspective clarifies the attractiveness of integrated systems of quantitative methods purporting to enable simulation and steering, while highlighting a new set of risks and boundaries for such approaches.

Is it time for a new bus contract procurement model under a zero emissions bus setting?

The commitment in many countries to zero emissions at the tailpipe for buses opens up an era under transition with a new set of risks and uncertainties to both bus operators and the regulator. The switch to clean energy brings energy providers, both generators and distributors, as well battery pack and electric or hydrogen bus providers, and infrastructure specialists, into the mainstream of service provision, signifying that the risks in transition over the next 30 or so years should be shared amongst a larger set of upstream service providers who stand to gain through new opportunities from the transition. De-risking through greater sharing is common in many supply chain ventures and is an appealing way of transitioning to a green energy future for the provision of bus services. We promote the idea of a competitively defined supply chain partnership procurement model, implemented through tendering or negotiation, as a way of spreading the risk to all who will gain from this new future. This has the potential, without guarantee, to support many more bus operators staying in (or indeed entering) the industry to enable an effective competitive process, especially the relatively smaller operators who currently lack the expertise and knowledge to weather this transition, best described as an extreme event. This paper is a conceptual think piece rather than a scientific one, designed to open up new ways to consider procurement and contracting in the context of the transition to zero emission buses, but it has wider value in other sectors.

Ethics-by-design: the next frontier of industrialization

During the past few years, most companies have launched experiments on how they can use artificial intelligence (AI) to leverage their data. These experiments generally correspond to prototypes solving a specific business case, such as fraud detection in banking or predictive maintenance for industrial equipment. If the estimated return on investment of the prototype is positive, the technical and business teams start thinking about how to industrialize their experiments. Deployment of AI systems comes with a set of specific challenges, such as data governance, model lifecycle management, and collaborators training and onboarding, among others. Overcoming these challenges hedges most performance risks. However, a new set of risks and challenges, related to ethical considerations, is emerging. In this paper, we review in detail all these challenges, share our experience on best practices that help build well-integrated AI systems, and argue in favor of an ethics-by-design approach to prototyping.

Firm’s Innovation Ecosystem: Barriers, Key Success Factors and Strategies

Strategic positioning fosters the firm performance in an ecosystem. Companies in an innovation ecosystem use strategic tools to connect different business units. The systematic literature review was used to search for the articles used in this review. Google Scholar search engine was employed to filter the references of each selected paper. In total, 41 papers published in journal and conference proceedings have been used for the review. The review shows that companies challenges as shortage of willingness to share insights and intellectual property, confusion over management methods need to create sustainable value, lack of coordination within the ecosystem, lack of an innovation plan, failure to pay attention to a new set of risks and costs associated with network-types of practices when innovating through an ecosystem. The review highlights specific key success factors such as management commitment, consumer value, and value chains linked to customers’ expectations, and organisational culture that supports change processes, well-articulated goals, timelines and milestones, and embracing risk-taking and understanding the nature of risks in collaborative networks. Furthermore, the review also identified the balanced scorecard multiplying risks and value blueprint as strategic tools used to evaluate the performance of companies within an ecosystem. The study concludes that managers should evaluate the ecosystems’ ability and the potential of their firms to survive.

Vulnerability Assessment of Ubiquitous Cities Using the Analytic Hierarchy Process

Urbanization is a challenge faced by most countries worldwide and leads to several problems. Due to rapid communication capabilities, conforming the megacities into Ubiquitous cities (U-cities) seems to be a potential solution to mitigate the problems caused by urbanization. Extensive reliance and dependencies of U-cities on information and communication technologies (ICTs) bring forth a new set of risks and vulnerabilities to these megacities. This research investigates the vulnerabilities of ICTs against man-made and natural hazards in a systematic way using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The study identifies the vulnerabilities of different ICTs in U-cities and helps in improving the system’s resistivity against various hazards. The task is performed by evaluating the level of disruption on the different technologies and areas under the identified man-made and natural hazards. The research provides an insight into the working mechanisms of involved ICTs. It also helps to manage U-cities with more secure and sustainable services. The research identified that the new ICTs-based hazards have emerged and have become among the most influential hazards. The research has concluded that the vulnerabilities of U-cities are significantly different from that of conventional cities and need further studies to develop further understandings. The research recommends similar vulnerability studies for regional areas as well.

Understanding the Nexus between Climate Change, the Shift in Land Use toward Cashew Production and Rural Food Security in Ghana; the Experiences of Farmers in the Transition Zone of Ghana

This study summarises the findings from a study investigating rural small-holding farmers’ experiences on the shift from food crop to cashew in the forest/savanna transitional agro-ecological zone of Ghana and its impact on rural food security. Using a mix method approach, the study sampled the views of 400 farmers from 9 farming communities in the Wenchi Municipality of Ghana via questionnaire and semi-structured interview and collated statistical data on crop production to trace the nexus between climate change, agrarian land-use decisions and food security. The study found evidence of increasing shift from food crop to cashew production. This was evidenced by increasing cashew cultivation and cashew output and decreasing total land acreage for food crops and increasing food insecurity of farmers. The findings revealed that about 71% of farmers had expanded their cashew farms and another 41.0% have turned their food crops’ lands to cashew production. Besides cashew production, (57.0%) has overtaken the traditional food crop -maize (25.5%) production in terms of output. Instructively, the study found that the main motivation for the shift from food crop to cashew production is not only to maximise income in bulk, but also climate change adaptability issues. The study found that the cashew crop is resilient in adapting to the changing climate and less prone to pests’ invasion compared to maize in the study District. The study found that food security among rural folks had been seriously compromised by the conversion of farmlands from food crop to cashew farming. Although, the study found that female farmers have higher consciousness to food security yet less motivated to shift from food crop to cashew crop production compared to men. Worryingly, females are the hardest hit group because of their low ownership of or access to farmlands and low voices of women in farmland use decision making in a men-dominant rural extended family setting of the study District. The study concludes that climate change adaptability concern has introduced a new set of risks including crop failure due to changing rainfall pattern and increasing incidence of pest invasions forcing the rural folks to compromise innovative indigenous farming focus and practices that have helped them to navigate extreme food poverty. This study, therefore, argues for improved food crop seeds tailored to the specific climatic context and innovative farming practices that beef-up small-holding farmers’ capacity to navigate climate change to continually produce food crop to ensure rural food security and sustainability.

LIBOR Replacement—The Long and Winding Road

LIBOR is foundational to global markets, but its design makes it unsuitable for the many uses to which it is put, creating enormous regulatory pressure to retire LIBOR in favor of more suitable benchmarks. Replacing LIBOR, however, is throwing up a new set of risks for market participants, some of which have been foreseen, and some of which are emerging as the transition gets under way. This article anatomizes those risks and roots them in the history of modern finance. TOPICS:Fixed income and structured finance, information providers/credit ratings, risk management, LIBOR, benchmarks, benchmark reform

Autonomous Vehicles and Embedded Artificial Intelligence: The Challenges of Framing Machine Driving Decisions

ABSTRACTWith the advent of autonomous vehicles society will need to confront a new set of risks which, for the first time, includes the ability of socially embedded forms of artificial intelligence to make complex risk mitigation decisions: decisions that will ultimately engender tangible life and death consequences. Since AI decisionality is inherently different to human decision-making processes, questions are therefore raised regarding how AI weighs decisions, how we are to mediate these decisions, and what such decisions mean in relation to others. Therefore, society, policy, and end-users, need to fully understand such differences. While AI decisions can be contextualised to specific meanings, significant challenges remain in terms of the technology of AI decisionality, the conceptualisation of AI decisions, and the extent to which various actors understand them. This is particularly acute in terms of analysing the benefits and risks of AI decisions. Due to the potential safety benefits, autonomous vehicles are often presented as significant risk mitigation technologies. There is also a need to understand the potential new risks which autonomous vehicle driving decisions may present. Such new risks are framed as decisional limitations in that artificial driving intelligence will lack certain decisional capacities. This is most evident in the inability to annotate and categorise the driving environment in terms of human values and moral understanding. In both cases there is a need to scrutinise how autonomous vehicle decisional capacity is conceptually framed and how this, in turn, impacts a wider grasp of the technology in terms of risks and benefits. This paper interrogates the significant shortcomings in the current framing of the debate, both in terms of safety discussions and in consideration of AI as a moral actor, and offers a number of ways forward.

Human Enhancement Technologies:

The Western world has undergone a paradigm shift over the course of the last 50 years, whereby individuals have increasingly gained control over their own body and life choices. Meanwhile, new technologies have increased their breadth of application, progressively blending into manifold aspects of our daily life. Human enhancement technologies in particular will bring a new set of risks and opportunities that may significantly disrupt the health and employment sectors, leading us to rethink our approach to science and the human body.

Electrical system resilience: a forensic analysis of the blackout in Lancaster, UK

Great Britain’s electricity network is undergoing a major transformation as it moves from a system based on burning fossil fuels in central power stations to one dominated by distributed renewable energy; this brings with it a new set of risks. In parallel, the move to electronic documentation and communication is increasing the dependence of society on an ‘always-on’ electricity supply. Assessing the level of dependence is difficult, as full-scale experimentation is not practicable and a desktop analysis of situations involving a large number of human interactions is unlikely to be representative. In December 2015, Storm Desmond resulted in a blackout affecting more than 100 000 people in Lancaster, UK. This provided a unique case study that allowed researchers to investigate how society responds to a widespread loss of the electricity supply.

Transportation and Consolidation at Elevalt Ltd

Chris Summers knew he had an important set of recommendations to make regarding his company's strategic operations. Summers had been with Elevalt Ltd. (EVT)—a leading oil field services (OFS) company based in Austin, Texas—for nearly five years. As VP of supply chain management, he often made decisions that had a material impact on the way the company conducted operations. But this was the first time EVT had ever considered consolidating its distribution centers (DCs) in Europe or Africa, which represented a new challenge and a new set of risks. The possibility of a new, centralized distribution center was a hot topic due to EVT's goal of reducing costs while still maintaining a high level of customer service. Summers's main concern was presenting a clear, well-reasoned analysis of what he saw as the best options going forward as well as his assessment of each of the possible solutions. It was important that Summers's recommendation to senior leadership was comprehensive because this issue had become a key priority for EVT, and the outcome would reflect heavily on Summers's capability as a manager. Excerpt UVA-OM-1490 Rev. Aug. 12, 2014 TRANSPORTATION AND CONSOLIDATION AT ELEVALT LTD. Chris Summers knew he had an important set of recommendations to make regarding his company's strategic operations. Summers had been with Elevalt Ltd. (EVT)—a leading oil field services (OFS) company based in Austin, Texas—for nearly five years. As VP of supply chain management, he often made decisions that had a material impact on the way the company conducted operations. But this was the first time EVT had ever considered consolidating its distribution centers (DCs) in Europe or Africa, which represented a new challenge and a new set of risks. The possibility of a new, centralized distribution center was a hot topic due to EVT's goal of reducing costs while still maintaining a high level of customer service. Summers's main concern was presenting a clear, well-reasoned analysis of what he saw as the best options going forward as well as his assessment of each of the possible solutions. It was important that Summers's recommendation to senior leadership was comprehensive because this issue had become a key priority for EVT, and the outcome would reflect heavily on Summers's capability as a manager. . . .

IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION RISKS ON COSTS IN LEED-CERTIFIED PROJECTS

Construction according to green principles rather than traditional methods poses a new set of risks to project participants. These risks should be appropriately identified and managed in order to prevent cost overruns. This study aims to identify construction risks and their cost impacts in LEED-certified projects. For this purpose, thirteen risks were identified based on a literature survey and were categorized under four groups of issues: (i) consultant, contractor and subcontractor, (ii) material, product and process, (iii) legal, regulatory and contractual, and (iv) financial and economic. A survey was then administered to green building design and construction practitioners in the U.S. to assess the likelihood of occurrence of these risks and their respective impacts on project cost. According to the survey results, the risks associated with consultant, contractor and subcontractor issues have the highest expected impact on costs. The top five risk factors were determined as (1) contractors and subcontractors agreeing to standards that are not within their expertise and competence, (2) high cost of certification, (3) lack of expertise in new products/technologies, (4) doubts about the long-term viability and performance of new and untested products, materials and technologies, and (5) inadequate definition of project parties' contractual roles and responsibilities. Mitigating the cost impact of risks is of great value to owners and designers and contractors. Recognizing the risks associated with LEED-certified projects and their cost impacts can be of benefit to all practitioners.

Queer Youth in Family Therapy.

Trends in popular belief about same-sex relationships have undergone noteworthy change in the United States over the last decade. Yet this change has been marked by stark polarizations and has occurred at varying rates depending upon regional, community, racial, religious, and individual family context. For queer youth and their families, this cultural transformation has broadened opportunities and created a new set of risks and vulnerabilities. At the same time, youth's increasingly open and playful gender fluidity and sexual identity is complicated by unique intersections of class, race, religion, and immigration. Effective family therapy with queer youth requires practitioner's and treatment models that are sensitive to those who bear the burden of multiple oppressions and the hidden resilience embedded in their layered identities. We present case examples of our model of family therapy which addresses refuge, supports difficult dialogs, and nurtures queerness by looking for hidden resilience in the unique intersections of queer youths' lives. These intersections provide transformational potential for youth, their families and even for family therapists as we are all nurtured and challenged to think more complexly about intersectionality, sexuality, and gender.

State Power and Technological Citizenship in India: From the Postcolonial to the Digital Age

In this article we seek to nuance our understanding of the technologically mediated relationship of state and citizen, first, by framing these relations in terms of Michel Foucault's ideas about state power and governmentality, and, second, by using case studies drawn from the Indian experience to highlight particular risks associated with digital governance and biopolitics. An overview of state and social technological interventions in India shows multiple intersections of sovereign and disciplinary powers. Together, these intersections give new meanings to biopower while also sketching a familiar story of the attenuated character of technological citizenship, notwithstanding numerous examples of popular resistance. To address biopolitics, however, a novel set of challenges emerges: The first is to outline a genealogy of Indian biopolitics, going back to the colonial period. The second is to acknowledge the tension between biopolitics and geopolitics: the state's need to distinguish between citizens and residents for the provision of welfare. The third is the neoliberal turn in governance, with the state increasingly withdrawing from direct involvement in the public sphere and turning to the private sector to take its place. We find that the digitization of identification and benefit provision produces new costs and barriers for the poor to access the entitlements of citizenship, leaving them in some cases worse off than before. Moreover, the visibility produced by entry into digital governmentality is accompanied by a new set of risks, including the expropriation of benefits and the loss of existing assets.

Safety of the blood supply.

The transfusion of blood components plays a significant role as supportive therapy in the treatment of patients with cancer. Although blood transfusions help manage complications arising from either the patient's primary condition or associated with therapeutic intervention, their use introduces a new set of risks; therefore, health care professionals must be aware of the potential morbidity introduced by using blood components and endeavor to optimize outcomes by ordering transfusions only when the benefits outweigh the inherent risks. This article sought to review the published literature, including the epidemiology of diseases transmissible via transfusion, performance characteristics for assays used for blood donor screening, surveillance activities to detect newly emergent pathogens, and biovigilance activities reported by public health authorities. Effective measures have been implemented to significantly decrease the risk of transmissible diseases associated with transfusion. Reports of viral disease transmitted via transfusion have been nearly eliminated, particularly since the introduction of molecular-based detection technology. The transmission of bacteria and parasites still represents a threat to the use of cellular blood components. Transfusion-associated human prion disease has not been reported in the United States. Immune-mediated reactions due to donor-recipient incompatibility remain a challenge. Transmissible agents most commonly associated with risks due to transfusion are no longer a major threat; however, a significant challenge remains with regard to addressing the need for quick response mechanisms to manage emerging pathogens with the potential for rapid spread, either unintentionally (eg, globalization) or intentionally (eg, bioterrorism). The use of technology to reduce pathogens holds promise for further increasing the safety profile of blood transfusion.

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Large-scale educational institutions produce additional resources for educational environment development, for enriching range of educational services,
 and are especially conducive to enhancing capacities of personality-oriented learning, nurturing competencies, necessary for informed choice of
 profession, and for better perspectives of education in general. However, this generate a new set of risks � mainly of psychological nature � typical
 to the situation, when diverse teams of teaching staff and students have to merge, as well as risks of managerial origin, as a result of new set of tasks
 come around and renovation of the organizational mission. We assume that each educational institution to be integrated in the educational complex, is
 unique. And we believe that each item of best practices must be preserved and at the same time developed at the new level through setting and meeting
 new objectives and implementing up-to-date projects. And all the necessary resources and opportunities for this are available.