than four thousand years old, which exercised a profound influence over all the countries round, imparting a religion and metaphysics to Tibet, China, and Japan, a whole system of culture to Siam, Indo-China, and the Malay Archipelago, and philosophic and aesthetic ideas to the Middle East. By the fifth century of the Christian Era, Indian culture crystallized into somewhat rigid habits of thought and feeling and institutional organization. After the eleventh century, India received, rather stoically, the impact of Islamic civilization directly from the northwest and indirectly from the Arabian peninsula, adapted herself to new conditions, political and cultural, under the Mogul Empire in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, and brought about a fresh synthesis in the domains of spiritual thought, language, literature, art, and social relationships. The new synthesis hardened, in its turn, and conservatism became the dominant note in the eighteenth century. This phaseof development happened to coincide with internal disruption on the one hand, and with the expansion and encroachment of European commerce and empire on the other. It took the East India Company exactly a hundred years (from 1757 to 1856) to establish British rule or supremacy over the whole country and to draw it irrevocably into the cross currents of modern forces. The new means of transport and communication turned the face of India towards the West, especially after the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. As early as the thirties, a momentous decision had commended itself to the Government of the East India Company, under Macaulay's inspiration, in favor of basing Indian education on Western science, philosophy, and literatur , and imparting it through the English language. India culture was extraordinarily rich in religious lore, metaphysical speculat on, imaginative poetry, artistic tradition, and aesthetic workmanship. Indian philosophy, whether cultivated in Hindu or in Moslem schools, found the ultimate source of knowledge in intuition as distinct from sensuous ex-