New Forms Of Solidarity Research Articles

Solidarity sans identity: Richard Wright and Simone de Beauvoir theorize political subjectivity

Starting with Richard Wright’s controversial address to the Paris Congress of Black Writers and Authors of 1956, this article explores Wright’s and Simone de Beauvoir’s focus on existential freedom as key to an emancipatory political subjectivity. Both Wright and Beauvoir reject the content of identity formed via oppression, seeking to move beyond categories of culture, religion, femininity and blackness. They argue that solidarity can be better forged across identity groups by nurturing a political subjectivity that recognizes the historical and political impact of embodied identities but is driven by ontological freedom expressed in collective action and dissociation with normative categories. Putting Wright’s 12 Million Black Voices in conversation with Beauvoir’s The Second Sex, we can more fully appreciate Wright’s political writing after he left the United States. Here we see the potential for solidarity across borders, and with women and other oppressed peoples. Most important, we witness these two thinkers imagining political invocations that do not reinforce political meanings given to bodies, thus allowing new forms of solidarity and collective action to emerge.

Intergenerational Programs Implemented in the Czech Republic

It will be necessary to cope with actual social changes, all parties involved - between generations will need to build new forms of solidarity based on mutual support and the transfer of skills and experiences. Intergenerational programs could be an instrument of mutual exchange and bridging of generational gap. This paper will provide information about the status of intergenerational programs in the Czech Republic. Crucial intergenerational programs will be those involving multiple generation but include at least two nonadjacent (as a rule interaction between the very young and very old) and non-familial generations.

Squares in Movement

What has been called the squares movement is characterized by practices of commoning that reinvent public space as commons. People in the recent square occupations were not only demanding justice and direct democracy but were also creating ad hoc new forms of solidarity and egalitarian organization. Focusing especially on the Syntagma Square occupation in Athens, this essay explores the importance of a decentralization–recentralization dialectics both for the construction of a shared feeling of belonging to communities in movement and for the emergence of new forms of political subjectivation. Analysis attempts to compare discourses and manifestos to acts of coordination and mutual support in an effort to show that the “occupy the squares” phenomenon is multifarious and dynamic and that it challenges many of the certainties of oppositional movement (Left or anarchist).

Rethinking the Humanities

Rethinking the Humanities Len Findlay (bio) In 1990 I secured a commitment from the discretionary fund of the then Dean of Graduate Studies and Associate Vice-President Research at the University of Saskatchewan, Jack Manns. There were three key features of this arrangement for which I gained approval. The Humanities Research Unit I proposed to establish would not be located in a single college but would develop collaborative relations with several. It would report to the Office of the Vice-President Research. And it would be funded from the university's base budget. This arrangement allowed for a strategy of serving the traditional humanities community on campus while creating new collaborative communities on and off campus. Here was a way to advance the disciplinary and transdisciplinary agenda which Canadian universities were beginning to favour and to do so with some intellectual freedom and secure (if modest) resources. This was not the first attempt to "rethink" the humanities, nor has it been easy to keep this project going through various waves of institutional planning, prioritizing, branding, positioning, and forced migration from our long-term space in order to accommodate a Confucius Institute, but the Humanities Research Unit survives and prospers as a source of critique, debate, education, and learning on display and in progress, thanks to the co-direction provided by first Marie [End Page 1] Battiste (Aboriginal Education) and Lynne Bell (Art and Art History) and by a range of supportive colleagues, students, and staff. From the outset, unit programming emphasized three key themes: threats and impediments, academic value, and decolonizing education. As these themes (and their variations here) attest, humanities work is always pursued on challenging terrain but with intellectual resources predominantly but not exclusively text-based and well fitted to engaging with and illuminating questions of pressing importance for scholars, students, institutions, and citizens. Over the years, the unit has approached each of the events it has solely or co-operatively sponsored as one more moment in a continuous process of remaking and reviewing the case for the humanities in contemporary Canada. And at the heart of this endeavour remains my home discipline of English Studies. As a disciplinary formation, English uses its compositional or training component and the global status of English as "the" language of science and business to dominate French, Indigenous, and immigrant-heritage languages on campuses across the country where the profitable option is almost always the easiest sell. English still has numbers—of students and faculty—to its advantage relative to its sister disciplines, making for a positive budgetary presence and a sizeable political presence in areas of collegial governance. However, English as the humanities' champion is also the instrumentalists' greatest prize, the place into which almost all the humanities can be caused to retreat and gradually forego allegiance to their dark materials. A single omnibus department called Composition and Cultural Studies does not seem much of a stretch once omnibus budgeting arrives from Ottawa at a campus near you, if it is not there already. English represents hope and enhanced endangerment that comes with being one of the last dominoes standing in the current remaking of Canadian postsecondary institutions. How, then, does English live up to its role as a champion of the humanities in hard times, rather than serving as a conduit for further cynical compaction and immiseration of intellectual work? One answer to this question must surely be new forms of solidarity beyond the "narcissism of small differences" (Freud 199; see also Kolstø) and resource wars. And it is such a form of non-homogenizing, performative solidarity that this special issue seeks to model. [End Page 2] Caveat auctor! In 1963 in France, in the middle of the theory ferment that has been read both as liberating and as endangering literary studies via the activities of Foucault, Derrida, Cixous, Irigaray, et al., there occurred the Humanist Controversy (La Querelle de Humanisme) whose central figure was Louis Althusser. This controversy, like the current special issue of ESC, derived from someone bringing people together to address a broad issue with particular political and academic aims. When an invitation was extended by editor Erich Fromm to Althusser to contribute to a collection on...

Solidarity and Social Cohesion in Late Modernity: A Question of Recognition, Justice and Judgement in Situation

The aim of this article is to contribute to the formulation of a non-excluding concept of solidarity which is of relevance to contemporary society. The assumption is that in the present individualized and culturally diverse society there is an urgent need for a new form of solidarity to create social cohesion. The central theme is that contemporary solidarity is about recognition and a fair distribution of chances for recognition. This ideal may function as a normative standard for critical research and as a guideline for people in their moral struggles. What ultimately needs to be done is not a purely theoretical question but something which must be settled by a judgement that constitutes a battlefield where conflicting values and perceptions of reality confront each other.

Trabajo y compasión en el mundo hospitalario. Una aproximación a través de la psicodinámica del trabajo

Starting from the clinic and the theory of psychodynamics of work, the author shows that compassion is not a “natural” psychological capacity for nurses, but a collective construction formed by the caring experience. A majority of men work in the tecnical hospital sector (maintenance, canteens, etc.). A investigation among the managers of this sector suggest that hospital technical staff belong to the same universe of experience as that of the nursing staff. Corporatist division could be overcome around the compassionate dimension of hospital work and new form of solidarity between nursing and technical staff, women and men, could be invented.

“An International Alliance of People of All Nations Against Racism”: Nonviolence and Solidarity in the Antiapartheid Activism of the American Committee on Africa, 1952–19651

Martin Luther King's 1965 call for “People of all Nations” to impose economic sanctions on South Africa grew from his experience with active nonviolence in the American civil rights movement. King worked with the American Committee on Africa (ACOA) to oppose apartheid. Initially, both ACOA and King looked to the antiapartheid struggle in South Africa as an exemplary use of nonviolence in opposition to racial segregation. The 1960 Sharpeville Massacre, which prompted the South African antiapartheid movement's turn from nonviolence to armed struggle, created a quandary for American advocates of nonviolence. King and ACOA responded to this dilemma by advocating the transnational application of sanction and boycott. Thus, a new form of solidarity developed in which opponents of apartheid outside South Africa used nonviolence to help create ways for peoples of all nations to express their opposition to racism.

Reconnecting People and Healing the Land: Inuit Pentecostal and Evangelical Movements in the Canadian Eastern Arctic

AbstractIn this paper we focus on Pentecostal and Evangelical movements in Nunavik and Nunavut. Although these movements are quite modern, they combine old and new features in a variety of ways. First we present a brief overview of the most important movements and their history. Then we examine in more detail recent developments, notably the case of the healing the land rituals developed by the Canada Awakening Ministries with the collaboration of a group from Fiji. Finally we discuss some of the basic patterns characterizing these new Christian movements and explore to what extent structural patterns can be discerned in these movements. They claim to introduce discontinuity with the past as well as new forms of solidarity integrating modern ideologies in a Christian perspective, but we will see that the relation to land as well as connections to shamanism remain central issues in modern Inuit discourses and practices of Pentecostalism.

Social implication of demographic changes in the European Union countries

The process of demographic changes in European countries is characterized by greater and greater ageing of the population, as a result of the decline in the rate of natural increase and the rise in life expectancy. Europeans have less and less children, they live longer and face the problems how to ensure a safe old age. Noticed trends of change will be intensified till the middle of the new millennium (2050), when the following situation is expected: the decline in the number of children (0-14 years) for almost 20% and the active-working population (15-64), while there will be more "old persons" (65-79) for more than 44%, and "the oldest" persons (80 or more) for even 180%. Ageing of the population characterizes all regions, but is specially pronounced in the countries in the south and countries in transition. Faced with the challenges of the disturbances in the demographic structure, the members of the European Union (25) developed an entire spectrum of measures and activities to prevent the negative social-economic consequences. Creation of "the policy of ageing" at the Union level develops within the co-ordination (OMC) of the process of modernization of the social security system (old-age pension insurance, health insurance, social and child protection); it also implies the creation of conditions for "the active old age" (increase in employment and staying as long as possible on the job market), the development of "the new forms of solidarity" between generations (as a consequence of the increase of the coefficient of dependency between active working and supported population), preventing poverty and social exclusion, etc. Strategic documents, directions and national action-plans determined the concrete measures needed to face the demographic challenges.

Présences et dévotions féminines autour des commanderies du Bas-Rhône (XIIe -XIIIe siècle )

Presence and Devotion of Women around Lower-Rhone Commanderies (12th and 13th Centuries). Some English-speaking scholars have already put to the fore the fact that military orders were able to integrate women through a system of affiliation which was, incidentally, rather vague. But the overall implication of women within the commanderies of the Orders of the Temple and Hospitallers has never been assessed, taking into account the variety of relationships that could grow between the male religious communities and their lay female neighbours. The profusion of documents gathered dealing with 12th-13th century Lower-Rhone first shows that women were fully involved in the property trade with military orders. Even if they sold more than they gave away, the ladies who came from the lower and middle aristocracy could still often be seen in commanderies which seemed more than ever open to lay people. As a matter of fact, many of them extended the material links with the brothers to a deep devotion towards them. This can be seen through wills as well as affiliations among which elections to a sepulture should be distinguished from consores and donates contracts and, lastly, as regards the Hospitallers, full professions. At a time when the Church was still unable to fulfil entirely the demands of lay pious women, military orders were able to integrate them into new forms of solidarity and to offer them an actual model of Christian life : chastity in widowhood as in marriage, part taking in the prayers and pious deeds organised by commanderies and even supporting the ideal of the chivalry and of the crusades.

Out of Place: Family Dysfunction and Displacement in Valentine

Il me semblait que la Vallee noire, c'etait moi-meme, c'etait le cadre, le vetement de ma propre existence. (1) In the preface to Valentine, George Sand reflects on the Berry region where she grew up and the sense of place it has given her. Valentine, published on the heels of Indiana in 1832, is Sand's first novel set in the Vallee noire, a location both real and imagined that will become a setting of choice for the novelist, notably in her romans champetres. (2) While the descriptive part of her novel was praised, admits Sand in the Notice, the romance plot was more controversial. Valentine indeed reprises some of the contentious themes central to Indiana, such as the perils of ill-assorted unions, (3) adultery and a perceived Saint-Simonian discourse on feminine emancipation. The novels thwart expectations that the romance should lead to the consolidation of the wholesome patriarchal family. The apparent discrepancy between the novel's decor and its plot is perhaps not as accidental as it may at first appear. In sharp contrast to the author's own sense of rootedness, the characters in Valentine all suffer from being out of place. Physical displacement reflects their alienation from a clear sense of self and from the family. The novel, set in the late 1820s in the Berry countryside, (4) intertwines several romantic plots among the members of two families of different social strata, most prominently the tragic story of transgressive love between Valentine de Raimbault, an aristocrat betrothed to M. de Lansac, and Benedict Lhery, a peasant of means. Valentine and Benedict are torn apart by divergent social classes as symbolized by their opposed dwellings, the chateau and the farm; the lovers, however, have much in common. Both feel displaced and are racked by feelings of obligation, debt and rivalry toward their families; and both dream of new forms of solidarity in self-made or elective community. Beneath the romance in Valentine lies an insightful reflection into the impact of historical transformation on the family, leading to a portrait of family life as an experience of exclusion rather than of belonging. Valentine registers changed expectations in relationships among parents, children and spouses, and challenges to parental and male conjugal authority, which stemmed from the French Revolution. Despite its pastoral setting, the French Revolution is a constant, if implicit, referent in Valentine, and the novel reflects on changes in the social structure borne out of the post-revolutionary era. (5) The Revolution transformed identity in part by changing relationships to the land. The emigres, for example, were dispossessed and their lands converted into biens nationaux; meanwhile, social mobility accompanied the creation of new landed gentry. By challenging the traditional roles of women and men, reevaluating the institution of marriage, reconsidering illegitimacy and fostering a sense of individualism, the Revolution broadly impacted the family. As Claudie Bernard has shown, the Old Regime model of the aristocratic familia, tied to its lands, to its traditions, and to a network of relations, gradually ceded way to a New Regime or democratic family unit, nuclear rather than extended, autonomous rather than relational or affiliative. Valentine draws on these changed relationships between land and family to represent the physical displacement and familial dysfunction of its characters. Criticai readings of Valentine have often drawn on the polarized topography of the novel to map the opposition between the two families, the Raimbaults and the Lherys. Micheline Besnard, in her semiotic analysis of the novel's places, was the first to discuss in depth how topography figures social, individual and even corporeal identities. Observing that the novel's main characters separate themselves from their expected social environments, she argues that les personnages peuvent se definir par rapport a l'espace auquel ils appartiennent, ou qu'ils fuient, ou qu'ils recherchent (41). …

The Terror of Neoliberalism: Rethinking the Significance of Cultural Politics

Under the reign of neoliberalism with its growing commercialization of everyday life, the corporatization of higher education, the dismantling of the welfare state, the militarizing of public space, and the increasing privatization of the public sphere, it has become more difficult to address not only the complex nature of social agency and the importance of democratic public spheres, but also the fact that active and critical political agents have to be formed, educated, and socialized into the world of politics. Lacking a theoretical paradigm for linking learning to social change, existing political vocabularies appear increasingly powerless about how to theorize the crisis of political agency and political pessimism in the face of neoliberal assaults on all democratic public spheres. As the vast majority of citizens become detached from public forums that nourish social critique, political agency not only becomes a mockery of itself, it is replaced by market-based driven form of cultural politics in which private satisfactions replace social responsibilities and confessional culture become a substitute for systemic change. This paper argues that in the face of a virulent neoliberalism that spawns a vast educational propaganda machine, educators, cultural workers, and others need to rethink the entire project of politics within the changed conditions of a global political/pedagogical sphere. This article attempts to address the current crisis of meaning and political agency as a fundamental challenge to educators, public intellectuals, social movements, and others who believe in the promise of global democracy. In addressing this challenge, it argues that the urgency of the times demands a notion of global politics in which pedagogy, international alliances, and new forms of solidarity play a prominent role in the call for educators and others to be able to imagine otherwise in order to act otherwise.

Le développement social local : une catégorie au service du changement

Local social development : a category to promote change. Networks conveying the notion of « local social development » , and the institutional investment which this set of themes instil, prompt what would be the main factor for LSD : a resource to promote change. The benefits of the concept lie less in its ill-defined content, contributions to renewing professional positions or conditions for action in social fields than in the support it provides for professional and institutional strategies. At a time of political and administrative reforms and a movement to re-compose institutions and find new forms of solidarity, LSD is a factor in the process to re-qualify the role of social institutions and in negotiating their position on local scenes.

We Are the Poors: Community Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa

When Nelson Mandela was elected president of South Africa in 1994, freedom-loving people around the world hailed a victory over racial domination. The end of apartheid did not change the basic conditions of the oppressed majority, however. Material inequality has deepened and new forms of solidarity and resistance have emerged in communities that have forged new and dynamic political identities. We Are the Poors follows the growth of the most unexpected of these community movements, beginning in one township of Durban, linking up with community and labor struggles in other parts of the country, and coming together in massive anti-government protests at the time of the UN World Conference Against Racism in 2001. We Are the Poors follows the growth of the most unexpected of these community movements, beginning in one township of Durban, linking up with community and labor struggles in other parts of the country, and coming together in massive anti-government protests at the time of the UN World Conference Against Racism in 2001. It describes from the inside how the downtrodden regain their dignity and create hope for a better future in the face of a neoliberal onslaught, and shows the human faces of the struggle against the corporate model of globalization in a Third World country.

Les trésors perdus du socialisme associationniste français

À partir d’une lecture critique de H. Arendt et J. Habermas, cet article se propose d’articuler d’un point de vue théorique et historique espace public, espace économique et question sociale. Développant une lecture associationniste de l’approche arendtienne, il souligne combien pour celle-ci le mouvement ouvrier fut historiquement porteur de l’espoir d’un nouvel espace public. Dans le prolongement de cette interprétation, il esquisse une analyse de la tradition associationniste française qui, au sein du mouvement ouvrier et socialiste, avait tenté de politiser la question sociale pour redéfinir les frontières de l’espace public. Bref, comme l’économie solidaire le propose aujourd’hui en réactualisant l’héritage de cette tradition, d’inscrire dans l’espace économique de nouvelles formes de solidarité et de citoyenneté.

The political economy of sacrifice: Kinois &the state

With approximately 6 million inhabitants, Kinshasa is the second largest city in sub‐Saharan Africa ‐ and one of the poorest. The residents of the Congolese capital (the Kinois),like people throughout the country, have been struggling through a multi‐dimensional crisis for over forty years. Security, political and economic problems are dramatic, largely because the post‐colonial state abdicated from its role as provider of social and administrative services, transforming itself into a social predator. In response to these constraints, the Kinoishave developed remarkably creative people‐based ‘solutions’ to address the challenges of daily survival. In contrast to what has become a tradition of condemning the inability of the Congo/Zaire authorities to ‘manage the country’ according to Western perceptions of how states should function, this article argues that state‐society relations in Kinshasa are not always as poorly organised as outside observers tend to believe. There is order in the disorder. Function and dysfunction overlap. This applies to all social and political levels. The Kinoishave entered into a new phase of post‐colonialism by combining global approaches to local problems while blending ‘traditional’ belief systems and behaviours with their own unique forms of ‘modernity’. They have proven themselves remarkably clever at mobilisation for economic survival thanks to new forms of solidarity and thanks to accommodation with the international community, which is increasingly ‘acting on behalf of the state’ in many areas of public life. Conversely, the Kinoisseem to have failed at transforming political discourse and desires into political mobilisation.

Response to Bruce Robbins

I must say that I am surprised and rather worried that my comments could be read in the way Bruce Robbins interprets them. I do not believe in the least, as he claims, that “the only real politics is to be found at the level of the nation.” My argument goes in exactly the opposite direction. There is a long and very positive reference in the interview to the “new federalism” advocated by Massimo Cacciari, which is precisely an attempt to overcome the traditional link between democratic citizenship and the idea of the nation-state. I am indeed skeptical of the possibilities of a cosmopolitan citizenship, because I believe that it is not enough to have rights and that one must also have the possibility to exercise them. This cannot take place in such an undefined context as “humanity”; it requires participation in a “demos.” But I also make it very clear that “demos” does not mean “nation-state” and that a crucial task today is to envisage forms of “demoi” different from the nation-state. What I do reject is the sterile alternative between the antipolitical illusion of a democracy of “humanity” and the doomed fixation on the nation-state as the only possible locus for democracy. Hence the importance of imagining new forms of association in which pluralism could flourish and where the possibilities for an agonistic exercise of citizenship would be enhanced. This should also allow us to implement new forms of solidarity based on recognized interdependence, where the global and the local could be articulated in many different ways within a context that respects differences. Such a perspective, I am convinced, does offer a promising framework for visualizing the central role that artistic and cultural pratices can play in the pursuit of a radical democratic politics.

Bibliografia testuale o filologia dei testi a stampa? Definizioni metodologiche e prospettive future. Convegno di studi in onore di Conor Fahy (Udine 24-25-26 febbraio 1997) by Neil Harris (review)

Reviews 848 RolandBarthes. Underthedisillusioning title 'Useless Passions', Margaret Atack reveals, with special reference toLes jtustes Causes andLes Mandartns, the intellectuals' evolving attitudes towards theLiberation. Thepost-War novelistheconcern of DavidCoward. Asurvey ofMarguerite Duras's early life, including her membership ofthe'Comite depropagande a labananefran jcaise' aswellasherexpulsion from theCommunist Party, prefaces anaccount ofthedevelopment ofherfiction until 'autobiography, stripped ofanecdote, isinteriorized'. Aspects ofSartre are, fittingly, discussed in a number ofessays. Lynette R. Muirsympathetically presents the neglected Bariona, suggesting parallels with Sartre's later treatment ofclassical myth. ObeyandtheQuinzemaymerit a placebeside theTheophiliens among possible influences onthe play. Thedifficult, intriguing topic ofSartre's flirtation with radio iswellhandled byChristopher Todd,though hisremark that 'theIndochinese war is seenas a form ofgangrene which placedFrance[...] in thehandsofthe Americans' isinfelicitous. Decolonization isalsoatissue inDavidMacey's account ofintellectual civil warinvolving Nizan, Fanon andSartre. Intheelegant 'Cuvier's Bone'IanMagedera explores Derrida's Glasandthepost-Saint Genet JeanGenet, andJames Dolamore shows the contrary Ionesco standing firm against theSartrean tide andmuch elsebesides. James Dryhurst argues for ClaudeMichelet's LaJtZUit de Calama, andDavidPlatten, incomparatist vein, brings outantagonisms between French film andHollywood. MaxSilverman closes hismeditation oncontemporary civilization somewhat glumly: 'freedom ofthecity inthenewmillennium willstill bestrictly limited tothe privileged few' unless a newlanguage isfound to'promote newforms ofsolidarity across diXerences'. Thisvolume honours itsdedicatee byreflecting hisinterests inFrench thought, especially initspolitical implications, with the verve andvigour that wasthestamp ofhispassionate enquiry. Making Connections will, moreover, bereadnotonly for the quality oftheindividual essays butalsobecause itisthevery image ofa significant branch ofFrench studies inpost-War Britain. UNIVERSITY OFEAST ANGLIA CHRISTOPRER SMITH Bibliografia testuale oflologia dei testi a stampa? Definizioni metodologiche eprospettive future. Convegno distudi inonore diConor Fahy (Udine 24-e5-26febbraio I997). Ed.by NEILHARRIS. Udine: Forum.I999. 363pp. 50,000 lire. A laurea adhonorem conferred uponConorFahyistheunderlying motivation and crowning event ofthis collection ofproceedings. TheFacolta diLettere e Filosofia oftheUniversita diUdinebrought together inI997a group ofItalian scholars of thehistory ofthebooktocelebrate boththecareer ofthisdistinguished British scholar ofprinted bookconservation and theinstitution in Italyofacademic curricula pertinent in thesamefield.The speechdelivered by Fahyrapidly summarizes the history ofbook conservation inthe English speaking world pointing outthe differences andsimilarities with Lachmann's method sooften usedinItalian philology. Theresulting bookbecomes a practical guidetophilology andbibliography as Fahyhimself hadenvisaged. Barbieri offiers a concrete example andsuggestions, especially inthecontrastampe oroisets, ornumerous micro-variants, encountered in theprinted editions ofthePassione attributed toPulciorthefourteenth-century Sienese poetCicerchia. Cuna,instead, very interestingly traces thedevelopment of the first Greek texts printed before the days ofAldoManuzio. Just asilluminating is thepaperbyMarcoVilloresi onMichelangelo diCristofano daVolterra. Villoresi succinctly points outjusthowmuch information canbegleaned concerning both MLR,96.3,200 I 849 theauthor's psychological makeup andcertain intellectual orwould-be intellectual groups, evenfrom a printed bookof'grezza cosmesi editoriale'. Theproduction at handwasobviously destined for the'pubblico dipalatogrosso' which consumed practically any re-presentation ofromances ofchivalry, nomatter howbadly copied or farraginous. The efforts lavished by Villoresi on suchworks, not often contemplated byscholars, become especially fruitful inasmuch as they allowusto better understand certain 'underground' mechanisms atthe dawn oftheGutenburg era,when themanuscript nolonger dominated buttheprinted bookwasstill fairly rudimentary. Analogously, Bottasso provides a telling glimpse ofthestory oflessprestigious incunabula from thepoint ofviewoftheir diffiusion outside Venice, especially in Lyons, AstiandGenoa,inthefields oflaw,medicine andreligious devotion. The useofPiedmontese dialect, for example, indicates notonly thefuture consumers of suchbookproduction, butisalsoevidence that intheearly I490S printing wasstill rather uncommon innorth-eastern Italy. Harris, much like Fahy's acceptance speech, explores the recent history ofEnglish bibliography, butfrom thenarrower pointofviewofeditions ofShakespeare's works. He doesthisin order to invite Italianphilologists to applysomeofthe methodologies usedtherein byEnglish andAmerican researchers, suchasPollard, Bowers andBoorman, inthereconstruction ofthehistory inprinting ofOrlando Furioso. Therefollows anextremely cleardescription ofthemechanical process of printing witha clarification in themanner of Fahyof Englishand Italian terminology, especially skeleton forme (ossatura or,better, gabbia) andrunning title (titolo corrente). Harris's basic suggestion isthat allphilologists andbibliologists should payattention tothe wearandtear ofthe most usedmechanical parts, especially the running titles. Bysodoing, Harris establishes thewayinwhich Ariosto constantly introduced slight changes inhistext right throughout theprinting process, which lasted some eight months. Notonly canweseefrom this that Ariosto wasthe first to edithisowntexts, buttheanalysis aXorded byHarris provides a fine example of howbibliography canactually helpusbetter understand theminds ofthegeniuses ofthe past. Campioni recognizes the fundamental contribution made byFahy tobibliography andphilology, especially inthecataloguing ofbooks. He alsorecognizes that itis theorganizational structures ofItalianlibraries which often prevent thedirect application ofsuch precepts: for example, noneofthe bigger state libraries hasever printed a complete listofthecinqueGentine initspossession. The following paper, given byMaltese, insists onthis very...

Making Connections: Essays in French Culture and Society in Honour of Philip Thody by James Dolamore (review)

MLR,96.3,200 I 847 nineteenth-century literature, whichalso contains theonlyillustrations in the volume. To those needing anintroduction tothesubject ofdancewriting this bookwill actas an invaluable andaffordable handbook which plots thepathfrom Lucian onwards and includes someofthemainFrench writers involved in thefield. However, inthat Montandon claims neither tolimit this study's scopetoFrench writing ondancenortoa specific time frame, hewhets theappetite for a broader international focus anda morecontemporary reach, meatfora further volume perhaps. The general bibliography willserve as a hugely time-saving guidetothefield, despite some puzzling omissions suchasStephen Lonsdale's Dance and Ritual Play in Greek Religion (Baltimore andLondon: TheJohns Hopkins University Press, I993). Evensomeoftheworks citedin thetextare omitted. As to thequality of prooEreading, ina bookofthis pricea fewmisspellings andlinerepetitions are probably unavoidable. Although this isnottheplacetolookfor newandoriginal research, thescholarship isthorough andthe presentation ofallthe contributions is clear andconcise. Eachessay actsasaninducement tofollow the path further, with plenty ofsignposts provided. Montandon hasdonethe Seldofdancewriting a good turn. BIRKBECK COLLEGE, LONDON JILL FELL Making Connections: Essays inFrench Culture and Society inHonour of Philip Whody. Ed.by JAMES DOLAMORE. Frankfurt a.M.,NewYork, andParis: Peter Lang. I999. 283PP £27 Thiscollection ofstudies wasdesigned asa tribute tooneoftheoutstanding British figures inFrench studies inthepost-war period, anincisive critic with thecourage ofhisconclusions, a teacher whocouldinspire anda man(not for him the political correctness ofbeing calleda person!) whofrankly relished thebest that life offiered andwho, likeArnold Bennett's Dendry, identified himself with thegreat causeof cheering usallup.Fortunately Philip Thody hadtime tosavour this rich symposium; nowthat death hasdenied himthelongretirement hedeserved, Making Connections stands asa fitting memorial. Therange ofthese eighteen 'essays inFrench culture andthought' that James Dolamore hasedited isaptly andimpressively wide.Robert Gibson setsthetone when sketching with splendid breadth andconfident eclecticism the images that the French andtheEnglish create oftheir cross-Channel neighbours. Themajor role thelawplaysin XartufFe is explored byDavidShaw,whoperhaps overstates the importance of Orleansin Moliere'straining. David Williams contributes an exemplary study ofCondorcet andslavery. Vivid cameos ofreminiscence provide a framework for Graham Chesters' assessment ofLarkin's reading andresponse to Frenchpoets,especially Baudelaire.Building on Thody'sI989 studyof a characteristic facet ofFrench politics, RachelKillick examines Valery's Caesarism. Alert analyses of'La Marcheimperiale' and'Cesar',which disquietingly rhymes 'hasard'and'Cesar',leadtoenlightening comparisons ofthepoet'sattitudes to Napoleon, Napoleon III, who,as usual,comesoffworst, Petain, andde Gaulle. Andrew Rothwell, whoisalsoparticularly thanked for helping generate the cameraready copy for this pleasingly presented book, examines connections between early Surrealism and theLeft.Addinganother dimension to hisworkon FranSois Mauriac, John Flower discusses thecorrespondence with JeanPaulhan, and,also pursuing intellectual affiliations, MichaelKellywrites on HenriLefebvre and Reviews 848 RolandBarthes. Underthedisillusioning title 'Useless Passions', Margaret Atack reveals, with special reference toLes jtustes Causes andLes Mandartns, the intellectuals' evolving attitudes towards theLiberation. Thepost-War novelistheconcern of DavidCoward. Asurvey ofMarguerite Duras's early life, including her membership ofthe'Comite depropagande a labananefran jcaise' aswellasherexpulsion from theCommunist Party, prefaces anaccount ofthedevelopment ofherfiction until 'autobiography, stripped ofanecdote, isinteriorized'. Aspects ofSartre are, fittingly, discussed in a number ofessays. Lynette R. Muirsympathetically presents the neglected Bariona, suggesting parallels with Sartre's later treatment ofclassical myth. ObeyandtheQuinzemaymerit a placebeside theTheophiliens among possible influences onthe play. Thedifficult, intriguing topic ofSartre's flirtation with radio iswellhandled byChristopher Todd,though hisremark that 'theIndochinese war is seenas a form ofgangrene which placedFrance[...] in thehandsofthe Americans' isinfelicitous. Decolonization isalsoatissue inDavidMacey's account ofintellectual civil warinvolving Nizan, Fanon andSartre. Intheelegant 'Cuvier's Bone'IanMagedera explores Derrida's Glasandthepost-Saint Genet JeanGenet, andJames Dolamore shows the contrary Ionesco standing firm against theSartrean tide andmuch elsebesides. James Dryhurst argues for ClaudeMichelet's LaJtZUit de Calama, andDavidPlatten, incomparatist vein, brings outantagonisms between French film andHollywood. MaxSilverman closes hismeditation oncontemporary civilization somewhat glumly: 'freedom ofthecity inthenewmillennium willstill bestrictly limited tothe privileged few' unless a newlanguage isfound to'promote newforms ofsolidarity across diXerences'. Thisvolume honours itsdedicatee byreflecting hisinterests inFrench thought, especially initspolitical implications, with the verve andvigour that wasthestamp ofhispassionate enquiry. Making Connections will, moreover, bereadnotonly for the quality oftheindividual essays butalsobecause itisthevery image ofa significant branch ofFrench studies inpost-War Britain. UNIVERSITY OFEAST ANGLIA CHRISTOPRER SMITH Bibliografia testuale oflologia dei testi a stampa? Definizioni metodologiche eprospettive future. Convegno distudi inonore diConor Fahy (Udine 24-e5-26febbraio I997). Ed.by NEILHARRIS. Udine: Forum.I999. 363pp. 50,000 lire. A laurea adhonorem conferred uponConorFahyistheunderlying motivation and crowning event ofthis collection ofproceedings. TheFacolta diLettere e Filosofia oftheUniversita diUdinebrought together...

Travail et compassion dans le monde hospitalier

Starting from the clinic and the theory of psychodynamism in work, the author shows that compassion is not a “natural” psychological capacity for nurses, but a collective construction formed by the caring experience. A majority of men work in the technical hospital sector (maintenance, canteens, etc). A study of work psychodynamism among the managers of this sector suggests that hospital technical staff belong to the same universe of experience as that of the nursing staff. Corporatist division could be overcome around this compassionate dimension of hospital work and new forms of solidarity between nursing and technical staff could be invented.