New Forms Of Tourism Research Articles

Sustainable Tourism or Sustainable Mobility? The Norwegian Case

This paper presents a critical discussion of the internationally prevailing understanding of the concept 'sustainable tourism'. It is argued that the current focus on stationary activities and local, intensive environmental issues is too limited both in relation to the concept of tourism and the concept of sustainable development. There is no tourism without travel. And, as shown in a Norwegian research study, tourist travel is a major source of serious environmental problems. The paper emphasises that sustainable tourism should be linked to a concept of sustainable mobility. However, this mobility would imply not only a change in the means of transport but also a reduced level of mobility in the rich part of the world. As this would entail new forms of tourism, other than those solely based on auto- and aeromobility, it represents a major challenge for the future development of tourism.

Towards a geography of the geography of tourism: Issues and examples from New Zealand

This paper systematically explores three questions relating to the development of national geographies of tourism: • How might a national geography of tourism best be characterized? • What factors shape a national geography of tourism? • What are the implications of the existence of national geographies of tourism for the overall development of the geography of tourism? The first two questions are considered in general terms, then illustrated with reference to the New Zealand case before the broader implications of the issues raised are discussed. Factors shaping the geography of tourism include: national schools of geography, national patterns of tourism, external and personal factors. Distinctive New Zealand themes are: tourist travel patterns, tourism in national parks, restructuring and new forms of tourism.

Sustainable tourist space: From reality to virtual reality?

As national and international tourism continues to develop, new forms of tourism — especially ecotourism — are emerging. Through its development, tourism has progressively lost its sense of authenticity in an effort to gain volume, a phenomenon that, in return, has triggered the emergence of new, sustainable forms of tourism. These recent developments only reflect a more insistent and contemporary expression of a concern as old as tourism itself. Although applied unevenly, a basic principle of tourism has been not to compromise development for an ill‐considered exploitation of the resources on which tourism is dependent. However, it has to be noted that frequently ecotourism tends to become a kind of mass ecotourism, which leads to a dead end and encourages some authors to further challenge the value of tourism itself. This radical attitude is unacceptable for economic and social reasons. At the same time, virtual reality is becoming more important in the world of tourism (or perhaps ‘cybertourism'), both as a tool for tourism promotion and as a tourist destination itself (e.g., computer‐generated amusements in leisure parks and virtual theme parks). Virtual reality seems to promote tourism, rather than discourage it. It also contributes to making the relations between individuals and tourist space more complex. One can expect that virtual tourism will improve over time and will satisfy some of the tourists’ demands for travel experiences. It could be asked, therefore, whether a combination of virtual reality and reality could give mass tourism greater sustainability. But this can also lead to a dual tourism, leaving the ‘rich’ with reality — ever more costly in terms of time and money, but also more gratifying — and the ‘poor’ with an easily accessible and reproducible virtual reality, but which does not provide a full sense of place. It is likely that the tourist experience will increasingly become a mixture of reality and virtual reality, thereby more appropriately satisfying the demands of sustainability.

Globalisation and the pattern of inbound tourism in Australia

International tourist flows to Australia are examined from the perspective of globalisation. The factors influencing such flows are identified and their geographical impact outlined. Inbound tourism is shown to be growing quickly in both absolute and relative terms and to have a metropolitan emphasis that contrasts with the non‐metropolitan focus of domestic tourism. Tourism illustrates many of the social and cultural changes occurring in contemporary society; the nature of tourism is changing as society changes with a result that new forms of tourism are emerging. Particularly noteworthy is the shift from mass to ‘new tourism’. The nature and likely impact of these changes in Australia is assessed. The paper concludes that growth rates comparable with those achieved in the past might not be sustainable.

Alger via Marseille. La représentation de la ville-port

Posters have been used from 1886 in order to promote the touristic sites. At that time, the touristic industry tries to boost the travels to the mediterranean area and the middle east. These destinations are more and more appreciated by new customers, who are creating new forms of tourism (with the foundation of clubs and leisure associations). The touristic promotion will reuse the stereotypes produced by the writers and painters of the nineteenth century, who have developed the oriental themes. The city of Marseille (with its harbour, from where you were leaving Europe) works as an archetype because the contrast between heritage (the harbour and its life) and modernity (the new Basilique de la Nouvelle-Major) will be highlighted again by the artists describing new destinations, as Alger.

Ethnic, Cultural, and Eco Tourism

The increasing global awareness about the importance of tourism development, its benefits, and its possible effects, has particular relevance to Mexico. Contemporary ideas about the environmental and human impacts of international tourism are on the table for discussion. Acceptable and unacceptable forms and limits to tourism need to be identified and addressed. Are these new forms of tourism, especially rural tourism and indigenous/ethnic tourism, ecotourism, and even adventure tourism, intrusive upon the destination community?

TOURISM IN PORTUGAL: DIVERSITY, DIFFUSION, AND REGIONAL AND LOCAL DEVELOPMENT

ABSTRACTSocial and economic transformations, linked to changes in value systems, have led to a relative shift from mass tourism to new forms of holiday‐taking, including rural vacations. These trends are illustrated by a case study of Portugal, which experienced a massive growth of tourism, especially in coastal areas, from the 1960s. To some degree, this supplemented an older tourism tradition, based on inland spas. The growth of ‘green’ tourism in recent decades, facilitated by social and economic changes, has led to the revival of many such spa towns, as well as the emergence of new forms of rural tourism such as farm tourism, turismo da habitaçâo and hunting activity holidays. The overall impact of these new forms of tourism on rural development is, however, limited, and it should be considered as one strategy, among many others, for economic diversification.

Manatees and tourism in southern Florida: Opportunity or threat?

The dwindling manatee (sea cow) population of southern Florida is under stress from many directions, but easily the greatest threat to its survival comes from water-based tourism. Mortality and injury rates, chiefly from boat propellers, are rising by 25% per year and 10% of the total manatee population was killed in 1989. A highly successful public education and awareness campaign has resulted in increased interest in manatees, with the consequent emergence of new forms of tourism. In addition to powerboats, manatees now face disturbance by divers, helicopters and canoeists. A powerful commercial lobby is emerging which makes the imposition of tougher legislation or the extension of manatee sanctuary areas unlikely, and it seems probable that the manatees are about to become victims of their own publicity.