Neutral Vocabulary Research Articles

Stylistic Classification of English Vocabulary

Objective: By examining several vocabulary kinds (formal, informal, literary, and technical) and their effects on communication efficiency in a variety of contexts, audiences, and goals, this study seeks to understand the significance of stylistic classification in language use. Method: Using a mixed-method approach, the study examines how environmental, social, and cultural factors influence language choice by combining a participant survey, corpus-based analysis, and a literature review. Results: According to the study, literary vocabulary is especially useful for boosting emotional resonance in creative writing, whereas neutral vocabulary is the most adaptable and frequently utilized in both spoken and written communication. Context determines the appropriateness and tone of formal and informal language choices. Although they are essential for accuracy in specialist domains, technical terminology can make things difficult for wider audiences to understand. Furthermore, colloquialisms, euphemisms, neologisms, and dialectal variations enhance language but must be used carefully to prevent misunderstandings. Novelty: By offering a thorough examination of the interactions between vocabulary types and contextual factors, this research advances our understanding of stylistic classifications and provides guidance on how writers and speakers can modify their language to communicate more effectively and clearly in social and professional contexts.

LEGAL REGULATION OF THE APPLICATION OF POLITICAL CORRECTNESS IN PUBLIC SERVICE IN UKRAINE

The article analyzes the legal regulation of the use of political correctness in public service in Ukraine under modern conditions. At the beginning of the study, the prerequisites for the emergence and conditions for the implementation of the idea of political correctness are mentioned. The meaning of the concept of «political correctness» is revealed from different angles, taking into account what exactly is included in it and in what context it is used. It is indicated that the use of political correctness in the public service contributes to the establishment of contacts between different categories of persons, the formation of friendly and neutral relations, the strengthening of humanistic attitudes in society and the strengthening of the public's trust in the government (official apparatus). The main part of the article is devoted to the analysis of the normative consolidation of the idea of political correctness in international and domestic legal acts. It is found out, that the provisions of the studied international documents contain norms that indirectly regulate the issue of ensuring political correctness in the sphere of public administration and in other social spheres. There is no clear normative definition of the concept of «political correctness» in their provisions. It is established that the national legislation also does not contain a normative definition of the concept of «political correctness», but only establishes the principles of «discrimination-free barriers». These principles are laid down in Art. 24 of the Constitution of Ukraine. On the basis of the specified constitutional norm, legal acts detailing the application of political correctness in public service in Ukraine were adopted at different time intervals. At the end of the article, it is concluded that political correctness in the modern world is an important element of everyday communication, especially in the field of public administration. Political correctness is a standard of socially permissible and acceptable behavior of public officials when communicating with different groups (age, ethnic, sexual, etc.) of the population with the aim of preventing any oppression or humiliation of human honor and dignity, by using stylistically neutral vocabulary and non-verbal communication.

The Opposition Own – Foreign in the Speech of Bulgarian Catholics from Belene in Lexical Examples

The article examines two lexemes from the speech of the Bulgarian Catholics of Belene, originating from rites and dances of the Orthodox population in the city, by which are named unacceptable actions. The examples are interesting for how confessional difference manifests itself through language, transforming neutral vocabulary into emotional-expressive with a negative or disapproving tone. By means of the word бръзъùцъ, related to the observance „Brazaya“, a mocking and contemptuous attitude towards a woman with a funny, ugly or scary face is expressed. The second example under consideration, èръйшалдъ, derives from a dance characteristic of the Orthodox population of Belene, and is used in a negative sense for a person who expresses his joyous emotions unrestrained or who is rebellious and stubborn.

Research on Leisure Tourism Destination Image Innovation Driven by Artificial Intelligence

As the public’s demand for tourism experience continues to improve, the demand for tourism products gradually develops in the direction of personalization, customization and differentiation. In order to mine the image of leisure tourism destinations, this paper conducts theme mining on the review texts of leisure tourism destinations by means of LDA model. An improved neural network language model CBOW and a Glove model are used to train the review word vectors of leisure tourism destination texts. Based on the deep fully connected neural network model, the perceptual features of tourist destinations are studied and analyzed. Taking Sanya tourist attractions as a research case, by analyzing the perception of tourist attractions, the cognitive image vocabulary of Sanya tourist attractions includes three major categories. Among them, tourism attractions, tourism infrastructure and services, tourism service atmosphere, and tourists’ travel behavior accounted for 53.1%, 22.3%, 5.1%, and 19.5% respectively. Then the emotional vocabulary in the perception of tourism destination image in Sanya City was categorized in terms of positive, neutral and negative, and from the neutral vocabulary, the word frequency number of words such as waiting (101), understanding (185), fun (61), and relaxation (56) was high. Regression analysis was used to explore the factors influencing the effect of tourists’ perception of destination image. Among them, tangibility (0.43), reliability (0.463), and responsiveness (0.434) were positively and significantly related to tourist satisfaction. Improving the image of leisure tourism destination can focus on these three aspects.

ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ СМИСЛОВОГО ПОЛЯ ДЕСКРИПТИВНИХ ТЕКСТІВ (НА МАТЕРІАЛІ ДЕСКРИПЦІЇ ОБРАЗУ БЕЗІМЕННОГО У РОМАНІ А.МАНДЗОНІ «ЗАРУЧЕНІ»

The linguopragmatic features of descriptive texts devoted to the description of the negative character Nameless in A. Manzoni's novel "Betrothed" are analyzed. It has been established that the regularities of information quantization in the semantic field of descriptive texts can be schematically presented in the following way: referent-subject – quality of the referent (evaluation) – locative markers (peculiarities of perception) – temporal markers (sequence of referent-subject’s potential actions, repetition), unfolding of causal structures. It has been established that the organization of meaning-making of a descriptive text is determined by the modal meaning of intrinsic possibility that implies a connection between a subject and its immanent quality. Such connection determines subject’s typical behavior and is related to generalization and evaluability. Tha modal meaning of intrinsic possibility is based on the connection “generalized quality – potential ability”. The connection between subject and its immanent characteristics determines the quantization of information in a microtext and counteracts the openness of channels of information deployment. Temporal relations in descriptive texts are usually expressed through Imperfetto (repeatability, generalization), Modo Condizionale (evaluation), Periodo Ipotetico (unfolding of causal structures). In the semantic space of A. Manzoni’s novel “Betrothed” denotative lexical units (evaluatively neutral vocabulary, locative markers) can acquire an evaluative meaning under the influence of sense field of descriptive texts. Descriptive texts verbalize system-forming meanings “immanent property”, “potential ability”, “evaluation”, “conditionality”, “generalization”. The various linguistic means that verbalize the specified system-forming meanings include Imperfetto (repeatability, generalization), Modo Condizionale, lexical units of evaluative semantics (immanent property, evaluability), Periodo Ipotetico (potential ability, conditionality), existential predicate “essere”, verbs of semantics of movement being part of stylistic device of personification, verbs of causal semantics, modal units of intrinsic possibility “potere”, “ardire”. The dominance of statics over dynamics in descriptive text determines the peculiarities of the functioning of verbs of movement being part of stylistic device of personifications when describing natural phenomena (“saliva”, “si spiegava”, “scorreva”). Verbs to indicate actions of referent-subject as potentially possible in the unfolding of causal structures are introduced not directly but through the modal verbs of intrinsic possibility “potere”, “ardire”. Temporal markers are used to show the sequence of referent-subject’s typical actions. To describe the image of the Nameless in the novel “Betrothed”, A. Manzoni chooses stylistic devices that are organized according to the principle of relevant salience. Synonymous series of lexical units with evaluative connotation creates a negative evaluation in the semantic field of descriptive texts. Descriptive text models top-down perception that is determined by subject’s immanent quality. Personification performs the function of emphasis (“sporge in fuori”), metonymy – generalization (quantifiers of totality: “tutto”, “nessuno”), simile and epithet – evaluation. Perception is verbalized in the direction "from top to bottom" through antithesis and gradation. The main stylistic device is antithesis reflecting the opposition between the negative character and the environment. Metonymy and synecdoche form an antithesis that accentuates the contrast between the omnipotence of the Nameless and the powerlessness of his enemies.

Колороніми як репрезентанти буття українців у романі «Чотири броди» Михайла Стельмаха

This article delves into the idiostyle of Mykhailo Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords". In recent times, Stelmakh's work has been largely overlooked, often dismissed as belonging to the realm of Soviet literature. However, this overlooks the rich inner content and nation-building character of his literary heritage. Stelmakh's prose embodies the cultural values of the Ukrainian people, which are revealed in the work through the use of specific vocabulary. To this end, the semantic load of color names in the novel is examined as a representation of Ukrainian existence, comparing their interpretation in Ukrainian and Spanish languages. The study notes that in fiction, neutral vocabulary acquires semantic weight through the use of colors that evoke certain associations in the reader. Traditionally, in the works of Ukrainian writers, white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, and brown colors prevail, which were chosen for this research. The associative palette of black color names in Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords" has many variations, among which black color prevails as a marker of tragedy, loss, sorrow, and evil. There are also options for using black as part of the Universe, which exists in harmony with white according to the pagan beliefs of the Ukrainians. White color has a traditional semantic load: it personifies purity, peace, and wisdom. Red, yellow, blue, and green colors have a congratulatory semantic meaning in most episodes of the work. The occasional image of red wheat personifies the continuation of life, victory over death. It is emphasized that Stelmakh's novel "Four Fords" presents a model of Ukrainian society based on the principles of mythological perception of the world. The philosophy of the Ukrainians is represented by color names, which can be conditionally divided into two groups that personify life and death. Depending on the context, ambivalent coloristic images acquire expressive metaphorical meanings, which is a characteristic feature of the author's idiostyle.

TRANSLATION OF REALIA ON THE MATERIAL OF THE RUSSIAN FOLK TALE «KOSCHEY THE IMMORTAL»

Statement of the problem. The article discusses the interaction of linguistics and cultural studies in translation. The concepts of lacunarity, ethnolinguocultural asymmetry, sociocultural adaptation, significative connotation are revealed. Results. The article describes the difficulties that arise when translating works that are distinguished by a bright national coloring. Particular attention is paid to the problems associated with the difficulties of translation, in particular the translation of non-equivalent vocabulary. Various interpretations of the concept of reality are given. It is explained why it is necessary to distinguish between the concepts of "realia" and "non-equivalent vocabulary". With the help of the theory of renomination, the difficulties associated with the translation of realia from one language to another are analyzed and a comparative analysis of various translation options for realia taken from the Russian folk tale "Koschey the Immortal" of A. S. Afanasyev and its translations into Italian by Rosella Morini (2011) and Sophia de Figner (1903). Conclusion. It is concluded that the translation of folklore is always difficult, since its quality depends very much on how rich the translator's stock of thematic and folk-poetic vocabulary of both languages ​​is. The analysis showed that the language in the translations is modern, neutral vocabulary prevails in it, in contrast to the Russian fairy tale, where there is a lot of stylistically colored colorful vocabulary. To convey the cultural features of the Russian language, transcriptions, transliterations, partial tracing with explanatory notes are used.

FUNCTIONAL-STYLE CHARACTERISTICS OF NEUTRAL VOCABULARY IN THE POETICAL WORKS OF F. POTUSHNYAK

The article analyzes the functional and stylistic features of neutral vocabulary in the poetic works of F. Potushnyak. An overview of the views of scientists regarding various approaches to the selection and study of stylistically neutral vocabulary is made. The lexical features of the neutral vocabulary in F. Potushnyak’s language work are studied, and they are represented by examples from the poet’s poetic heritage. Groups of stylistically neutral words reflecting the uniqueness of the author’s worldview are highlighted. Many linguists have addressed the problems of learning neutral vocabulary, but even today there are issues that require detailed consideration. In particular, it is important, in our opinion, to study the neutral vocabulary of fiction. Neutral vocabulary includes words used by all native speakers. This is the basis of oral and written communication. Therefore, the attention of researchers of modern Ukrainian linguistics is drawn to the problems of the lexical-semantic structure of the language of fiction, in particular the language of poetry. The purpose of the work is to highlight the main groups of stylistically neutral words based on the material of F. Potushniak’s poetic works. The object of the research is neutral vocabulary in the poetic works of F. Potushnyak, the subject of the research is the study of the peculiarities of the use of stylistically neutral words in poetic works. The research uses the following methods: the general method of linguistic observation and description of linguistic phenomena, the method of contextual analysis, and the method of component analysis. The author of the article focuses her attention precisely on stylistically neutral words, which she clearly distinguishes from the works of F. Potushnyak. On the basis of the conducted research, the following groups of stylistically neutral words were selected: vocabulary that reflects objects of the surrounding reality; vocabulary reflecting natural phenomena; vocabulary reflecting the names of things related to human life and their parts – household items, work tools; vocabulary for marking the names of organs and parts of the human body; vocabulary for marking the names of animals and birds; vocabulary for marking the names of plants. It was established that, according to semantic features, the studied poetic texts contain the most neutral vocabulary, which reflects the objects of the surrounding reality.

Interpretation of the novel "Across the River and into the Trees" in terms of means of emotionality expression

The article presents an attempt to clarify the essence of the concept of emotional lexical items and reveals the features of their translation into Ukrainian. The means of emotiveness is rendered specifically in different languages, thus complicating the work of translators. It is proved that E. Hemingway’s book “Across the River and into the Trees'' is an interesting example of the style of the famous writer. Emotions are expressed there in different ways. The syntactic constructions used in the text are a combination of descriptions of events or thinkings of the main characters, where simple, complex and compound sentences or their combinations are used, and dialogues characterized by the use of simple sentences, sometimes imperative ones. Descriptions are characterized by the use of completely neutral vocabulary, which, however, has a significant connotation. The translation of the book, performed by K. Sukhenko and N. Tarasenko is considered to be quite successful. The translators managed to preserve the style of the writer. Moreover, they preserved and rendered the emotionality of the work, using appropriate translation techniques, which was not easy given the significant differences in the means of expressing emotiveness.

Lexical and Grammatical Features of Direct Speech of the Trickster-Character in Fiction Discourse (Based on the Material of Neil Gaiman's Collection "Scandinavian Mythology")

The article is devoted to the analysis of lexical and grammatical features of direct speech of a trickster character in literary discourse. The material for the study was taken from Neil Gaiman's collection of short stories "Scandinavian Mythology". This article includes an analysis of previous studies with the aim of forming the theoretical basis for studying the direct speech of a trickster character, analysis of lexical and grammatical constructions used in the character's direct speech, consideration of the results obtained and drawing conclusions. The subject of the article is the lexical and grammatical features of the direct speech of the trickster character, Loki, being one of the main characters of Neil Gaiman's collection "Norse Mythology". The object of the article is the trickster character and his direct speech, in particular his lexical and grammatical features. Summarizing the analysis of lexical and grammatical features of the direct speech of the trickster character in Neil Gaiman's collection "Norse Mythology", we can determine that this character uses mainly neutral vocabulary in order to simplify communication and increase his influence on other characters. However, it is important to note that the linguistic characterization of a trickster is formed not only by vocabulary, but also by grammar, syntax, and morphology. In his direct speech, Loki uses simple sentences and narrative structures, and actively uses verbs to indicate dynamic actions. This makes his speech lively and expressive. This style of speech helps to emphasize the character's temper and role in a literary text, to create a unique image of the trickster that attracts the reader's attention and reflects his cheerful and energetic nature. In general, the lexical and grammatical features of the trickster character's speech play an important role in creating an artistic image and the dynamics of action in the text of the collection.

Emotional Potential of Non-Emotive Vocabulary in the Modern English Literary Text

The study is devoted to the features of lexicalization of the basic emotion «fear» in an English literary text in order to determine the emotive potential of non-emotive vocabulary representing this emotion. The use of cognitive approaches to the study of the language, the internal structure in the naming of
 emotions, the ways of their objectification and lexicalization reflect the relevance of the study. The analysis of the semantic structure of the emotion «fear» in the Russian and English languages as well as the linguistic representation of the
 basic emotion «fear» in the texts of modern British authors made it possible to determine the features of the lexicalization of the emotion «fear» in a modern
 literary English text and to study the emotivity degree of non-emotive lexical means that are used to lexicalize the specified basic emotion. The results obtained are as follows: the emotion «fear» is lexicalized with the help of emotive vocabulary that contain the seme «fear», «escape», «retreat»,
 «cry». Non-emotive vocabulary is systematized by thematic groups: achromatic colours and physiological reactions of a person. Non-emotive, neutral vocabulary which is used to describe the non-verbal manifestations of the «fear» emotion creates an emotional colouring of the description. The emotional potential of the corresponding lexemes varies under the influence of certain situations in such a way that neutral lexical units begin to express emotiveness. Non-emotive vocab-
 ulary is used by authors to reflect the emotional experience of the speaker, to describe the non-verbal manifestations of emotion, to create tension and emotional intensity of the narrative. The results of the study can be used in research work related to the study of the vocabulary of the modern English language.

ФРАНЦУЗЬКА ЕНАНТІОСЕМІЯ: ВІД ЛАТИНИ ДО СУЧАСНОСТІ

The article analyzes the types, sources and features of the origin of modern French enantiosemy. Attention is drawn to the ways and reasons of its appearance in the French language. The analysis of the material made it possible to single out different types of enantiosemy, first of all, linguistic – speech, semantic – emotional-evaluative, lexical – phraseological, synchronic – diachronic; denotative – connotative, etc. It has been established that the main reasons for the development of enantiosemy are both extralinguistic and linguistic factors: cognitive mechanisms of human activity, the contradiction of the very object of knowledge, critical understanding of reality, "psychic" ambivalence, cultural revolution, etc. Sources of enantiosemy are vocabulary of various layers: colloquial appeals and characteristic words, exclamations, socio-political or socio-cultural concepts, neutral vocabulary that can acquire a positive or negative connotation, hyperboles, paraphrases, oxymorons, etc., which work to create an ironic effect.

Reflection of the author’s idiostyle in the program “Twelve” by Sergei Shargunov

The aim of the article is an analysis of the author’s TV program by Sergei Shargunov in the aspect of idiostyle of announcer’s language personality. The program is considered as audiovisual and speech media content, which is a hypertext reflecting the syncretism of speech genres of news, interview, and reportage. The typical and individual author’s features of the television program “Twelve” on the Russia — 24 channel have been established. Typical features include: positioning the author in the title of the program, multimedia, polydiscursiveness, intertextuality, compositional unity, repetition of the beginning and ending, temporality, thematic unity, social evaluativeness, genre syncretism, cultural, educational and propaganda orientation, a focus on confidentiality of communication with the mass addressee, and an emphasis on acute social problems. The idiostyle specificity of the author’s media discourse as a syncretic informational and media linguistic personality, including speech, communicative, and cognitive features, is revealed. These features reflect the different social, professional, and communicative roles of the author as a writer, journalist, public figure, politician and are implemented in targeting a wide audience of listeners and viewers according to the socially significant topics, their ideological assessment, and skill of the art of speech. The announcer’s idiostyle manifestations at the speech level are associated with his belonging to the person of the elite type of speech culture. At the communicative level, the author of the “Twelve” program is characterized by a restrained-intelligent communicative style, the desire for confidential communication thanks to the strategy of natural simplicity with use of colloquial syntax and neutral vocabulary. From an extralinguistic point of view, the presenter is characterized by an intelligent appearance (clothes, hairstyle), restrained but expressive gestures and facial expressions that reflect interest; quiet voice with a pleasant timbre; clarity of diction. The cognitive features can be characterized as a synthesis of rational and metaphorical cognitive substyles.

“Neutrality vs Expressiveness” as a Style Feature of the English-language Short Story

Contemporary linguistics is characterized by the growing scientific interest in the study of human factor in the language. Particularly relevant is studying the communicative process which goal is to make a pragmatic impact on the recipient. In this respect of primary importance is the in-depth analysis of expressive means, as they have a pragmatic potential. It is essential, however, to understand that expressive vocabulary cannot operate separately from other units in the communication. It interacts with the context in which there is stylistically neutral vocabulary. Our research is dedicated to the study of the interrelationship between neutral and expressive vocabulary within the English-language short story. As a result of the analysis, it was discovered that the basic vocabulary of the English-language short story mainly includes neutral words, on the background of which expressive words are used. This creates the opposition “neutrality – expressiveness” that is a style feature of the English-language short story. The presence of a certain contrast promotes increase in the general expressiveness of the fictional text as well as realization of the pragmatic function. It was identified that stylistically neutral words are primarily used in the author’s speech whereas expressive words are commonly used in the reported speech. Hence, the neutral style serves as the background for lexical units belonging to the high or low style. The analysis revealed that, except for neutral words, words of different functional styles operate in the English-language short story. Among them, there are terms, poetisms, archaisms, barbarisms, slangisms, jargonisms, dialectisms, vulgarisms and others. The author of the fictional text intentionally chooses units of certain lexical layers to influence the reader, in particular their thoughts, behavior, emotional state etc. Therefore, the opposition “neutrality – expressiveness” fosters implementation of the author’s intention, characterization of the characters and reaching a high degree of the pragmatic effect.

Structural and Semantic Analysis of English and Russian Proverbs about Marriage as a Source of Expression of Cultural and National Identity

The article is devoted to the comparative structural and semantic analysis of proverbs of the English and Russian languages with the meaning marriage. The novelty and relevance of the study consists in the fact that the proverbs that go to the heart of the current problems of marriage relations were first analyzed with the use of comparative approach in the context of structural and semantic analysis. In the course of the analysis, on the material of the proverbs of these languages, the main meanings of the proverbs were identified and systematized. The proverbs reveal the view on the value of marriage, the view on the predestination of marriage, the roles of husband and wife, controversial aspects of marital relations, as well as the question of the unity and strength of the family. An important part of the article is the study of male and female views on the problem of marriage, family life and the choice of a life partner. In English proverbs, a critical attitude towards marriage and the mention of the advantages of a bachelor life can be found more often. In Russian proverbs, marriage is generally viewed more positively but almost half of the proverbs that reveal the hardships of life in marriage are proverbs that convey a womans view of marriage. The article reveals lexical components, syntactic structures, artistic techniques and figurative means pertain to the proverbs of both linguistic and cultural ethnic groups. The presence of unique and distinctive proverbs in each language reflects the peculiarities of the historical and cultural experience of the two peoples, but the proverbs of both languages also have many common features. This is explained both by the community of human nature and knowledge, and by borrowing from common sources. Both Russian and English proverbs are characterized by using methods of comparison, contraposition, allegory, the use of personifying metaphors, lexical antonymy, the use of zoonyms, proper nouns and somatisms. In Russian, the emotional and expressive component is higher due to the use of diminutive suffixes, vernacular and vulgar words, they represent more widely archaisms and vocabulary associated with the realities of peasant life. Most Russian proverbs are composed according to the laws of the folklore genre and have a compositional completeness due to their rhythmic and phonetic design. Most of the English proverbs contain sayings, teachings, and use more abstract and neutral vocabulary, although there are also bright and original proverbs among them. The author reveals interaction of the figurative means and the conceptual component of proverbs and concludes that the linguistic means and figurative motivation of proverbs are related to the peculiarities of the national-cultural thinking of the both peoples.

ДОКУМЕНТ «ХАРТІЯ» ЯК ЖАНР ОФІЦІЙНО-ДІЛОВОГО СТИЛЮ

The study of the styles and genres of the literary language, as well as their features, is an integral part of modern philology. A vast deal of researches is devoted to such styles as literary, scientific and publicistic. The literary style and its genres has particular place in linguistic. However, in connection with the latest events that are taking place in the world, international documents are gaining more and more importance. It is the genres of this style which surround us in everyday life: laws, codes, orders, announcements, manuals and others. Also, all international documents and agreements are written in an official style. These documents are regulator of relations between countries. This article describes the classification of the styles of the literary language and their genres. And also, this article is devoted to the study of one international document, namely the "charter". There are many classifications of styles in the Ukrainian literary language. Each researcher categorizes and names them differently, but still, there are five main functional styles, such as scientific, official, publicistic, informal, literary. Official style is a functional style of literary language. "Charters" are international documents of official style. They have different stylistic, lexical and grammatical characteristics. In "charters " neutral vocabulary is used and words are used in the literal sense. For these documents extended sentence, compound sentence and complex sentence are characterized. A perspective for further research is a comparative analysis of the lexical, grammatical and semantic features of the "charter" in different languages.

Comparison in the Language of the Social Classes of England (Based on Contemporary Works of Art)

The report is devoted to the establishment of means of expression of comparison in the speech of characters of the upper, middle and lower classes of modern English society. The article analyzes the contexts of using the comparison introduced by the like modifier in the speech of 23 characters in the works of modern English writers, and for the first time reveals the means of representing comparison in the maxims of representatives of different social classes of modern English society. The study demonstrates that the choice of different language means for expressing comparison is dictated by the characteristics of the social layer to which communicants belong, such as leading values, level of education, income, and the degree of freedom in expressing emotions. It is concluded that the comparison of the speech of upper class representatives is expressed by neutral vocabulary to convey positive emotions and informal vocabulary to demonstrate hyperbolized negative assessment, reflecting a critical and ironic view of events. The comparison in the statements of middle-class representatives is expressed by formal vocabulary, French words, rhymes, political terms, cliches, deformed phraseological units that reflect the desire to imitate the upper classes, and indicate the modesty and self-doubt of communicants. Comparison in the judgments of lower-class Englishmen is conveyed by argotisms that help to express a flash of negative emotions, as well as religious and literary allusions that are used out of place and contain an abundance of logical errors.

Domestication strategy in rendering lexical and phraseological units in American university discourse: Stylistic aspects

The article aims at disclosing stylistic aspects of the domestication strategy representation and establishing correlations between domestication translation strategy and ways of English-Ukrainian translation of lexical and phraseological units in American university discourse based on the novel The Secret History by Donna Tartt and its Ukrainian translation by Bohdan Stasiuk. A comparative, stylistic, contextual and translation analyses of the source and target texts were employed. The research argues that in order to minimise the number of foreign elements in the target text, to make it more comprehensible for the reader the notion of domestication is applied in the translation. The study singles out six groups of lexical and phraseological units in the ST domesticated in the Ukrainian translation (idioms, phrasal verbs, colloquial vocabulary (slang and vulgarisms), interjections, proper nouns and stylistically neutral vocabulary) and means of their domestication in the TT (translation by means of stylistic equivalents, stylistic translation transformations of expressivation and logisation). According to the obtained results, the prevailing ways of representation of domestication strategy in the Ukrainian translation of American university discourse are translation by means of stylistic equivalents predominantly used for reproducing ST idioms, phrasal verbs, interjection, colloquial vocabulary and domesticated proper nouns; stylistic translation transformation of expressivation (applied to stylistically neutral ST vocabulary) and logisation (several phraseological units).

СТИЛИСТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ ЛЕКСИКИ ТЕМАТИЧЕСКОЙ ГРУППЫ «WEDDING» В АНГЛИЙСКОМ ЯЗЫКЕ

This article presents the peculiar features of stylistically colored vocabulary of the thematic group "Wedding" in the English language. The words of this group include the description of the members of the wedding procession, its attributes. The words are presented as part of the colloquial neutral and book vocabulary, including neologisms, loanwords, dialect and obsolete words.

СРЕДСТВА АКТУАЛИЗАЦИИ СРАВНЕНИЯ В ЯЗЫКЕ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ СОЦИАЛЬНЫХ ГРУПП АНГЛИИ

The purpose of the article is to reveal the means of expressing simile in the speech of characters belonging to modern upper, middle and lower classes, based on the texts of contemporary English fiction: Caryl Churchill «Top Girls», Patrick Marber «Dealer’s Choice» and India Knight «Comfort and Joy». Conducting speech analysis, the authors use the sociolinguistic approach, allowing to take into account the social class of the speaker. The article demonstrates that the choice of different language means for conveying simile is dictated by such specific characteristics of the social layer to which communicants pertain as leading values, level of education, income, and the degree of freedom in expressing emotions. The article concludes that simile in speech of upper class representatives is expressed by neutral vocabulary to convey positive emotions and informal vocabulary to demonstrate hyperbolized negative evaluation, reflecting a critical and ironic evaluation of everyday events. Simile in the statements of middle class speakers is expressed in formal vocabulary, French words, rhymes, political terms, clichés, deformed phraseological units, which reflect the desire to imitate the upper classes, indicate modesty and self-doubt of the communicants. Simile in the judgments of lower-class Englishmen is conveyed by argotisms, helping to express an outburst of negative emotions, as well as by religious and literary allusions that are misused and contain an abundance of logical errors.