Messages In Network Research Articles

A Roadside and Cloud-Based Vehicular Communications Framework for the Provision of C-ITS Services

Road infrastructure plays a critical role in the support and development of the Cooperative Intelligent Transport Systems (C-ITS) paradigm. Roadside Units (RSUs), equipped with vehicular communication capabilities, traffic radars, cameras, and other sensors, can provide a multitude of vehicular services and enhance the cooperative perception of vehicles on the road, leading to increased road safety and traffic efficiency. Moreover, the central C-ITS system responsible for overseeing the road traffic and infrastructure, such as the RSUs, needs an efficient way of collecting and disseminating important information to road users. Warnings of accidents or other dangers, and other types of vehicular services such as Electronic Toll Collection (ETC), are examples of the types of information that the central C-ITS system is responsible for disseminating. To remedy these issues, we present the design of an implemented roadside and cloud architecture for the support of C-ITS services. With the main objectives of managing Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communication units and network messages of a public authority or motorway operator acting as a central C-ITS system, the proposed architecture was developed for different mobility testbeds in Portugal, under the scope of the STEROID research project and the pan-European Connected Roads (C-Roads) initiative. RSUs, equipped with ETSI ITS-G5 communications, are deployed with a cellular link or fiber optics connection for remote control and configuration. These are connected to a cloud Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) broker where communication is based on a geographical tiling scheme, which allows the selection of the appropriate coverage areas for the dissemination of C-ITS messages. The architecture is deployed in the field, on several Portuguese motorways, where road traffic and infrastructure are monitored through a C-ITS platform with visualization and event reporting capabilities. The provided architecture is independent of the underlying communication technology and can be easily adapted in the future to support Cellular-V2X (PC5 interface) or 5G RSUs. Performance results of the deployed architecture are provided.

DpGuard: A Lightweight Attack Detection Method for an Industrial Bus Network

In industrial control systems (ICSs), the PROFIBUS-DP (decentralized peripherals) protocol is widely used for communication between devices. Because PROFIBUS-DP is an unencrypted and insecure bus protocol, attackers can connect to the PROFIBUS-DP system and arbitrarily manipulate I/O process values, which may interrupt the normal operation of industrial equipment, or have more serious consequences. However, due to the complex structures of bus networks and the large number of attack areas, the existing scheme does not monitor all the messages in the industrial head office network and cannot effectively detect semantic attacks. To solve this problem, we propose a novel attack detection system DpGuard. DpGuard automatically builds a finite-state machine model of normal ICS behavior through a large number of historical ICS traffic data. The model includes state events, state transitions, state transition probability, and other normal behavior information. In addition, DpGuard records the execution status of the context data package, uses the real-time captured data package as the input of the model, and judges whether the state event and state transition probability conform to the constraints of the finite-state machine model, so as to identify the legitimate normal behavior of the ICS. Our proposal was evaluated using two Siemens PLCs (programmable logic controllers) deployed on the PROFIBUS-DP system. The experimental results demonstrated that the scheme could accurately detect fault injection and semantic attacks. Compared with other detection models, our scheme presented an improved detection performance, with a detection accuracy of 99.80%.

PIRAP: Intelligent Hybrid Approach for Secure Data Transmission in Wireless Sensor Networks

The wireless sensor network (WSN) is a mobile adhoc network which has no support of infrastructure. The complexities in network management are critical to resolve even when choosing the cluster head is more efficient. From clustering procedure, appropriate cluster heads are selected with attention to energy saving among member nodes. When it comes to WSN security, trust-based cluster head selection is critical, assuming the cooperation of all sensor nodes. In light of this assumption, existing approaches were unable to assist in identifying the network’s ideal cluster head. Due to the dynamic topology and mobility of nodes in WSNs, security is a challenge. However, secrecy is often accomplished end-to-end via symmetric keys between two corresponding applications. The symmetric key is incompatible with the WSN environment. Additionally, the WSN nodes vary in their qualification for which portion of the data is accessible in which context. This work proposes an elliptic curve cryptography-enabled ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (ECC-CP-ABE) algorithm for secure data transmission during intra-cluster communication and inter-cluster communication. In this work, we select a reliable node-based trust value mechanism and this reliable node acts as an attribute authority that inter-cluster provides a decryption private key to cluster members who are involved in intra- and inter-cluster communications. In ECC-CP-ABE, the cluster head node (CHN) and cluster member node (CMN) utilize CP-ABE for the encryption of network messages using an access policy matrix A that is computed from an AND–OR operation-based monotonic tree access structure which is defined over a various set of attributes. To ensure authenticity and integrity, the cluster member and CHN sign each ciphertext using an ECC algorithm. For performance evaluation, we use packet delivery ratio, energy consumption, encryption time, network lifetime, and decryption time as metric measures and compared the results of proposed ECC-CP-ABE with two benchmark methods, Secured WSN and Taylor-based Cat Salp Swarm Algorithm. From the results, we analyze that the proposed ECC-CP-ABE reduces energy consumption by 53.2%; increases packet delivery ratio by 98.6%; increases network lifespan by 97.5%, and reduces encryption time by 20[Formula: see text]s and decryption time by 15[Formula: see text]s.

The MauMe network - A LoRa multi-hop collaborative protocol and low-cost implementation example

Low-cost low-power long-distance LoRa radio devices recently made available on the market allow the emerging of a new generation of networking paradigms on the Internet of Things. While the LoRaWan offers an efficient way of connecting LoRa end-point devices to the internet, LoRaWan nodes do not act as peers, but rather as terminals connected to gateways. As such, the current state of the art does not offer a public protocol for easily taking advantage of the fact that individuals and professionals wishing to aggregate data using LoRa devices are likely to run each a “base-node” on a continuous basis. Such permanently-powered base-nodes could potentially offer an increased cumulated area coverage to other nodes if they would behave as relays. In the present study, an Epidemic Delay Tolerant Network messaging protocol is proposed, which allows multi-hops between peer LoRa relay-nodes through a raw-LoRa controlled-flooding approach. This protocol has been implemented on low-cost LoRa-chip-equipped microcontrollers in the form of an open-source library acting as a network transport-layer. The design analysis concluded that MauMe is better suited for networks with reduced connectivity (≤ 9), and that a 4-connectivity redundant network could allow each user to send several tens of messages several tens of hops away. The proposed approach was tested on three different LoRa network topologies, and the totality of the packets and acknowledgments reached their destination. Furthermore, the network's activity ceased after delivery, confirming the ability of the protocol to return the network to rest after the flooding. The proposed library also offers to users a free emergency-messaging system implemented as an http server embedded in each node and accessible via Wi-fi. End-users can readily use our solution to easily deploy a network of sensors at a much lower cost than when using multiple gateways. The MauMe protocol is a first step towards the creation of collaborative and application-friendly extended-range LoRa-peers networks, and is intended for use in remote regions with scattered housings such as in the islands and atolls of Polynesia.

Desain Sistem Peringatan Dini Bencana Kebakaran Hutan Berbasis Jaringan Sensor dan Short Message Service (SMS)

Forest fires in a number of areas in Indonesia have become more frequent in recent years. This incident raises many problems in various areas of life. The Indonesian government has and continues to make preventive and curative efforts to minimize the occurrence of forest fires and the losses that occur. In line with the government's efforts, this paper proposes the design of a forest fire early warning system based on a sensor network and Short Message Service (SMS). This system consists of a subsystem on the forest side and a subsystem on the observation office side. The subsystem in the forest uses a sensor network of fire detector modules, smoke of MQ2, temperature and humidity of DHT11 to read the state of the forest, and utilizes the microcontroller of ATmega16 to acquire and process forest state data. Data processing that produces indications of forest fires will trigger the sound of sirens to convey these indications quickly to the people living around the forest. The data is sent to the observation office subsystem via SMS packets of GSM network. The monitoring application receives data of forest conditions and stores them in a database for further data processing.

A Defense System: Jamming Detection and Mitigation for Safety Applications in Vehicular Networks

The periodically exchanged basic safety messages (BSM) in vehicular networks have become a new attack target for jamming attacks that are easy to conduct in a vehicular environment. The detection and mitigation must be cordially integrated to provide acceptable communication latency under attacking conditions. This paper considers a comprehensive defense system detecting and mitigating jamming attacks. We analyze the impact of the jamming attack on BSMs on our initially proposed random channel surfing scheme coupling with a detection method. The detection method can hardly provide 100% accuracy, and this consequently delays the reaction. We study the defense system by a mathematical model which is validated by simulations in NS-3. The obtained results depict how the performance of the channel surfing scheme depends on its preinstalled detection method

Debunking Rumors in Networks

We study the diffusion of a true and a false message (the rumor) in a social network. Upon hearing a message, individuals may believe it, disbelieve it, or debunk it through costly verification. Whenever the truth survives in steady state, so does the rumor. Communication intensity in itself is irrelevant for relative rumor prevalence, and the effect of homophily depends on the exact verification process and equilibrium verification rates. Our model highlights that successful policies in the fight against rumors increase individuals’ incentives to verify. (JEL D83, D85, L82, Z13)

Feature-Based Vehicle Identification Framework for Optimization of Collective Perception Messages in Vehicular Networks

The world is moving towards a fully connected digital world, where objects produce and consume data, at a sultry pace. Autonomous vehicles will play a key role in bolstering the digitization of the world. These connected vehicles must communicate timely data with their surrounding objects and road participants to fully and accurately understand their environments and eventually operate smoothly. As a result, the hugely exchanged data would scramble the network traffic that, at a given point, would no longer increase the awareness level of the vehicle. In this paper, we propose a vision-based approach to identify connected vehicles and use it to optimize the exchange of collective perception messages (CPMs), in terms of both the CPM generation frequency and the number of generated CPMs. To validate our proposed approach, we created a <sc xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Cartery</small> framework that integrates SUMO, Carla, and OMNeT++. We also compared our solution with both baselines and European Telecommunications Standards Institute solutions, considering three main KPIs: the channel busy ratio, environmental awareness, and the CPM generation frequency. Simulation results show that our proposed solution exhibits the best trade-off between the network load and situational awareness.

Ethics of Technology Practice: Beliefs and Behaviors of Certified Rehabilitation Counselors During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic represented a critical moment for technology use within rehabilitation counseling. This study explored trends in the beliefs and behaviors of certified rehabilitation counselors (CRCs) regarding the ethical use of technology before and during the pandemic. Specifically, this study compared two groups of CRCs regarding the degree to which they engaged in 59 technology behaviors and whether they viewed each behavior to be ethical. Overall, group comparisons suggested an increased use of telephone, videoconferencing, and email to deliver counseling, assessment, and supervision services during the pandemic. Furthermore, supervision via videoconferencing and email in the pandemic were rated as more ethically appropriate than before the pandemic. As a general trend, synchronous modes of communication such as the telephone and video conferencing were rated as more ethically appropriate than asynchronous modes such as social networking and text messaging. Indicating a high degree of congruence between beliefs and behaviors, the technology practices viewed as most ethical were used the most often. Implications address the revisions to the Code of Professional Ethics for Rehabilitation Counselors regarding the ethical use of technology in rehabilitation counseling.

Design and Implementation of Protocol Conversion of Intelligent Power Distribution Equipment for New Power System

A protocol conversion method of intelligent distribution equipment for a new power system is proposed to aim at the problems of short data reading distance and high data packet loss rate in the current protocol conversion process of intelligent distribution equipment. The protocol conversion process of the equipment is divided into two parts, the uplink channel, and the downlink channel. The multi-protocol conversion process of the intelligent distribution equipment is designed. A data-based protocol conversion scheme is set up to realize the bidirectional conversion of the protocol. The original protocol conversion gateway is replaced by the CAN-PROFINET protocol conversion gateway to control the network message throughput and realize the protocol conversion of the intelligent power distribution equipment. The experimental results show that the method can effectively extend the data reading distance and reduce the data packet loss rate to a certain extent, which provides a new development direction for the new power system network control technology.

Design and implementation of an advanced MQTT broker for distributed pub/sub scenarios

MQTT is one of the most popular communication protocols for Internet of Things applications. Based on a publish/subscribe pattern, it relies on a single broker to exchange messages among clients according to topics of interest. However, such a centralized approach does not scale well and is prone to single point of failure risks, calling for solutions where multiple brokers cooperate together in a distributed fashion. In this paper, we present a complete solution for a distributed MQTT broker systems. We target several functional primitives which are key in such a scenario: broker discovery and failure recovery, overlay tree network creation and message routing. Moreover, we also focus on the case where multiple topics are present in the system. In such a scenario, a single tree-based overlay network connecting the different brokers may not be the most efficient solution. To cope with this issue, we propose a topic-based routing scheme for MQTT distributed brokers. The proposed solution creates multiple overlay networks in the distributed system, each one linking together only the brokers whose connected clients have interest in the same topics. We implement the complete system as an extension of the popular HiveMQ MQTT broker and perform several experiments to test its performance in scenarios characterized by a different publishers/subscribers configurations as well as number of topics existing in the system.

A Novel Temporal Network-Embedding Algorithm for Link Prediction in Dynamic Networks.

Understanding the evolutionary patterns of real-world complex systems such as human interactions, biological interactions, transport networks, and computer networks is important for our daily lives. Predicting future links among the nodes in these dynamic networks has many practical implications. This research aims to enhance our understanding of the evolution of networks by formulating and solving the link-prediction problem for temporal networks using graph representation learning as an advanced machine learning approach. Learning useful representations of nodes in these networks provides greater predictive power with less computational complexity and facilitates the use of machine learning methods. Considering that existing models fail to consider the temporal dimensions of the networks, this research proposes a novel temporal network-embedding algorithm for graph representation learning. This algorithm generates low-dimensional features from large, high-dimensional networks to predict temporal patterns in dynamic networks. The proposed algorithm includes a new dynamic node-embedding algorithm that exploits the evolving nature of the networks by considering a simple three-layer graph neural network at each time step and extracting node orientation by using Given's angle method. Our proposed temporal network-embedding algorithm, TempNodeEmb, is validated by comparing it to seven state-of-the-art benchmark network-embedding models. These models are applied to eight dynamic protein-protein interaction networks and three other real-world networks, including dynamic email networks, online college text message networks, and human real contact datasets. To improve our model, we have considered time encoding and proposed another extension to our model, TempNodeEmb++. The results show that our proposed models outperform the state-of-the-art models in most cases based on two evaluation metrics.

Fertility intention among married women in Ethiopia: a multilevel analysis of Ethiopian demographic health survey 2016

BackgroundFertility intention is the central aspect of countries which determine their population demography. Therefore, proportion and factors associated with fertility intention should be studied at different level of community for designing of appropriate policies, strategies, and programs. Despite its importance, information is scarce about proportion and predictors of fertility intention among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia, in 2016.MethodsA secondary data analysis was done on 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey/EDHS/ in this study. A total of 1423 fecund, married, and sexually active women were included this study. Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression model was done to show association between fertility desire and explanatory variables. Adjusted Odds Ratio with 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was computed to assess the strength and significance of association.ResultsPrevalence of fertility intention was 63.5% (95%CI:62.2%,64.8%) in Ethiopia, in 2016. The response rate of this study was 100%. The odd of fertility desire was higher among women of age 20-34 years (AOR=2.5,95%CI:1.5,4.0), women of age 35-49 years (AOR= 9,95%CI:12.2,45.4), Muslim followers (AOR=5.4,95%CI:3.6,7.9), other religions followers (AOR= 1.8,95%CI:1.2,3.0), women who did not want to use modern contraceptive (AOR=3.1,95%CI:2.2,4.3). However, the likelihood of fertility intention was low among women who owned mobile phone (AOR=0.6,95%CI:0.4,0.87), and women with more than one partner (AOR=0.5,95%CI:0.41,0.8). At the community level factors like: Community education status (AOR= 1.67,95%CI:1.26,2.2) and region were factors strongly linked to fertility intention.ConclusionsIn this study, prevalence of fertility desire was higher compared to other countries. Participants age, religion, intention to use modern contraceptive, own mobile, and having multiple partners were individual factors associated with fertility preference. Furthermore, educational status and region were community factor associated significantly with intention of fertility. Hence, expansion of mobile networking and family planning messages through mobile. Furthermore, religious teaching should be enhanced to control family size among followers. Finally, the Ethiopian government should also work strongly to improve community education.

Network segregation and the propagation of misinformation

How does the ideological segregation of online networks impact the spread of misinformation? Past studies have found that homophily generally increases diffusion, suggesting that partisan news, whether true or false, will spread farther in ideologically segregated networks. We argue that network segregation disproportionately aids messages that are otherwise too implausible to diffuse, thus favoring false over true news. To test this argument, we seeded true and false informational messages in experimental networks in which subjects were either ideologically integrated or segregated, yielding 512 controlled propagation histories in 16 independent information systems. Experimental results reveal that the fraction of false information circulating was systematically greater in ideologically segregated networks. Agent-based models show robustness of this finding across different network topologies and sizes. We conclude that partisan sorting undermines the veracity of information circulating on the Internet by increasing exposure to content that would otherwise not manage to diffuse.

ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПЕРЕДАЧИ СИГНАЛЬНЫХ СООБЩЕНИЙ В ВЫЧИСЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ СЕТЯХ ЛЕТАТЕЛЬНОГО АППАРАТА

This article considers the problem of transmitting signal text messages in the onboard computer networks of an aircraft. The article provides a brief overview of promising areas in the design of modern avionics, such as integrated modular avionics and Avionics Full Duplex Ethernet. The text of the article provides a protocol that allows you to generate the text of the signal zone on the multifunctional indicator in the cockpit, as well as to transmit the encoded text using the Arinc 664 (AFDX) protocol. The use of this protocol makes it possible to transmit to the multifunctional indicator in the cockpit the zone of signal messages completely formed in the computing unit. The advantage of this approach is the absence of information fragmentation, and therefore an increase in the frequency of updating information on the indicator screen.

Optimizing Storage for Energy Conservation in Tracking Wireless Sensor Network Objects

The amount of needed control messages in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is affected by the storage strategy of detected events. Because broadcasting superfluous control messages consumes excess energy, the network lifespan can be extended if the quantity of control messages is decreased. In this study, an optimized storage technique having low control overhead for tracking the objects in WSN is introduced. The basic concept is to retain observed events in internal memory and preserve the relationship between sensed information and sensor nodes using a novel inexpensive data structure entitled Ordered Binary Linked List (OBLL). Whenever an object passes over the sensor area, the recognizing sensor can immediately produce an OBLL along the object’s route. To retrieve the entire information, the OBLL can be traversed with logarithmic complexity which is much less than the traversing complexity of existing linked list structures. Performance evaluation and simulations were carried out to ensure that the suggested technique minimizes the number of messages and thus saving energy and extending the network life.

Investigating electronic media viewing by undergraduates in federal universities in Southwestern Nigeria

The study investigated electronic media viewing among undergraduates in selected federal universities in Southwestern Nigeria with a view to identifying the contents viewed, purpose of viewing and attitude exhibited during viewing. The survey research design was adopted for the study while questionnaire was used as the major instrument of data collection. Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select a total of 723 undergraduates across 3 federal universities in Southwestern Nigeria to constitute the sample for the study. The data were analysed with frequency counts, percentages, mean and standard deviation. The findings revealed that movies, entertainment news, general news, games, e-books and educational programmes are the major electronic media contents which undergraduates in Nigerian universities viewed and that the undergraduates viewed electronic media content for the purposes of information, entertainment and socialisation than for academics. On the attitude exhibited by the undergraduates while viewing electronic media, finding from the study established listening to music, social networking and text messaging as major attitudes exhibited. The study also established the multi-tasking abilities of the undergraduates. The study recommended that undergraduates should use electronic media technologies properly for widespread educational purposes and that university authorities should strategically engage the undergraduates in purposeful electronic media usage for assignments, projects and term papers, among others in order to reduce excessive use of electronic media, thereby redeeming their time for gainful exercise.

Effect of Home-Based Cardiac Rehabilitation Program on Self-Efficacy of Patients With Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator.

For more effective control and treatment of cardiac dysrhythmias caused by diseases, ischemia, or other causes, an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) is used. One of the effective ways for secondary prevention is the home-based cardiac rehabilitation (HBCR) which nurses have an effective role in its implementation. The study aimed to investigate the effect of implementing HBCR programs on the self-efficacy of patients with ICD. This is a semi-experimental study conducted on 70 patients who received ICD in Shahid Chamran Heart Center of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IUMS) in 2021. The patients were randomly assigned to intervention and control groups and were introduced to the practical concepts of HBCR during four training sessions. In the following, 3-month follow-up and trainings were continued by home visits, telephone follow-up, and use of social messaging networks due to the conditions of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. The data were analyzed with SPSS/21. The findings showed that performing HBCR programs was effective in improving the self-efficacy of patients with ICDs. A significant trend in the implementation of the HBCR programs in two groups was shown using chi-square test and independent t-test and variance with repeated measurements (p < .001). There was no significant difference in self-efficacy score in both groups at the beginning of the study (p < .056). Considering the effectiveness of HBCR programs on improving the self-efficacy of patients with ICDs, it can be used in the educational care programs of healthcare workers and in the strategic policies of health care services.

A Network of Twitter User on Stunting Issue in Lampung, Indonesia

This study analyzes the network of users and hashtag Twitter messages connected to the stunting issue in Lampung Province, Indonesia. The research process adopts social network analysis (SNA) methods. The research data comes from as many as forty thousand tweets from the Twitter API. Data is downloaded, processed, and analyzed with three R, R Studio, and Gephi. Research findings show that Twitter users linked to stunting have different: (a) degree scores (13%, 12%, &lt;10%); (b) betweenness scores (4%, 2.67%, 1.07%, and &lt;1%); and (c) a closeness score that divides the actors into two groups: a closeness score equal to 1 and a closeness score below 1. The hashtags #pakhalimtahanstunting and #jokowimembangundesa have become popular hashtags among Twitter users related to stunting issues. This study concludes that central and local government actors encourage preventive and cross-sectoral intervention even though there are still a few collaborations between actors and institutions involved in this process.

КАТЕГОРІЯ СТАНОВОСТІ ЯК ВАЖЛИВИЙ ЧИННИК ЛІНГВІСТИЧНОГО ВИРАЖЕННЯ ОСВІТЯНСЬКОГО МЕРЕЖЕВОГО ДИСКУРСУ

The relevance of the topic, justified by the modern digitalization of the world, virtual reality is becoming increasingly important for the real world, very often the virtual world complements, but influences the real world. General digitalization entails changes in the global and national information space, forming a new language and information environment of a new socio-cultural reality, which is actively being formed and rapidly spreading with the increasing dominance of spheres of influence of modern means of communication in real life. The total spread of the latest technologies has fundamentally changed the standards of communication and information exchange, being able to attract an unlimited audience, encouraging the creation of content by your audience, expanding the boundaries of the chronotope, opportunities for collaboration and co-creation. As a result, the emergence of the phenomenon of social networks that combine digital media, online communication with an ultra-high level of interactivity, which in a special way create an information space, on the one hand, and at the same time act as tools, on the other. Teachers very often position themselves in social networks, forming a unique image of a teacher. This process, from something insignificant and fragmentary, has acquired large dimensions that require deep reflection and study. The subject of the research of the article is the study of educational network discourse, and the object is the study of the functional-semantic category of class within the framework of educational network discourse. The purpose of the article is to determine the place of the functional-semantic category of estates in the educational network discourse. The study was conducted on the material of messages in the social networks "Facebook".