Net Theory Research Articles

Stochastic Petri net model describing the relationship between reported maternal and congenital syphilis cases in Brazil

IntroductionSyphilis is a sexually transmitted disease (STD) caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum. In 2016, it was declared an epidemic in Brazil due to its high morbidity and mortality rates, mainly in cases of maternal syphilis (MS) and congenital syphilis (CS) with unfavorable outcomes. This paper aimed to mathematically describe the relationship between MS and CS cases reported in Brazil over the interval from 2010 to 2020, considering the likelihood of diagnosis and effective and timely maternal treatment during prenatal care, thus supporting the decision-making and coordination of syphilis response efforts.MethodsThe model used in this paper was based on stochastic Petri net (SPN) theory. Three different regressions, including linear, polynomial, and logistic regression, were used to obtain the weights of an SPN model. To validate the model, we ran 100 independent simulations for each probability of an untreated MS case leading to CS case (PUMLC) and performed a statistical t-test to reinforce the results reported herein.ResultsAccording to our analysis, the model for predicting congenital syphilis cases consistently achieved an average accuracy of 93% or more for all tested probabilities of an untreated MS case leading to CS case.ConclusionsThe SPN approach proved to be suitable for explaining the Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN) dataset using the range of 75–95% for the probability of an untreated MS case leading to a CS case (PUMLC). In addition, the model’s predictive power can help plan actions to fight against the disease.

The History of Neuroscience 5: Discovery of the Neuron and Its Connections

Thanks to the invention of the microscope equipped with an achromatic lens, research on the histology of the nervous system flourished during the 19th century. Jan Evangelista Purkinje, together with Gabriel Valentin, first depicted individual nerve cells. Robert Remak, one of the most remarkable microscopists of the 19th century, made the pivotal discovery that the cell body (globule) and fibers arising from the globule formed a single unit. In addition to improvements in microscopes, a new method of visualizing nervous tissue was developed—namely, the silver staining method introduced by Camillo Golgi. Golgi could identify the types and delicate branches of axons. However, he believed that axons always directly merged with other axons, which was the basis of the reticular or nerve net theory. Santiago Ramón y Cajal, the founder of modern neuroscience, finally established the cornerstone of the neuron doctrine, according to which the nerve cell is the basic unit of the nervous system and information flows from unit to unit without direct fusion. This structure is called the synapse. Key words: Achromatic lens; Histology; Silver staining; Neuron doctrine; Synapses.

Key Factors Influence on Decision Making to IoT Adoption in Telecommunication Companies: A Review

In the context of the impact of advertisement IOT technology, the paper seeks to clarify the critical issues, specifically for telecommunication that deals with the novel technology but sometimes become complex because That is impacted by the constant changes in the information and communication technologies sector, that further leads to high operating expenses for organizations recent technological acquirement, installation, staff training for proper use of every new technology, and costly agreements to the Internet of Things suppliers for the implementation of IoT applications. The decision to adopt IoT technology will assist in predicting the best moment for a prominent telecommunications provider to deploy IoT systems, combining new mobile technologies and densifying its current network at an unmatched rate in the following years. Given the rising relevance of decision-making to IoT adoption and there is a lack of investigation and comparison of decision-making criteria with IoT platforms in this field. This article aims to provide four key factors that influence IoT adoption decision-making in a telecommunication company. Depending on the value of net theory, this article outlines four technical characteristics that influence decision-making in IoT adoption in a telecommunication company. The findings identification are the main factors for telecommunications companies to successfully token decision-making to IoT technology adoption. Keywords: Decision Making; IoT Adoption; Telecommunication Company; and Key Factors.Â

MODELS AND TOOLS OF THE AUTOMATED SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER NETWORK TRAFFIC INVESTIGATION USING BERKELEY PACKET FILTER

An approach for automating the monitoring and analysis of incoming network traffic in large-scale computer networks is proposed in the paper. The authors suggest using the Linux Berkeley Packet Filter tool to automate traffic analysis in computer networks. The software structure is developed, which includes two main parts: the service machine and the user machine, it is based on the modular principle, which allows for rapid improvement and modernization of the system. The main algorithms for software functionality are built, namely: the algorithm for processing network packets using the Berkeley Packet Filter tool, and the algorithm of the user-space program for loading the Berkeley Packet Filter program to kernel space and setting up communication with it. A study model of program functioning dynamics based on the Petri net theory has been developed. As a result of the application of models based on the Petri net in the software development process, the system works correctly, all states are accessible, and there are no dead ends. A simulation model of the application of the Berkeley Packet Filter tool for the automation of computer network traffic analysis was designed, and the script was created for testing the developed software system. Implemented Python script generates a flow of network packets with random values in the sender IP address, receiver port number, and protocol. These packets, created by the IP address spoofing methodology, later are sent to the service machine's network interface. The developed computer network traffic monitoring software, that uses the Berkeley Packet Filter tool and is implemented in C, C++, and Python programming languages, provides collecting and processing of computer network traffic data. The output of the analysed results is displayed in a user-friendly form. The development and testing of the created software were carried out on the operating system Arch Linux version 5.10.3, which was previously installed on a virtual machine. The results of traffic testing in computer networks in different modes of normal operation and during DDoS attacks are given. In particular, an example of sidebar output with network traffic statistics over a long period, an example of output with network traffic spike parameters, and an example of a warning message, that the sidebar dashboard will show, are presented.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ РАБОТЫ ПЕРЕЕЗДНОЙ СИГНАЛИЗАЦИИ НА ОСНОВЕ СТОХАСТИЧЕСКОГО МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЯ

Reasons that lead to delay of motor transport at a closed railway crossing and to increase of a number of transport accidents at road level intersections are caused by the imperfection of the currently used method for calculation of parameters of level crossing safety installations. The paper proposes a probabilistic method for studying level crossing safety installations that considers parameters of railway transport traffic. For the creation of a stochastic model the authors have applied the Petri nets theory. Besides they have considered issues of analytical studying of the model on the basis of the graph theory and the theory of semi-Markovian processes. As a result, on the basis of stochastic modeling the authors have calculated parameters of devices for a level crossing safety installation.

Formal Security Evaluation and Improvement of Wireless HART Protocol in Industrial Wireless Network

With the rapid development of wireless communication technology in the field of industrial control systems, Wireless HART is an international wireless standard, because of its low cost and strong scalability, as well as its wide range of applications in the industrial control field. However, it is more open communication so that the possibility of increased attacks by external. At present, there are many types of research on wireless protocol security at home and abroad, but they all focus on the realization of the security function of the protocol itself, which has certain limitations for the formal modeling of the protocol security assessment. Taking into account the aforementioned research status, this paper takes the Wireless HART protocol as the research object and adopts the model detection method combining eCK model theory and colored Petri net theory to evaluate and improve the security of the protocol. First, the colored Petri net theory and CPN Tools modeling tool were introduced to verify the consistency of the original model of the protocol. And the eCK model was used to evaluate the security of the original protocol model. It was found that the protocol has two types of man-in-the-middle attack vulnerabilities: tampering and deception. Aiming at the attack loopholes of the protocol, an improvement plan was proposed. After improving the original protocol, CPN Tools modeling tool was used for security verification. It was found that the new scheme improvement can effectively prevent the existing attacks and reasonably improve the security of the protocol.

Network Attack and Defense Modeling and System Security Analysis: A Novel Approach Using Stochastic Evolutionary Game Petri Net

At present, most network security analysis theory assumes that the players are completely rational. However, this is not consistent with the actual situation. In this paper, based on the effectiveness constraints on both sides with network attack and defense, with the help of stochastic Petri net and evolutionary game theory, the Petri net model of network attack and defense stochastic evolutionary game is reconstructed, the specific definition of the model is given, and the modeling method is given through the network connection relationship and attack and defense strategy set. Using this model, a quantitative analysis of network attack events is carried out to solve a series of indicators related to system security, namely, attack success rate, average attack time, and average system repair time. Finally, the proposed model and analysis method are applied to a classic network attack and defense process for experimental analysis, and the results verify the rationality and accuracy of the model and analysis method.

Challenges, Opportunities and Countermeasures for National Security of Universities’ Campus in the Post COVID-19 Epidemic Era from the Perspective of Net Assessment Theory

The Net Assessment theory is an auxiliary means of strategic analysis implemented by the United States, which has made great contributions to the maintenance of the global hegemony of the United States and the US military. According to the analysis of the Net Assessment theory, the national security of colleges and universities in the post epidemic era is facing new challenges, including internal and external threats, explicit and invisible risks, tangible and intangible risks, short-term risks and long-term risks. There is no strict boundary among these risks and challenges, and they will transform into each other under specific conditions. Although there are different risks, opportunities and risks are the same. The measures taken by China in the face of the epidemic and the results achieved reflect the advantages of China's political system, which is conducive to strengthening the education and cognition of political security and non-traditional security in Colleges and universities, and to improving the crisis awareness and coping ability of teachers and students. In the post epidemic era, colleges and universities should sum up the historical experience and lessons, improve the national security awareness and ability of teachers and students, pay attention to hardware construction, and relevant departments should strengthen security assessment and issue early warning in time, so as to better safeguard national security.

Microbiome influence on host community dynamics: Conceptual integration of microbiome feedback with classical host-microbe theory.

Microbiomes have profound effects on host fitness, yet we struggle to understand the implications for host ecology. Microbiome influence on host ecology has been investigated using two independent frameworks. Classical ecological theory powerfully represents mechanistic interactions predicting environmental dependence of microbiome effects on host ecology, but these models are notoriously difficult to evaluate empirically. Alternatively, host–microbiome feedback theory represents impacts of microbiome dynamics on host fitness as simple net effects that are easily amenable to experimental evaluation. The feedback framework enabled rapid progress in understanding microbiomes’ impacts on plant ecology, and can also be applied to animal hosts. We conceptually integrate these two frameworks by deriving expressions for net feedback in terms of mechanistic model parameters. This generates a precise mapping between net feedback theory and classic population modelling, thereby merging mechanistic understanding with experimental tractability, a necessary step for building a predictive understanding of microbiome influence on host ecology.

MODELLING OF THE ROUTE NETWORK FOR PERISHABLE CARGO DELIVERY IN THE REGIONAL TRAFFIC ON THE BASIS OF PETRI NETS

The article is devoted to the features of the organization and technology of delivery of perishable goods in small batches by road in regional traffic. It has been established that when planning this type of cargo delivery, it becomes necessary to determine such routes bypassing specified points, at which the time of delivery of perishable goods to points of sale will be minimal. Thus, as a criterion that determines the rationality of building a route network for the delivery of perishable goods in regional traffic, has been defined the time of cargo’s delivery in small batches in regional traffic. The route network for the delivery of perishable goods with a minimum delivery time is considered rational. To analyze the execution time of each delivery phase and take into account the time and quantitative parameters that affect the delivery process, the study built a model which is based on the theory of Petri nets. The parameters of the model were established on the basis of the reporting data of the private enterprise "Samoilenko A.I.". The model took into account time parameters and quantitative factors affecting the process of delivery of perishable goods in regional traffic. An experiment was carried out using the developed model. The obtained value of the integral error of the data discrepancy throughout the system allows us to assume that the constructed model adequately reproduces the process of delivery of perishable goods in small batches by road in regional traffic. Taking into account the results of delivery process’ modeling, using the method of a short connecting network, a rational route network was built in the study, which consists of six routes. The effect was determined as a time difference for the delivery system along the network of rational route network and along the existing network, which amounted to 131 minutes.

The Crosstalk between SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the RAA System in Essential Hypertension-Analyses Using Systems Approach.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), responsible for the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, has affected and continues to affect millions of people across the world. Patients with essential arterial hypertension and renal complications are at particular risk of the fatal course of this infection. In our study, we have modeled the selected processes in a patient with essential hypertension and chronic kidney disease (CKD) suffering from COVID-19, emphasizing the function of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system. The model has been built in the language of Petri nets theory. Using the systems approach, we have analyzed how COVID-19 may affect the studied organism, and we have checked whether the administration of selected anti-hypertensive drugs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) and/or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs)) may impact the severity of the infection. Besides, we have assessed whether these drugs effectively lower blood pressure in the case of SARS-CoV-2 infection affecting essential hypertensive patients. Our research has shown that neither the ACEIs nor the ARBs worsens the course infection. However, when assessing the treatment of hypertension in the active SARS-CoV-2 infection, we have observed that ARBs might not effectively reduce blood pressure; they may even have the slightly opposite effect. On the other hand, we have confirmed the effectiveness of arterial hypertension treatment in patients receiving ACEIs. Moreover, we have found that the simultaneous use of ARBs and ACEIs averages the effects of taking both drugs, thus leading to only a slight decrease in blood pressure. We are a way from suggesting that ARBs in all hypertensive patients with COVID-19 are ineffective, but we have shown that research in this area should still be continued.

A Note on the Generalized Nonlinear Vector Variational-Like Inequality Problem

In this paper, we discuss two variants of the generalized nonlinear vector variational-like inequality problem. We provide their solutions by adopting topological approach. Topological properties such as compactness, closedness, and net theory are used in the proof. The admissibility of the function space topology and KKM-Theorem have played important role in proving the results.

Design and Development of Fault Detection System in Production Line Monitoring at UJAS Electrical Private Limited

The goal of this research is to provide a method for analyzing process efficiency that uses a combination of Petri nets and Flexsim software to resolve a typical discrete event in a workshop production system. This study, in particular, use Petri net theory to represent the event, followed by the usage of Flexsim software to interactively simulate the Petri-net based model, providing the system bottleneck intuitive and visible. Furthermore, it achieves the goal of increasing the efficiency of the system process by upgrading the system objects. In comparison to the previous way, the simulation results suggest that new method can immediately identify potential system faults. The efficiency is considerably increased as a result of this strategy. This research improves the efficiency of production line by reduction in idle percentage and improvement in processing percentage.

Оптимизация сборочного производства на основе имитации сетей Петри

The paper describes the approach to solving the problem of optimal planning of the production process. A discrete production system represented by the operations of machining, welding and painting was chosen as the object of research. The study states the problem of optimization of assembly production, which contains a typical criterion of optimality. A mechanism for meeting the criterion using a simulation model based on a Petri net is determined. The rules for developing feedback on the state of the network model and a method for controlling the simulation of the Petri net based on the analysis of its states are given. A binary function is used to analyze the states of the model. The developed approach to process optimization develops the theory of Petri nets, makes it more suitable for modeling complex systems with a branched structure and a large number of interconnections, which is a typical situation for production systems. The most universal approaches of control theory, e.g. feedback principle, are used, which implies a significant degree of universality and replicability of the approach. On the basis of the developed theoretical provisions, a test example is presented that characterizes the effect of their application. The presence of assembly production at most mechanical-engineering enterprises determines the high practical significance of the developed approach

Model of an Artificial Neural Network for Solving the Problem of Controlling a Genetic Algorithm Using the Mathematical Apparatus of the Theory of Petri Nets

The aim of the study was to increase the speed, quantity and quality of solutions in intelligent systems aimed at solving the problem of structural–parametric synthesis of models of large discrete systems with a given behavior. As a hypothesis, it was assumed that the adapted model of an artificial neural network is able to control changes in the parameters of the functioning of the operators of the genetic algorithm directly in the process of solving the problem of intelligent structural–parametric synthesis of models of large discrete systems. To solve the problem of managing the process of intelligent search for solutions based on a genetic algorithm, an artificial neural network, which is used as an add-in, must dynamically change the “destructive” ability of operators based on data about the current and/or historical state of the population. In the article, the theory of Petri nets is used as a single mathematical device capable of modeling the work of evolutionary procedures. This mathematical tool is able to simulate the operation of a genetic algorithm adapted to solving the problem of structural–parametric synthesis of models of large discrete systems with a given behavior; simulate the operation and training of an artificial neural network; combine the genetic algorithm with a control add-in based on an artificial neural network to prevent attenuation and premature convergence; simulate the process of recognizing the state of the population; and simulate the operation of the models obtained as a result of the synthesis. As an example of the functioning of the proposed approach, the article presents the results of a computational experiment, which considers the problem of structural–parametric synthesis of computer technology based on the developed models of the element base-RS, D and T triggers that are capable of processing a given input vector into the required (reference) output. In the software implementation of the proposed approach, calculations on the CPU and CPU+GPGPU technologies were used.

Petri Nets Android application as a mobile aid for students’ mastering modelling

Building models of various processes and their further investigation has been always in focus of different specialists’ training. There are some quite well known mechanisms and tools of modelling. However, Petri nets theory has found its wide application to the real-life parallel processes modelling. Petri nets give powerful facilities for dynamic models building and enable comprehensive learning of the process peculiarities. Hence, it is important to have relevant tools which allow to apply Petri nets potential to educational practice on purpose of earning by students skills of models building and investigation. The aim of the paper is to depict the functionality of the authors’ mobile Android application “Petri Nets Tool-Kit”, and to specify facilities and examples of its using for mastering modelling by students. Developed and represented in the paper mobile application provides students with the set of tools which enables to create, edit, save their own Petri nets as well as to change their parameters, visualize changing and play various scenarios of the modelled process. The “Petri Nets Tool-Kit” also contains relevant theoretical materials and the set of ready-made Petri nets examples, which makes the application attractive for mobile learning both in classroom activity and in students’ independent work in the context of their vocational training in terms of different specialties. The proper stages of learning activity for step-by-step mastering by students the basics of modelling and simulation are disclosed. It is shown that “Petri Nets Tool-Kit” is available exactly in its portable form for Android OS, which encourages students to mobile learning and arms them with a convenient simulation tool provoking them to improve their modelling and investigative skills anywhere during the day. The prospects of the work are outlined in terms of the empirical research as for validating the impact of modelling activity in the elaborated application on the trainees’ level of modelling skills.

An Intelligent Algorithm for Decision Making System and Control of the GEMMA Guide Paradigm Using the Fuzzy Petri Nets Approach

The aim of this article is to present the fuzzy Petri net algorithm and its implementation on the Guide d’etude des modes de marche et d’arrêt (GEMMA) guide paradigm. Additionally, this article presents a brief description of the GEMMA guide paradigm, the fuzzy logic approach, the Petri nets theory, and fuzzy Petri nets. Each algorithm is intended for a specific set of transitions, depending on their essential conditions. All these algorithms generate intelligent and safe control of the GEMMA guide paradigm in order to have the best control system for the machine. Moreover, the algorithms are able to make the best decision automatically depending on the machine’s situation and condition, something that allows the machine to be placed in the appropriate mode for each situation. The results show that the different fuzzy Petri net algorithms were working properly for the GEMMA guide paradigm and provided a proper solution for the automation of production systems.

Search for Information and the Net Generation

Supporters of the Net Generation theory claim that children born after 1985 have an in-depth grasp and almost ‘intuitive’ knowledge of how to use technology, simply because they have never known a world without the Internet and technological change. This theory contradicts traditional information theory which contends that information-seeking behaviour is a complex activity that is affected by cultural, educational and social contexts. Anecdotal evidence from schools and public libraries has long suggested that while young people actively use technology, they do not use it as described by the Net generation theorists. In recent years there has been an emerging body of research on the Net Generation that largely debunks the myth of an intuitive user who is capable of using electronic resources to find information, a fact many teacher librarians have long suspected. This paper explores the initialfindings of research into the information-seeking behaviour of young adults and how they use a range of technologies and electronic resources.

ИНТЕГРАЦИЯ СРЕДСТВ АНАЛИЗА И ИСПОЛНЕНИЯ БИЗНЕС-ПРОЦЕССОВ НА ОСНОВЕ БЛОЧНОГО ПОДХОДА

Introduction: the core of modern enterprise management information systems are machines for the execution of business processes. The vast majority of them use the BPMN2 description language (for example, JBPM, Activiti, Camunda). Despite the adoption of the standard, the editors' support for BPMN is platform-oriented and has limited capabilities for transferring descriptions. To create and maintain BPMN descriptions up to date, a business analyst, in addition to editors, uses a whole set of auxiliary tools, including verification tools (for example, WoPeD) and performance analysis (Bizagi, BIMP). The attraction for identifying and updating business processes of the methodology of indepth analysis of processes (ProcessMining), which uses its own set of tools (Disco, ProM), in which BPMN support is limited. As a result, the integration of analysis tools and tools for the execution of business processes remains insufficient, which significantly slows down the implementation and updating of enterprise management systems. Purpose of the study: based on the general log processing methodology used by Process Mining, show that a block-structured approach based on process trees can be a universal formalism at all stages (reconstruction, quality analysis, analysis of time and cost parameters). Methods: theory of Petri nets, discrete mathematics, mathematical logic, theory of algorithms. Results: the scheme of integrated analysis of business processes is described. A tree dynamics model is pro" posed and implemented, which is the basis for the implementation of a business process execution machine. On the basis of the dynamics model, an algorithm for constructing the reachability graph of process tree markings is proposed. Conformity and accuracy assessment algorithms have been modified for their application with process trees. Within the framework of the methodology for the analytical assessment of the performance parameters of block business processes, a formula for estimating the completion time of a cyclic block with several revision options is obtained. An experimental study of the effectiveness of the developed solution was carried out by means of full-scale modeling of the integrated analysis scheme and the proposed methods and its comparison with industrial instruments (pm4py) according to the criteria of accuracy and compliance of the reconstruction. The experimental results obtained make it possible to speak about characteristics comparable with the known instruments. This reduces the need for external tools, making changes faster. Practical significance: the ideas presented in the work were implemented in the Onegine virtual machine developed by the authors and tested in a number of experimental design works. The results described in the work can serve as a basis for creating more effective enterprise management systems.

A system-inno-diversified approach to the development of technologies for the effective transformation of organizations of the agro-industrial complex into a digital economy

The paper examines the most important trends and concepts of the modern stage of digitalization and the end-to-end technologies offered by the “Digital Economy” program. The necessity of creating a technology of regulation by the agro-industrial complex as an important component of the modern digital economy is substantiated. The aim of the research is to develop technologies for the effective transformation of the organizations of the agro-industrial complex into a digital economy. According to the definition of the digital economy proposed in the work, it should be built as an in-diversified, self-developing system. The concept of technology for regulating the digital economy of the agro-industrial complex should be formed on the basis of a systematic approach and have a hierarchical 5-tier network structure. The possibility of implementing the structure using the mathematical apparatus of the theory of Petri nets is substantiated. It has been established that model design of technology is the most optimal, if not the only possible way to improve the structure of production systems and technological processes of organizations of the agro-industrial complex, as well as to manage its structures.