Net State Research Articles

Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies

Understanding the effects of nutrition and post-exercise nutrition on skeletal muscle protein turnover: Insights from stable isotope studies

Are oral rehydration solutions optimized for treating diarrhea?

A historical turning point occurred in the treatment of diarrhea when it was discovered that glucose could enhance intestinal sodium and water absorption. Adding glucose to salt water (oral rehydration solution, ORS) more efficiently replaced intestinal water and salt losses. Provide a novel hypothesis to explain why mainstream use of ORS has been strongly recommended, but weakly adopted. Traditional (absorptive) and novel (secretory) physiological functions of glucose in an ORS were reviewed. Small amounts of glucose can stimulate both intestinal absorption and secretion. Glucose can exacerbate a net secretory state and may aggravate pathogen-induced diarrhea, particularly for pathogens that affect glucose transport. A hypothesis is made to explain why glucose-based ORS does not appreciably reduce diarrheal stool volume and why modern food science initiatives should focus on ORS formulations that replace water and electrolytes while also reducing stool volume and duration of diarrhea.

Thai Citizens and their roles in National Security of Thailand

The objective in this study was to investigate the state of art of Thai citizens and their roles in national security of Thailand. Documentary research was employed in this study. The findings revealed that Thai citizens played a big role as both supporters and objectors for national security of Thailand due to both external and internal changes. As supporters of Thai government’s jurisdiction, good citizens must comply with IT-related laws that allowed Ministry of Digital Economy and Society (MDES) and related authorized agencies that enhanced the level of controlling on data via surface web sites. As objectors, they committed civil disobedience-oriented activities beyond Thai government’s jurisdiction via the application of privacy-based non-governmental cryptocurrency (such as Monero) and web browsers for underground web sites (such as TOR and I2P) for hiding all data of their identities and money transfer. In addition, Thai citizens were also protected by net states as citizen-user in a form of business civil disobedience.

Recurrent Sequences Play for Survival Probability of Discrete Time Risk Model

In this article we investigate a homogeneous discrete time risk model with a generalized premium income rate which can be any natural number. We derive theorems and give numerical examples for finite and ultimate time survival probability calculation for the mentioned model. Our proved statements for ultimate time survival probability calculation, at some level, are similar to the previously known statements for non-homogeneous risk models, where required initial values of survival probability for some recurrent formulas are gathered by certain limit laws. We also give a simplified proof that a ruin is almost unavoidable with a neutral net profit condition and state several conjectures on a certain type of recurrent matrices non-singularity. All the research done can be interpreted as a possibility that symmetric or asymmetric random walk (r.w.) hits (or not) the line u+κt and that possibility is directly related to the expected value of r.w. generating random variable which might be equal, above or bellow κ.

TECHNIQUE FOR EVALUATION OF HEAT LOSSES OF DISTRIBUTION HEATING NET PIPELINES USING AGGREGATED INDICATORS

Heat losses from distribution net pipelines of a centralized heating system were computationally estimated. The data were generalized. Formulas that allow evaluating the thermal state of supply and return pipelines for heating net main branches using buildings aggregated indicators were obtained as a result of the generalization. The total thermal load of the buildings connected to the heating net, the material characteristics of heat pipelines, factors that consider the peculiarities of heat transfer medium flow distribution along the heat pipeline were taken as aggregated indicators. Specific (linear) heat losses of subsurface heat pipelines in non-accessible channels were considered to be standard. Heat losses for structural elements of net pipelines were also taken into account. Idealized groups of buildings with the same thermal load were used in the calculation technique proposed. The standard ambient air temperature for the cold period and climatic conditions forKharkovwas used in the calculation. The real stepwise law for net water flow rate change along the heat pipeline was approximated using a power function. The peculiarities of heat transfer medium flow distribution along the heat pipeline was taken into account with the exponent in flow equation and the ratio of the average heat transfer medium flow of the main pipeline and the total heat transfer medium flow of its branches. Heat losses of the branches, based on the material characteristics ratio for the branches and the main pipeline, make it possible to determine heat losses of the heating net as a whole. The accuracy of applying the proposed formulas was evaluated. The imprecision between the results of the calculations using the aggregated indicators of buildings and traditional calculations method results, taking into account the actual change of flow rate and net water temperature along the heat pipeline, was compared. This imprecision does not exceed 6 %, which can be considered acceptable when assessing net thermal state at the early design stages.

Two decades of carbonate budget change on shifted coral reef assemblages: are these reefs being locked into low net budget states?

The ecology of coral reefs is rapidly shifting from historical baselines. One key-question is whether under these new, less favourable ecological conditions, coral reefs will be able to sustain key geo-ecological processes such as the capacity to accumulate carbonate structure. Here, we use data from 34 Caribbean reef sites to examine how the carbonate production, net erosion and net carbonate budgets, as well as the organisms underlying these processes, have changed over the past 15 years in the absence of further severe acute disturbances. We find that despite fundamental benthic ecological changes, these ecologically shifted coral assemblages have exhibited a modest but significant increase in their net carbonate budgets over the past 15 years. However, contrary to expectations this trend was driven by a decrease in erosion pressure, largely resulting from changes in the abundance and size-frequency distribution of parrotfishes, and not by an increase in rates of coral carbonate production. Although in the short term, the carbonate budgets seem to have benefitted marginally from reduced parrotfish erosion, the absence of these key substrate grazers, particularly of larger individuals, is unlikely to be conducive to reef recovery and will thus probably lock these reefs into low budget states.

Diversity and dynamic changes of anelloviruses in plasma following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Monitoring of alphatorquevirus (torque teno virus [TTV]) DNA in plasma may prove to be useful to assess the net state of immune competence following allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). There are scarce data published on the prevalence of beta (torque teno mini virus [TTMV]) and gammatorqueviruses (torque teno midi virus [TTMDV]) and, in particular, on the dynamics of anelloviruses in allo-HSCT patients. Twenty-five allo-HSCT recipients with available plasma specimens obtained before conditioning and after engraftment were included. Degenerated primers targeting a highly conserved genomic sequence across all anelloviruses were designed for genomic amplification and high-throughput sequencing. Co-detection of TTV, TTMV, and TTMDV both in pre-transplant and post-engraftment plasma specimens was documented in more than two-thirds of patients. The use of quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays targeting TTMV and TTMDV in addition to TTV may add value to TTV-specific PCR assays in the inference of the net state of immunosuppresion or immune competence in this clinical setting.

Developing a Framework of Regional Competitiveness Using Macro and Microeconomic Factors and Evaluating Sources of Change in Regional Competitiveness in India Using Malmquist Productivity Index

Many studies on measurement of regional competitiveness focus on outcome-based pyramidal and hat models of Lengyel (2004) and Martin (2003) respectively using revealed indicators like per capita income, labour productivity and employment rate. On the other hand, Porter’s (1990) diamond model focuses on foundational microeconomic factors of competitiveness. This study comprises of two objectives; first, to develop a new framework of extended Diamond based Pyramid of regional competitiveness by integrating the two, and second, to assess sources of change in regional competitiveness for 32 states/union territories of India. For this, Malmquist productivity index (MPI) framework has been used, treating per capita net state domestic product as output and six factors of regional competitiveness developed from first part of the study as inputs. Results show that regional competitiveness is almost singularly driven by the frontier shift component of MPI, while there is negligible contribution of efficiency change. This is interpreted as states benefitting more from better collective knowhow and resources of competitiveness provided by the economic environment in general. However, the states are not able to correct the individual inefficiencies compared to their most efficient peers.

Growth and Regional Disparities in Odisha: An Analysis in the Post-reform Period

The post-reform period has witnessed high economic growth in the net state domestic product (NSDP) of the state of Odisha. With a higher growth in income in the post-reform period, especially in the tertiary sector, the state witnessed high regional disparities among its districts in terms of per capita income (PCI). The regional disparities can be assessed by looking at the convergence/divergence in the PCI of the 30 districts of Odisha. The state has seen a sigma ( σ) divergence in the income of districts during the post-reform period, which points to an increase in income disparities among the districts. To know the sectoral effects of the income divergence, the PCI growths of the 30 districts, over the period from 1993–1994 to 2011–2012, are regressed with the initial PCI of the three sectors—primary, secondary and tertiary—of the 30 districts. The beta ( β) divergence shows a mixed result. The districts having a low PCI in the primary sector show a convergence, meaning these were growing at a faster rate and converged with the districts having a high PCI in the primary sector. On the other hand, the districts having a low tertiary sector PCI show a divergence, which means these were growing at a slower rate while districts having a high PCI in the tertiary sector were growing at a faster rate, causing a divergence altogether. The secondary sector PCI of the districts shows an insignificant result. Combining the growth in the sectors’ income and the disparities among the districts in terms of sectoral PCI shows that the growth in income, especially the tertiary sector income growth during the post-reform period in Odisha, caused income disparities among the districts. JEL: O47, N3, P24, P25

COVID 19-Induced Lockdown 2.0 and Looming Crisis across Sectors of Economy: Evidence from the Indian States

Due to the coronavirus-induced lockdown, most economic activities have come to a standstill. It assumes that lockdown with social distancing measures may lower the spread of infected cases, as it will be over-optimistic to expect the complete burnout of the virus. The present study attempts to access the loss of the country’s economy in the wake of the coronavirus-induced 50-day lockdown (40-day lockdown + 10-day preoperative period). The data on Net State Value Added (NSVA) at base price 2011-2012 by economic activity was collected from the Reserve Bank of India for five consecutive financial years. This study assumes 10-day for restoring back to the production capacity, although each sector has its own dynamics and different cycles. The autoregressive process was used for forecasting the growth rate of Gross Value Added. The study found that across Indian states, the amount of loss was most extensive in the state of Maharashtra, as against Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. Besides the manufacturing sector, the enormous burden of loss was reflected in the real estate sector, followed by ownership of dwellings and professional services. The highest per capita loss of the NSVA was found in the state of Goa, as against Delhi. The study argued that all the affected sectors likely to register negative growth in the subsequent two quarters.

Fiscal Deficit of Rajasthan: Trends, Cycles and Seasonal

The paper has explored the smooth cyclical trend,cycles and seasonal patterns of fiscal deficit in gross and in per cent of net state domestic product of Rajasthan in current prices during 1990-91-2018-19 by applying Hamilton regression filter model(2018) which was also passed through ARIMA(p,d,q) forecasting model for 2030 and was also verified by heteroscedasticity test.Both the fiscal deficits in gross and in per cent of NSDP showed many peaks and troughs in cyclical patterns but only one peak and trough were found in the smooth cyclical trends and the inverse v shaped seasonal fluctuations were visible with no heteroscedasticity problems.Their ARIMA forecast models for 2030 are convergent,significant and move towards equilibrium.

International migration remittances and economic growth in Kerala: An econometric analysis

This study examines the trend and pattern of international migration and the resulting inflow of remittances to Kerala for the period 1998–2018 and also analyzes the impact of international migration remittances on the economic growth of Kerala. It uses time series data set on Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of Kerala at constant prices as a proxy for economic growth and remittances in the form of NRI deposits. The methodology adopted in this study uses Augmented Dickey Fuller Test (ADF) for stationarity, Johansen Cointegration test followed by the vector error correction model (VECM). The result of the study reveals that there exists a unidirectional long‐run relationship between remittances and economic growth of Kerala. Also, the study confirms that remittance has a positive impact on the NSDP of Kerala in the long‐run.

Measuring malnutrition in all its forms: An update of the net state of nutrition index to track the global burden of malnutrition at country level

BackgroundThere is an urgent need for tools to better understand and measure the nutrition challenges identified in the Sustainable Development Goals. Proposed updates to the existing Net State of Nutrition Index (NeSNI) do better at highlighting the multi-dimensional nature of malnutrition (undernutrition, overweight, and micronutrient deficiencies) that can occur simultaneously within a country and allows for nations to be ranked based on complex burden of malnutrition as well as monitoring change over time for multiple issues simultaneously. MethodsNeSNI was developed in 2015 based on the six World Health Assembly (WHA) nutrition targets set in 2011, using a standard algorithm for developing a Human Development Index. We updated the original NeSNI by i) using the most recent national survey data available today, ii) developing a new variant of the original index by adding female adult overweight as a 7th indicator (NeSNI-Double Burden), and iii) exploring the value of adding pre-schooler vitamin A deficiency (VAD) as an 8th indicator to create a “NeSNI-Triple Burden” index. The aim of adding further indicators was to enhance the original index by better capturing additional important dimensions of “malnutrition in all its forms”. ResultsIn 2019, the top-ranked nations, indicating the least burden of malnutrition using the original six WHA nutrition indicators (n = 89 countries), were Uruguay, Costa Rica, and Colombia. At the bottom of these rankings were India, Pakistan, and Yemen. The greatest improvements, based on positive rank change between 2015 and 2019, were made by Kenya, Belize, and Kazakhstan. The addition of female adult overweight to the original index (NeSNI-Double Burden, n = 123), and the addition of VAD in preschool-age children (NeSNI-Triple Burden, n = 46), had a significant impact on country rankings, with Rwanda moving to 1st place in both of the new indexes. ConclusionUpdating the original NeSNI with recent data shows how countries have improved or regressed over time and compared to each other. The addition of female adult overweight and VAD in preschool-age children to the original NeSNI computation yields a more holistic assessment of country-level malnutrition in all its forms. This is manifest by shifts in relative rankings of countries depending on the addition or subtraction of elements in the index. Such analyses highlight the importance of having robust tools to measure nutrition indicators that are sensitive to need and to new data over time. Adoption of an expanded index to include female adult overweight and pre-schooler VAD allows policy makers to better tailor policies and interventions to actual and changing need, to track changes in the burden of malnutrition over time, and to measure the success of investments and programs implemented in the name of improving nutrition.

Immunosuppressive Agents and Infectious Risk in Transplantation: Managing the "Net State of Immunosuppression".

Successful solid organ transplantation reflects meticulous attention to the details of immunosuppression, balancing risks for graft rejection against risks for infection. The "net state of immune suppression" is a conceptual framework of all factors contributing to infectious risk. Assays that measure immune function in the immunosuppressed transplant recipient relative to infectious risk and allograft function are lacking. The best measures of integrated immune function may be quantitative viral loads to assess the individual's ability to control latent viral infections. Few studies address adjustment of immunosuppression during active infections; thus, confronted with infection in solid organ recipients, the management of immunosuppression is based largely on clinical experience. This review examines known measures of immune function and the immunologic effects of common immunosuppressive drugs and available studies reporting modification of drug regimens for specific infections. These data provide a conceptual framework for the management of immunosuppression during infection in organ recipients.

Atomic scale analysis of defect clustering and predictions of their concentrations in UO2+x

The physical properties of uranium dioxide vary greatly with stoichiometry. Oxidation towards hyperstoichiometric UO2 − UO2+x – might be encountered at various stages of the nuclear fuel cycle if oxidative conditions are met; the impact of stoichiometry changes upon physical properties should therefore be properly assessed to ensure safe and reliable operations. These physical properties are intimately linked to the arrangement of atomic defects in the crystalline structure. The evolution of the defect concentration with environmental parameters – oxygen partial pressure and temperature – were evaluated by means of a point defect model where the reaction energies are derived from atomic-scale simulations. To this end, various configurations and net charge states of oxygen interstitial clusters in UO2 have been calculated. Various methodologies have been tested to determine the optimum cluster configurations and a rigid lattice approach turned out to be the most useful strategy to optimize defect configuration structures. Ultimately, results from the point defect model were discussed and compared to experimental measurements of stoichiometry dependence on oxygen partial pressure and temperature.

Phenotype of immunosuppression reduction after kidney transplantation.

Immunosuppressive regimens are delivered without direct measure of the net state of immunosuppression. Besides therapeutic drug monitoring, adjustments in immunosuppressive medications are largely event-driven. We studied the clinical phenotype of immunosuppression reduction (ISR) among kidney transplant recipients from 2005 to 2012. Patients were grouped into: no ISR, ISR for infection, or ISR for intolerance. Outcome measures were rejection, rejection-free survival, and IFTA-free survival. 1114 adult kidney transplant recipients were included: 57% had no ISR, 16% had ISR for infection, and 27% had ISR for intolerance. ISR for infection was mainly on MMF, while ISR for intolerance was mainly on FK. ISR was associated with higher rates of acute rejection. The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed increased prevalence of rejection among patients with ISR due to infection (P=.003) or intolerance (P=.05). The risk of interstitial fibrosis and tubular atrophy was increased in patients with ISR due to infection (P=.001) or intolerance (P=.018). Immunosuppression reduction is associated with increased prevalence of rejection. The clinical phenotype of ISR is dominated by IFTA remote from theonset of ISR. Solely focusing on acute rejection may underestimate effects of ISR on long-term graft function and survival.

Empirical analysis of life quality based on air pollution in states of India

Rapid Urbanisation resulted in marked increase in air pollution across the states of India. With burgeoning population and vehicular congestion on roads, land use pattern is changed depleting the green cover and affecting quality of human life. This paper comprises of comparative studies on states of Karnataka, Maharashtra, West Bengal and Delhi, NCR on environmental factors, socioeconomic and demographic factors to analyse the quality of human life vis-à-vis air pollution which has cause and effect relation with associated factors. Results from Correlation and time series analysis indicates that Delhi NCR region has lowest quality of human life primarily due to higher concentration of pollutants, larger migrant population, high mortality due to pollution induced diseases, lesser green cover but higher per capita net state domestic product as compared to other states under study.

COVID- 19 and Economic Loss of First Phase of (21- Day) Lockdown in India

To curb Covid-19 spread, Prime Minister Narendra Modi has announced a 21-day nationwide lockdown on 23 March 2020. The present study makes an attempt to estimate the state-wise and economic activity-wise economic loss of 21- day lockdown in India. The data on Net State Value Added (NSVA) by economic activity was collected for five years from the Reserve Bank of India. It was found that the percentage of the daily loss of Net State Value Added (NSVA) was considerably higher for the states of Chandigarh, Delhi and Karnataka. The manufacturing sector was expected to be the highest loser, followed by real estate, ownership of dwelling and professional services. In absolute terms, the loss was prominent in Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and Karnataka. It is worth mentioning here that what could be the magnitude of the impact of a complete social and economic shutdown may not be easy to estimate, but it is likely to be far more severe.

ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF ECONOMIC GROWTH ON INEQUALITY IN INDIA

The rate of economic growth in India fluctuates with the world economic scenario. The developed countries being economically stable and highly advanced by technology, like U.S.A, France, Germany, Japan, and China faced the problem of economic crises. At the same time, the world comes to fluctuate their efficiency and empowerment to the leadership engagement in stabilizing the economy. In this paper, data taken from the Indian States as per capita income at the state level and compare it with all India average data. The Net State Domestic Product Per Capita Income (NSDPPCI), had taken on a current price for the short period 2011-2012 to 2016-2017. This paper compared the regional variation in state performance and compared the most riches states to inferior ones. The factors which affect economic performance are like stabilize the political stability in the state. We also focus comparison on the different political party announcements of the welfare scheme for the farmers and other poor people living in these states. Another factor like the level of education at states and center level, total population, and its growth rate, the public expenditure on the health sector. We measure income inequality, income distribution with the economic growth of India. KEYWORDS: Economic Growth; Inequality; Income Distribution; Political Stability.

Torque teno viral load reflects immunosuppression in paediatric kidney-transplanted patients\u2014a pilot study

BackgroundChronic deterioration of kidney graft function is related to inadequate immunosuppression (IS). A novel tool to assess the individual net state of IS in transplanted patients might be the monitoring of Torque teno virus (TTV) viral load. TTV is a non-pathogen virus detectable in almost all individuals. TTV level in the peripheral blood has been linked to the immune-competence of its host and should thus reflect IS after solid organ transplantation.MethodsTTV plasma load was quantified monthly by RT-PCR for a period of 1 year in 45 kidney-transplanted children. Post-transplant time was at least 3 months. The relation of the virus DNA levels to IS and transplant-specific clinical and laboratory parameters was analysed longitudinally.ResultsTTV DNA was detectable in 94.5% of the plasma samples. There was a significant association with the post-transplant follow-up time as well as with the type of IS regimen, with lower virus loads in patients after longer post-transplant time and mTOR inhibitor–based IS. Furthermore, a significant positive correlation with the dose of prednisolone and mycophenolate mofetil was found.ConclusionsTTV levels show an association/correlation with the strength of IS. Further studies are needed in order to evaluate TTV measurement as a tool for IS monitoring for hard clinical outcomes such as presence of donor-specific antibodies, rejections or infections—common consequences of insufficient or too intense IS.