Net Littoral Drift Research Articles

LITTORAL DRIFT GRADIENTS ON THE PORTUGUESE COASTAL SECTOR ESMORIZ‑NAZARÉ: PAST AND FUTURE TRENDS

The Northwest Portuguese coastal sector Esmoriz-Nazaré is exposed to a very energetic wave climate that promotes a net littoral drift estimated to be around 1.1x106 m3/year. This study aimed to characterize the littoral drift in the coastal sector Esmoriz-Nazaré, discussing past and future trends by applying two bulk longshore sediment transport formulas: CERC (1984) and Mil-Homens et al. (2013). Generically, the results present a longshore sediment transport variability at the study area. In spite of the differences between the considered formulas, both of them present similar trends along the coastal sector and for the past and future wave climates. In the future, mainly due to changes in the projected waves direction, the net littoral drift is expected to decrease.

Morphodynamics along a micro-tidal sea breeze dominated beach in the vicinity of coastal structures

The present study investigates the seasonal and interannual morphodynamics on a micro-tidal sea-breeze dominated tropical beach located in the northern Yucatan peninsula (México). The coastal dynamics in the study area are controlled by both local (sea-breeze) and synoptic (Central American Cold Surge; CACS) scale atmospheric events. However, the net (westward) littoral drift is dominated by more persistent sea breeze events. The field study was conducted along a 2-km stretch of sandy beach located in the vicinity of two coastal structures. One hundred beach surveys (2000 beach profiles) were undertaken between May 2015 and June 2019 on a weekly and bi-weekly basis to investigate beach morphodynamics. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis of the morphological features are used to identify the dominant modes of beach variability. The first and second spatial EOF modes explain the beach long-term trend and rotation, respectively. The first spatial mode is highly influenced by the presence of the structures for all morphological features. The second spatial mode associated to beach rotation shows accretion (erosion) eastward (westward) of the structures during spring-summer (fall-winter) months. Field observations were employed to correlate the beach response with physical parameters (i.e., water level and wave parameters). The long-term trend of the shoreline and subaerial volume show no significant correlations with the physical parameters, whereas the temporal mode of the high-water contour presents a step-like behavior which is correlated to the still water level. On the other hand, beach rotation is highly correlated to the seasonal variability of wave parameters. Field observations suggest that increase of CACS events activity and water level during El Niño 2015–2016 winter season enhanced (decreased) the beach rotation (translation), implying a high beach sensitivity to climate variability in this region.

Shoreline Change around a River Delta on the Cox’s Bazar Coast of Bangladesh

A recent erosional problem around a river delta on the Cox’s Bazar coast was analyzed in this study. The coastline extends from south to north. Rapid erosion has affected some portions of a 24-km road along the coast, and local authorities have attempted to protect the road via revetment. However, the structure was soon buried with sediment because of a growing sand spit along the river delta, and a new area was eroded. Shoreline positions for a 44-year (1972–2016) period were digitized using Landsat images. From the time stack images, we observed a sand spit growing in a northward direction from 2000 to 2015, and the adjacent erosion area extended in the same direction. We employed a numerical model (MIKE21FM SM) for the computation of wave-driven currents and sediment transport along the coast, and attempted to reproduce recent erosional processes. The numerical result shows that net littoral drift is dominant in the northward direction along the coast, which is the same direction of the spit growth observed in the satellite images. A higher amplitude spit induces higher sediment transport compared to a low amplitude spit because of the difference in local incident wave angles resulting in greater positive gradient of the longshore sediment flux distribution, causing erosion in the downcoast.

Dynamic equilibrium planform of embayed beaches: Part 2. Design procedure and engineering applications

The design of equilibrium beach systems employing beach nourishment techniques in conjunction with coastal support structures has received increased interest from coastal engineers in recent years. One such solution to remedy coastal erosion problems is to design an equilibrium pocket beach in order to stabilize the shoreline. Such coastal landforms may exist in nature in static or dynamic equilibrium states. The concept of the Static Equilibrium Planform (SEP) has received much more attention from coastal engineers than that paid to the Dynamic Equilibrium Planform (DEP). This paper presents a design procedure for embayed beaches in dynamic equilibrium which have a specific net littoral drift rate. The proposed methodology employs the net sediment transport rate passing through the bay, together with the time series of the wave climate impinging on the beach, in order to compute the angle (γd). This angle represents the difference in degrees between the direction of the mean wave energy flux at the diffraction point (θEF) and the orientation of the dynamic equilibrium beach (θDB), to be utilized in a newly derived DEP formula to predict the shoreline shape in the long term. The procedure was applied and validated using prototype bays in dynamic equilibrium with different net sediment transport rates along the Brazilian coast, producing good results. Furthermore, it was employed as a tool to investigate the influence of changes in the net annual littoral drift rate on the (DEP) shape in a case study along the Spanish coast. Taken together, these confirm its utility as a valuable tool for coastal management and engineering practice.

Dynamic equilibrium planform of embayed beaches: Part 1. A new model and its verification

Equilibrium beach formulations are useful tools for diagnosing and managing coastal engineering problems, providing solutions for beach erosion problems. Headland Bay Beaches (HBBs) can be used as equilibrium coastal systems for stabilizing coastlines and mitigating erosion problems. These embayed beaches may exist in a state of static or dynamic equilibrium. Throughout the literature, several equations can be found for obtaining the Static Equilibrium Planform (SEP) of Headland Bay Beaches (HBBs) with almost negligible net littoral drift rates. However, the formulations used to define the Dynamic Equilibrium Planform (DEP) of embayed beaches with specific net sediment transport rates are scarce, and based on a limited number of studies. This paper proposes a new derived formula for obtaining the planform shape of HBBs in dynamic equilibrium conditions. The formula represents a general form of the Parabolic Bay Shape Equation (PBSE) with modified coefficients as a function of both the wave obliquity (β) and the net littoral drift rate passing through the bay (Q). The angular difference (γd) between the direction of the mean wave energy flux at the diffraction point of the headland and the beach orientation down-coast is also incorporated in the proposed formula. The model was verified against natural HBBs in dynamic equilibrium with different net littoral drift rates along the Brazilian coast, producing good results.

Sediment transport and shoreline shifts in response to climate change at the tidal inlets of Chilika, India

The shoreline adjoining Chilika Lake, situated along India’s east coast, has multiple tidal inlets which connect the lake with Bay of Bengal. The shoreline behavior near such inlets is generally studied with the help of a suitable numerical model. Such models are run on the basis of historical data of waves and other information. However, the waves in future may show different strength and pattern than the past as a result of the climate change induced by global warming. It is thus necessary that the model input should correspond to future or projected data of wind and waves. In this work, we have used the wind information from a state-of-the-art regional climate model, CORDEX RegCM-4, of future 25 years in order to run a shoreline evolution model and have derived the longshore sediment transport rate as well as the shoreline change rate around Chilika inlets. These future values are compared with corresponding ones of the past 25 years. It is found that at the given location, mean wind might go up by 20%, and this could raise the mean significant wave height strongly by 32%. The direction and frequency of occurrence of waves would also change, and this in turn will cause an increase in the net littoral drift by 41% and net accumulated drift over the entire cross-shore width by 84%. Interestingly, the present site where accretion was prevalent in the past may see erosion in future at the rate of about 1 m per year.

Changes in the shoreline at Paradip Port, India in response to climate change

One of the popular methods to predict shoreline shifts into the future involves use of a shoreline evolution model driven by the historical wave climate. It is however understood by now that historical wave conditions might substantially change in future in response to climate change induced by the global warming. The future shoreline changes as well as sediment transport therefore need to be determined with the help of future projections of wave climate. In this work this is done at the port of Paradip situated along the east coast of India. The high resolution wind resulting from a climate modelling experiment called: CORDEX, South Asia, was used to simulate waves over two time-slices of 25years each in past and future. The wave simulations were carried out with the help of a numerical wave model. Thereafter, rates of longshore sediment transport as well as shoreline shifts were determined over past and future using a numerical shoreline model. It was found that at Paradip Port the net littoral drift per metre width of cross-shore might go up by 37% and so also the net accumulated drift over the entire cross-shore width by 71%. This could be caused by an increase in the mean significant wave height of around 32% and also by changes in the frequency and direction of waves. The intensification of waves in turn might result from an increase in the mean wind speed of around 19%. Similarly, the horizontal extent of the beach accretion and erosion at the port's southern breakwater might go up by 4m and 8m, respectively, from the current level in another 25years. This study should be useful in framing future port management strategies.

Stability of a micro-tidal inlet using semi-numerical approach

Tidal inlets get disconnected depending on the seasons due to the formation of sand bars near its mouth are termed as “seasonally open tidal inlets.” These inlets are usually small of width of about 100 m and occur in micro-tide (tidal range not exceeding 1 m). Since the east coast of India experiences a net littoral drift of up to about 0.8 Mm3/annum, which is one of the largest in magnitudes that needs to be considered in the analysis of modeling of the sand bar formation and the associated phenomena. Kondurpalem inlet situated along the South east coast of India is considered as a case study. A frequency domain wave model (STeady-state spectral WAVE) has been used to compute the nearshore wave climate. The wave-induced currents have been obtained, and the longshore sediment transport rate is obtained through empirical relations. The tidal prism is found from measured depth and tidal velocity by solving shallow water equations. The stability of the inlet is investigated by applying the criteria developed by Bruun (1986). The effect of a pair of training walls on maintaining the stability of the mouth is reassessed over the periods.

Shoreline management plan for a protected but eroding coast along the southwest coast of India

Coastal erosion is a serious problem of concern along the southwest (SW) coast of India. Various coastal protection measures have been applied for the recovery of the coast, but the devastating effect of erosion still continues. The present study focuses on a coastal stretch situated on the southern sector of the SW coast of India, where Sundar and Sannasiraj (2006) proposed a groyne field along with an existing seawall to control severe erosion. In order to confirm the net littoral drift of this region and for a preliminary assessment of the performance of the groynes prior to construction of the proposed groyne field, two groynes were initially constructed as a pilot program in 2008-09. Periodic monitoring of shoreline position with the two groynes in place was carried out during 2009-14. A shoreline evolution model for the study region was setup, calibrated, and validated using field observations during 2010-11. In addition to traditional shoreline evolution modelling procedures, a profile simulation model was applied for simulating the shoreline behaviour during extreme monsoon seasons. The validated LITPACK model has been used to evaluate the performance of the proposed groyne field in controlling erosion, and the study also considered testing a modified transitional groyne field proposed as an alternative solution to the existing problem, and the modified transitional groyne field was found to be more effective than the prior design. A beach is expected to develop about 30–50m within the groyne cells during the fair season which enhances the possibility of retaining a minimum beach width of 10m during monsoon periods.

EOF analysis of shoreline and beach slope variability at a feeder beach constructed within a groin field at Long Branch, New Jersey

The morphologic evolution of a beach nourishment project constructed in Long Branch, New Jersey, USA is investigated using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). Most applications of EOFs on beach fill projects have focused on traditional linear fills on relatively long, straight, uninterrupted coastlines. The Long Branch project was unique in that it was designed as a feeder beach and was constructed within a groin field. The method of EOF analysis is applied to help identify patterns representing distinct physical processes in data sets of shoreline position and shoreline slope at the site. The first three modes, determined from the shoreline position data set, explain more than 90% of the variation from the mean shoreline. The first and third modes represent variations of the fill's spreading as material moved to the north in the direction of the net littoral drift. Several shore-perpendicular structures interrupt the longshore transport and regulate the spreading. One of these structures is a large outfall pipe that was identified during the beach profile surveys to have a dominant influence over the shoreline evolution. The second mode identified in the shoreline data set is related to seasonal or storm impacts, and represents the transition between a reflective summer condition and a dissipative winter state. Several of the modes derived from the beach slope data set, represent processes similar to those identified in the shoreline data set. The first mode explains 43.1% of the variation in the beach slope data, and represents the seasonal transition between reflective and dissipative beach states. The second mode represents the equilibration of slopes within the beach fill and the initial spreading of the fill. Derivatives of the temporal coefficients of both the shoreline and beach slope data sets are consistent with a reduction in the rate of changes as equilibrium is approached, and an acceleration of changes during storms.

Wave Tranquility and Littoral Studies for Development of a Mini Fishing Harbour

Hydraulic model studies were carried out to optimise a layout of a fishing harbour on the west coast of India, in Kerala. A layout consisting of two breakwaters, 80 m long north breakwater and 670 m south breakwater (150 m normal to the shore and 520 m along the shore) with 100 m wide opening at the harbour entrance was initially proposed. The tranquillity conditions of proposed breakwater alignments for the formation of the fishing harbour, for the maximum prevailing wave heights approaching from different directions were investigated through a numerical model. The appropriate alignment of the breakwaters was arrived based on the numerical results. From the analysis of the wave data, the annual sediment transport rates along the considered coastal area were also estimated based on well-established methods. The studies indicated that the proposed Layout can be safely operated for about 335 days in a year. The effect of post harbour construction on the shoreline was also assessed. The annual net littoral drift was estimated to be of the order of 0.1M m3 with its direction towards north. The LITPACK studies indicated that there will be oscillatory movement of the sediment south of south breakwater. The sediment transport pattern near the adjoining drain will remain unaltered. Training walls on both the sides of the nearby drain are required to keep drain mouth open. Thus the hydraulic model studies enabled to arrive at an optimum layout of a fishing harbour with minimum dredging requirements.

Geologic Records of Net Littoral Drift, Beach Plain Development, and Paleotsunami Runup, North Sand Point, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, USA

A geologic cross-section was constructed across a narrow late Holocene beach plain in a small southwest-facing pocket beach in North Sand Point. Olympic National Park, Washington, to test hypotheses about net littoral drift, potential tectonic uplift, and paleotsunami runup height. Twenty topographic stations (0–12 m elevation NAVD88) and eight auger core sites (2–5 m depth) were examined to establish the stratigraphic development of the narrow beach plain (120 m width). Existing radiocarbon dates and new optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) analyses were used to establish the onset (∼1.5 ka) and termination (∼0.6 ka) of net beach progradation, confirming net northward littoral drift in latest Holocene time. The anomalous high elevations of the beach plain resulted from an abandoned foredune ridge (9 m elevation) developed above the prograded beach deposits (6 m elevation). No tectonic uplift is required to account for the beach plain elevations. A fine gravel layer (5–30 cm thickness) draped the top of the dune ridge at 7–9 m elevation, but it is not traced to 11–12 m elevation in the adjacent late Pleistocene terrace. The gravel layer is attributed to catastrophic marine surge deposition (10 ± 0.5 m elevation) from a nearfield or locally produced Cascadia paleotsunami at ∼1.3 ka. The short duration of the recorded beach plain progradation (about one thousand years), together with a range of OSL grain bleaching ages (11.1–2.3 ka) that pre-date the beach plain deposition, attest to prior pocket beach instabilities and/or sand recycling in the high wave-energy beaches of the northwest Olympic Peninsula coastline.

EOF ANALYSIS OF SHORELINE CHANGES FOLLOWING AN ALTERNATIVE BEACH FILL WITHIN A GROIN FIELD

The evolution of a beach nourishment project constructed in Long Branch, NJ was investigated using the method of empirical orthogonal functions (EOF). Most applications of EOFs on beach fill projects have focused on traditional linear fills on relatively long, straight, uninterrupted coastlines. The Long Branch project was somewhat unique in that it was designed as a feeder beach and was constructed within a groin field. EOFs were used to analyze shoreline positions and nearshore beach slopes at the site. The first three modes, determined from the shoreline position data set, explain more than ninety percent of the variation from the mean. Mode 1 and Mode 3 illustrate variations of the fill’s spreading as material moved in the direction of the net littoral drift, where several shore-perpendicular structures intercepted it. One of these structures was a large outfall pipe, which was shown to have a dominant influence over the shoreline evolution. The second mode was related to seasonal or storm impacts. The EOF analysis of the beach slope data also identified modes related to the spreading of the fill (Mode 2) and seasonal impacts (Mode 1). Overall, the eigenfunctions determined from both data sets reflect the morphological changes which were observed during the field surveys.

Reliability of Geomorphic Indicators of Littoral Drift: Examples from the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand

Healy, T. and de Lange, W., 2014. Reliability of geomorphic indicators of littoral drift: Examples from the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand.The net direction of littoral drift can be evaluated by multiple lines of evidence, including a range of geomorphic indicators and trends in sediment characteristics. In this article, the processes that influence the longshore transport of sediment are reviewed and assessed by the types of geomorphic indicators and sediment trends that can be expected. Various proxies for measured littoral drift are used to evaluate the littoral drift in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. Previous studies, utilising geomorphic indicators and, to a lesser extent, sediment characteristics and simple models of longshore sediment transport, developed a conceptual model of two main littoral drift systems starting at the western and eastern margins of the Bay of Plenty and converging in the vicinity of Ohiwa Harbour, an estuary enclosed by two opposing spits within the bay. Comparison of geomorphic indicators of littoral drift with the results of 30 years of monitoring and investigation demonstrate that geomorphic indicators can be misleading or misinterpreted. Overall, they do not appear to have been reliable for the Bay of Plenty, whereas sediment characteristics have performed better. The published rates of net littoral drift, and also the directions, appear to be too high and are inconsistent with observed patterns of erosion and accretion. Further, the exchange of sediment between the beach and the inner shelf has not been considered. Within the Bay of Plenty the net littoral drift magnitude and direction varies in response to changes in the wave climate associated with climatic variability, particularly the magnitude, frequency, and duration of the La Niña and El Niño extremes of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Decadal-scale fluctuations in the patterns of erosion and accretion along the Bay of Plenty coast have also been recognised. Finally, the influence of tectonic effects on geomorphic indicators of littoral drift needs further investigation.

The Northwestern Mediterranean Coast of Tunisia: Wave Processes, Shoreline Stability and Management Implications

The 10-km long coastline of the Tabarka–Berkoukech on the northwestern Mediterranean coast of Tunisian is characterized by marked morphological features, including embayments, long extensions, headlands, pocket beaches, sand dunes and sea-cliffs. The undulated nature of this coastline has permit sand, originated from three rivers, to confine between headlands, embayments, pocket beaches and the downdrift leeside of Tabarka Harbor breakwaters. Wave-related coastal processes simulated by STWAVE model together with the analysis of aerial photographs are jointly combined to evaluate degree of stability of this coastline. Analysis of aerial photographs dated 1963 and 2001 (38 years) using the Digital Shoreline Analysis System document significant beach changes in the sandy beaches. Maximum accretion occurs downdrift of Tabarak Port (3.8 meter/year), followed eastward by a minor erosion of −1.5 meter/year at El Morjene beach. The morphological characteristics of this coastline exhibit a wide range of beach dynamics resulted from interactions of waves, shoreline orientation and sediment supply. Pattern of longshore sediment transport direction has been deduced from the interplay between incident waves versus average shoreline orientation (angle of incidence). Results indicate that the W and NW waves are responsible for the generation of the sediment transport to the east throughout the year. This transport process is also accompanied with a net westerly reversals induced from the N and NE waves. Such wave reversibility, in general, generates a long-term equilibrium between the opposing east and westward sand movement within the coastline, yielding to an effective zero net littoral drift with a minimum sand loss resulting in stable beaches. Collectively, results obtained are jointly discussed in the context of sustainable management of this coastline.

Long‐term erosional hot spots in the southern Brazilian coast

The southern Brazilian coast is a sandy barrier adorned by subtle shoreline perturbations widespread in a rhythmical pattern. Previous works indicated that short‐ and long‐term shoreline changes are not alongshore uniform. They are based on coastline position monitoring, geomorphological evidences, historical cartographic documents, and aerial photography. Moreover, these studies associated the main observed erosional sites with high rates of sediment drift and energy focusing due to wave refraction. Nevertheless, the role of the highly oblique incident waves in driving shoreline changes was not considered. A recently derived sediment diffusion equation showed the possibility of coastal instability induced by incident waves with high obliqueness, as opposed to the traditional approach. Therefore, this paper applied these concepts to wave climate and performed coastal instability analysis to explain shoreline changes at an undulating littoral. Calculations showed wave climate yielding a negative instability index (−0.13) when using a 42‐month‐long time series of wave parameters obtained from a forecasting numerical model. Also, the calculated direction asymmetry on wave climate revealed a net littoral drift. Consequently, the sites between troughs and updrift flanks of shoreline undulations are expected to exhibit erosive processes. This is the case in the most conspicuous long‐term erosional hot spots at the southern Brazilian coast, which was pointed out in earlier studies. Therefore, coastal instability and littoral sediment drift analysis explained the main morphodynamic processes governing shoreline changes at the study area.

Hurricane Degradation—Barrier Development Cycles, Northeastern Gulf of Mexico: Landform Evolution and Island Chain History

Abstract Before its western sector was stranded and/or buried ca. 4.0–3.8 ka BP (3.9–3.7 ka 14C), the Mississippi–Alabama chain of regressive barrier islands extended well into present southeastern Louisiana. Westward-directed net littoral drift, ebb-deltas, and microtidal inlet bypassing were instrumental in the formation of elongated, narrow, sandy barrier platform sectors on which these islands, mostly of strandplain topography, have originally emerged. The development of sizable subtidal–intertidal berm basins, ringed by swash and foreshore berm ridges that emerged after storms, then filled by storm-mobilized sand, has aided posthurricane recovery. These processes are linked to discrete stages in aggradational barrier genesis. Increasingly frequent and destructive cyclones reduced island areas to laterally extensive subtidal barrier platform intervals. Enhanced overwash across lengthened platform sectors reduced drift volumes and consequently island progradation. Deepened ship channels facilitated san...

Sediment distribution and transport in the shallow coastal waters along the west coast of Denmark

Until recently, studies of the regional distribution of seabed sediments off the littoral zone of the Danish North Sea coast had been concentrated on the Jutland Bank area (Fig. 1; Leth 1996, 1998). Knowledge on the sedimentary conditions and processes along the entire west coast of Jutland has, however, significantly increased as a result of 2000 km of newly acquired high-resolution seismic and side-scan sonar data, supplemented by about 100 vibrocores. These data were collected by the Geological Survey of Denmark and Greenland (GEUS) during joint projects with the Danish Coastal Authority between 1998 and 2001 (Leth et al. 1999; Larsen & Leth 2001). The coastal zone off west Jutland displays a highly dynamic environment, where sediment transport is governed by strong tidal and wave-induced currents. The net wave-generated current is south going, while the coastal current has a net direction towards the north (Knudsen et al. 2002). The direction of the net littoral drift is southward from the outlet of Limfjorden to Blåvands Huk, with net erosion north of Nymindegab and aggregation to the south; the offshore part of this depositional system has recently been studied (Larsen & Leth 2001).

Influence of coastal structures on the beaches of southern Karnataka, India

Eight beaches of Dakshina Kannada and Udupi districts were regularly surveyed and monitored between 1985 and 1999 to understand morphological changes. During SW monsoon the wide summer beaches of this coast experience erosion. Eroded beaches start growing during post-monsoon period and are fully developed by April/May. These erosional and accretional trends are cyclic and annual in nature. Minimum sediment is stored on the beaches during July/August and maximum during April/May. Sediment budget estimates reveal a net gain and hence, there is an accretional trend along this coast. Wherever erosion becomes severe, construction of seawalls is taken up as a preventive measure. In fact, these structures enhance erosion or shift erosional sites towards adjacent areas or they undergo destruction. Occupation of protected beaches is an added problem. Material from cliff erosion of northern coast and that contributed by rivers of these districts are the major sources of littoral drift and beach sediments. Net littoral drift is towards south and any construction as barrier to this results in erosion on downdrift side. Three case studies conducted at Old Mangalore Port, New Mangalore Port and Kapu-Mulur areas exemplify this trend. Significant morphological changes have taken place at Old Mangalore Port area after the recent construction of breakwaters. The shoreline has prograded by about 225 m on updrift side and retreated by 165 m on downdrift side between December 1993 and July 1995.

AN INTERPRETATION OF SEDIMENT TRENDS ALONG D. K. COAST

ABSTRACT The coastal zone of Mangalore region in Dakshina Kannada (D. K.) District of Karnataka state is acquiring an ever increasing importance. To study the coastal zone for planning of navigational improvements, erosion control, land reclamation and in general coastal zone management online data is required by coastal engineers, oceanographers and sedimentologists. In the present study one such problem namely sediment movement is considered. In order to study sediment movement and influence of median grain size on the beach face slope along D.K. coast, sand samples were collected from 35 locations along coast during November 1999 and January 2000 and they have been analysed. The sediment grain size characteristics (statistical parameters) were obtained and sediment trend matrix was prepared. By using sediment trend matrix, sediment travelling paths were drawn. It has been found that during November 1999, sediments were predominantly moving towards south and during January 2000 the direction of sediments got reversed along this coast. It is seen that during this period there is no significant net littoral drift along D.K. coast.