Annual Net Revenue Research Articles

Native blue elderberry in hedgerows bridges revenue and conservation goals

Field edge hedgerows have long been promoted by UC Cooperative Extension and other organizations as a way to bring needed biodiversity to California farms. However, adoption of hedgerow planting still falls far short of available edge capacity. Our study explores a new multifunctional model of hedgerows that combines production with environmental conservation goals by considering the revenue potential of harvesting blue elderberry. Blue elderberry is a drought-tolerant native species well adapted to multiple microclimates in California and the western United States. The growth of elderberry herbal products and specialty foods markets is currently skyrocketing nationally and globally, and blue elderberry may offer a promising entry into these markets. Blue elderberry is also sought out by Indigenous people as one important component in efforts to restore cultural and food sovereignty. A field demonstration trial in the southern Sacramento Valley found that elderberry yields from 1,000-foot-long multi-species hedgerows could potentially provide from $2,000 to $3,000 in net annual revenue within 3 to 5 years, with much more possible as the hedgerows mature.

An efficient and low-cost solar-aided lignite drying power generation system based on cascade utilisation of concentrating and non-concentrating solar energy

A new solar-aided power generation system is proposed. It is based on the unique characteristics of non-concentrating and concentrating solar energy applied to lignite drying. In the new system, solar energy cascade utilisation is achieved by the two-stage solar drying of lignite. Solar irradiance, especially diffused irradiance, can be efficiently used in the new system at a relatively low cost using a non-concentrating solar collecting device. High solar energy conversion efficiency is achieved through solar-integrated lignite drying. For a 600-MW base unit, the solar energy in the new system increases electric power by 26.8 MWe; the solar-to-electricity conversion efficiency is 35.83 %. The low-cost non-concentrating solar collecting device has outstanding thermal performance. The net annual revenue of the new system is 63.45 million CNY with a solar-generated electricity cost of 0.346 CNY/kWh. The problem of solar fluctuation is resolved by dried coal storage. The new system achieves significantly better performance than the conventional system by efficiently utilising diffused solar irradiance during cloudy days.

Comparative study on flexibility enhancement of combined heat and power for wind power accommodation

Flexibility enhancement of coal-fired combined heat and power units is an essential approach for improving the wind power accommodation and a significant low-carbon way to achieve clean urban heating. To consume excess wind power, this paper proposed a novel combined heat and power system integrated with the various flexible technologies. The EBSILON software was applied for modeling the proposed thermal systems and analyzing the thermal performance under different operating conditions. On this basis, the mechanism of their heating compensation and wind power consumption was revealed and the indicator, the heating compensation capacity, was presented considering from both peak shaving and coal-savings perspectives. Compared with the conventional system, the wind power accommodation rate of the novel system had a maximum increment of 31.7% and the standard coal consumption had a maximum reduction of 14.3%. Meanwhile, by adding dynamic payback period and internal rate of return, the techno-economic performances were more reasonable and precise. The results showed that the heating compensation capacities of absorption heat pumps, low-pressure cylinder of turbine removal and thermal energy storage with extracted steam from turbine are 0.29 t/MWh, 0.26 t/MWh, and 0.25 t/MWh, respectively, which are better than that of other technologies. The net annual revenue of thermal energy storage system could reach 3.87 M$, 0.57 and 0.37 M$ higher than that of low-pressure cylinder of turbine removal and absorption heat pumps, respectively. It can be concluded that thermal energy storage can be the best to balance the peak shaving demand and techno-economic performance. In all, the proposed systems provided a promising method for the flexibilization of coal-fired combined heat and power units alongside new renewable systems.

Process integration of light hydrocarbon separation and hydrate-based desalination for efficient and practical LNG cold energy recovery

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) regasification occurs over a wide temperature range, and LNG cold energy released from regasification cannot be fully utilized in a single process. Various studies have integrated individual processes to improve LNG cold energy utilization. However, each process has different temperature requirements, and it is challenging to integrate the geographical environment. This study presents a novel LNG cold energy multi-utilization process by integrating light hydrocarbon separation (LHS) and hydrate-based desalination (HYD) for efficient and practical LNG cold energy recovery. In the proposed process, light hydrocarbons in LNG are separated from LHS, which requires cryogenic energy. The remaining LNG cold energy is then utilized for HYD, which requires an operating temperature of 1 °C. Energy, exergy, and techno-economic analyses were compared to the base case, where cold energy was only used for desalination. The results show that a more efficient energy utilization process was achieved by reducing the exergy loss by 16.47 %. High-value materials could be recovered, such as liquefied ethane and liquefied petroleum gas, high-purity methane gas, and pure water. Despite additional equipment costs attributable to LHS, the net annual revenue based on the generated products was 6.66×107 USD/yr, with a payback period of 6.66 yr.

CURRENT SCENARIO OF FISH-HORTICULTURE BASED INTEGRATED FARMING SYSTEM IN THE NORTH-WEST OF BANGLADESH: MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AND CONSTRAINTS

This research focuses on the current scenario of the Fish-Horticulture based integrated farming system (FHIFS) compared with conventional fish farming (CFF) in north west Bangladesh. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews from farmers of FHIFS and CFF. The findings reveal that fishes were cultured in polyculture systems and horticultural crops were planted in the embankment of pond. A total of 22 species of fish, 8 species of fruits and 6 species of vegetables were cultivated as integrated farming in the study area. In FHIFS the highest cultivated fish was Rui (82.76%) and the most cultivated crop was Banana (70.83%). The study also reveals that the annual hectare-1 net revenue from FHIFS was US$ 12,462.7, 2.5 times higher than CFF (US$ 4941.2). FHIFS had a higher benefit-cost ratio (BCR) of 1.70 as compared with 1.43 for CFF. The annual net revenue and BCR shows that the FHIFS is highly potential and profitable than CFF. The also findings indicate that 65.5% of the respondent experienced medium constraints. Based on the constraint facing index (CFI) the lack of proper distribution of government facilities was ranked first among all the constraints which was followed by insufficient extension services (Rank 2nd) and high cost of operation (Rank 3rd). FHIFS could be prioritized to ensure food security through proper distribution of support, minimizing operation and labor costs, and developing a community-based integrated fish farming.

Focusing on geothermal heat extraction and utilization system: Scheme optimization and coupling coordination degree analysis

The present work aims to probe the coupling mechanism of enhanced geothermal system (EGS) and power generation system (PGS), and to improve the techno-economic performance of whole geothermal system. To evaluate the overall performance of various scheme of power generation, the model of coupling coordination degree (CCD) is proposed. Furthermore, four types of EGS and three types of PGS are respectively combined to be the candidate geothermal system, and their performance are synthetically probed and compared. Eleven evaluation indexes are used to reveal the potential CCD of EGS and PGS from five aspects, including the production performance and life span of EGS, energy output, economic performance and energy conversion ability of PGS. Further, based on the grey relational theory, the major relation factors that affect the geothermal system performance are revealed. The results show that the single flash (SF) system has maximum heat supply and net revenue, double flash system has the optimal energy conversion performance and SF with organic Rankine cycle (SFORC) system has the lowest exergy loss and levelized cost of electricity. The production temperature and net exergy output of EGS have strong associations with the net generation, heat supply and exergy efficiency of PGS. The CCD between SFORC and various types of EGS is the highest, especially for the EGS with pinnate horizontal well. The optimization analysis proves that organic working fluid of R600 is the optimal choice for the ORC system. Using the recommended geothermal power scheme, the net generation per unit time is expected to 6874.9 kW, the maximum exergy efficiency reaches to 55.8 %, the LCOE can be reduced to 0.012 USD/kWh and the annual net revenue can rise up to 6.33 × 107 USD.

Peak regulation performance study of GTCC based CHP system with compressor inlet air heating method

Improving the peak regulation performance of GTCC (gas turbine combined cycle) based CHP (combined heating and power) system helps to increase the renewable energy consumption and increase the profit of the GTCC based CHP system. In this paper, the effects of different compressor inlet air temperatures on both key parameters and the thermal performance and economic performance of the GTCC based CHP system are studied and feasible operating regions of the GTCC based CHP system are obtained. Finally, taking the heating characteristic day as an example, peak regulation performances and profit change of the GTCC based CHP system are analyzed. The results show that the compressor inlet air heating method helps to enlarge the operation region of the GTCC based CHP system under the same output power. From the heating characteristic days of period 1 to period 4, the renewable energy consumptions of the GTCC based CHP system are increased by 252.15 MW, 380.17 MW, 300.8 MW and 239.96 MW, respectively. From the perspective of technical economic performance, the net annual revenue of the GTCC based CHP system is increased by 181.83 × 104 $. The dynamic payback period is 3.3 years.

Optimization analysis of energy storage application based on electricity price arbitrage and ancillary services

Energy storage is an effective way to facilitate renewable energy (RE) development. Its technical performance and economic performance are key factors for large scale applications. As battery energy storage system (BESS) is one commercially-developed energy storage technology at present, BESS is utilized to connect to RE generation. BESS couple with RE can balance the generation and load, and provide auxiliary services. Thus, the technical and economic performance of this coupling system was investigated. The coupling system generates extra revenue compared to RE-only through arbitrage considering peak-valley electricity price and ancillary services. In order to maximize the net revenues of BESS, a multi-objective three-level model for the optimal configuration of BESS was developed. The outer layer was a model for the optimal configuration of BESS, the middle layer was a multi-objective optimal model for BESS to participate in electricity price arbitrage and reserve ancillary services, and the inner layer was an optimal scheduling model that coordinated wind power, photovoltaic (PV) power and BESS. The multi-objective genetic algorithm (GA) based on the roulette method was employed to solve the optimal model. A case study was conducted, and the annual net revenues of BESS under different BESS capacities were evaluated. When the annual net revenues of BESS reach the maximum, the optimal BESS capacity is obtained. Sensitive analysis was also conducted considering different price difference, environment conditions of irradiance, wind speed. The effective trend and optimization values were calculated. The study presented a solution including methodology and values for how to determine the installation of energy storage to RE.

Design and optimization of organic Rankine cycle using different working fluids for recovering waste heat in reaction-separation process of cumene synthesis

Reaction and distillation separation processes are two indispensable operating units in the chemical industry. However, a large amount of waste heat can be produced due to the presence of the reaction and distillation processes with high-temperature nature. Thus, it is of great significance to improve the economic performances of the reaction-separation processes via recovering waste heat. In the work, the recovery of waste heat from different heat sources in the reaction and distillation processes using the organic Rankine cycle (ORC) system with different working fluids is investigated taking the cumene synthesis process as an example. First, two streams with higher temperature and larger flowrates from the reaction section and distillation section are determined as the driving heat sources, while the conceptual design of the ORC system assisted reaction-separation process is completed. And then, the operation parameters of the ORC system with two heat sources and eight working fluids including R113, R123, R245ca, R245fa, R600, R600a, R601, and R601a selected by heuristic rules are optimized, aiming to maximize the annual net economic revenues (NER) using the genetic algorithm. Following, the corresponding exergy analysis of the ORC schemes driven by two heat sources with different working fluids is performed. The results illustrate that the heat of heat sources from both reaction section and separation section should be utilized since the ORC system with mentioned eight working fluids can produce positive NER, and the stream from the reaction section is more suitable as the driving heat source of the ORC system compared to that from the distillation section due to higher temperature, greater flowrates, and the coexistence of both latent heat and sensible heat. Overall, working fluids R113 and R123 are the worthiest of consideration among mentioned eight working fluids in terms of NER produced and the thermodynamic efficiency (η) of the corresponding ORC system. However, the environmental damage factors of the working fluids R113 and R123 are not preferred compared to other working fluids. Comprehensively considering economic, environmental, and thermodynamic performances, R601 are the preferred working fluid to perform the recovery of waste heat from the cumene synthesis process using the ORC system. The corresponding NER are 17.98 × 104$/a and 1.90 × 104$/a, which are 9.78% and 5.00% lower than that of the ORC system using the most economic working fluid R113, and at least 8.44% (R601a) and 2.70% (R123) higher than that of the ORC system using other working fluids for two heat sources, respectively. The η of the ORC system with R601 as working fluid can reach 17.73% and 11.15% for two heat sources, respectively, are slightly lower than that of the ORC system using R113 (19.41%) and R123 (11.49%) as working fluids.

Design of novel seawater bittern recovery process for CO2 and SOx utilization

Considerable seawater bittern is produced during salt production. Seawater bittern can be used to reduce CO2 and SOx because of the presence of valuable mineral ions, such as K+ and Mg2+, which react with the carbonate and sulfate ions present in high concentrations. In this study, a novel seawater bittern recovery process is proposed for CO2 and SOx utilization. The proposed process has the following steps: (1) metal ion separation of the seawater bittern to produce KOH and Mg(OH)2; (2) SOx capture and utilization using the generated Mg(OH)2; (3) CO2 capture and utilization using the generated KOH. The pay-back period (PBP) was calculated to verify the economic feasibility of the proposed process. The results revealed an SOx and a CO2 capture efficiency of approximately 99 % and 98 %, respectively. Furthermore, the annual net revenue was approximately 153,439 USD/y based on the profit obtained from the generated product and savings on absorbent. Thus, the PBP was approximately 6.2 y.

Taxation of Revenues from Independent Activities Obtained by Performing Beauty/Fitness Treatments Services

Individual taxpayers who obtain revenues individually or in association by performing beauty/fitness treatments activities are obliged to be authorised in accordance with the effective legal provisions and to fulfil their filling and payment obligations. For tax purposes, the revenues obtained from these activities fall into the category of those related to independent activities. After registering to the Trade Register and obtaining the operational authorisation, taxpayers have the obligation of filling the single tax statement estimating in Chapter II their expected obtained revenues and in some cases the social contributions. In the same chapter, they exercise their option for determining the annual net revenues either according to the income tax bracket system or the earnings basis, according to the accounting data. Tax obligations for 2022 are established in the year following the income taxation, by completing and submitting Chapter I of the single tax statement for 2023. For amounts received by cash or card payments, taxpayers will have to issue a receipt, therefore to own an electronic cash register. Providing beauty/fitness treatment activities is subject to VAT.

Charge Scheduling Optimization of Plug-In Electric Vehicle in a PV Powered Grid-Connected Charging Station Based on Day-Ahead Solar Energy Forecasting in Australia

Optimal charge scheduling of electric vehicles in solar-powered charging stations based on day-ahead forecasting of solar power generation is proposed in this paper. The proposed algorithm’s major objective is to schedule EV charging based on the availability of solar PV power to minimize the total charging costs. The efficacy of the proposed algorithm is validated for a small-scale system with a capacity of 3.45 kW and a single charging point, and the annual cost analysis is carried out by modelling a 65 kWp solar-powered EV charging station The reliability and cost saving of the proposed optimal scheduling algorithm along with the integration and the solar PV system is validated for a charging station with a 65 kW solar PV system having charging points with different charging powers. A comprehensive comparison of uncontrolled charging, optimal charging without solar PV system, and optimal charging with solar PV system for different vehicles and different time slots are presented and discussed. From the results, it can be realized that the proposed charging algorithm reduces the overall charging cost from 10–20% without a PV system, and while integrating a solar PV system with the proposed charging method, a cost saving of 50–100% can be achieved. Based on the selected location, system size, and charging points, it is realized that the annual charging cost under an uncontrolled approach is AUS $28,131. On the other hand, vehicle charging becomes completely sustainable with net-zero energy consumption from the grid and net annual revenue of AUS $28,134.445 can be generated by the operator. New South Wales (NSW), Australia is selected as the location for the study. For the analysis Time-Of-Use pricing (ToUP) scheme and solar feed-in tariff of New South Wales (NSW), Australia is adopted, and the daily power generation of the PV system is computed using the real-time data on an hourly basis for the selected location. The power forecasting is carried out using an ANN-based forecast model and is developed using MATLAB and trained using the Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm. Overall, a prediction accuracy of 99.61% was achieved using the selected algorithm.

Does direct farm marketing fulfill its promises? analyzing job satisfaction among direct-market farmers in Canada

Short food supply chains have become the focus of considerable research in the last two decades. However, studies so far remain highly localized, and claims about the economic and social advantages of such channels for farmers are not backed by large-scale empirical evidence. Using a web survey of 613 direct-market farmers across Canada, this article explores the potential economic and social benefits that farmers derive from participating in short food supply chains. We used multivariate analysis to test whether a farmer’s degree of involvement in direct food channels is positively correlated with levels of work enjoyment, social satisfaction, and economic satisfaction. The results indicate that, overall, direct-market farmers report high levels of occupational satisfaction, although work-related challenges persist, such as stress, excessive workloads, and competition. Farmer participation in short food chains was also a positive predictor of work enjoyment and economic satisfaction, but not of social satisfaction, as measured by the share of total farm sales attributable to direct selling. Net annual farm revenue, the share of direct food sales involving a middleman, age, and gender also correlated with one or more dimensions of occupational satisfaction.

Assessment of Value Chain for Honey and Beeswax Initiatives in Zanzibar

Honey and beeswax production in Zanzibar become important activities in raising livelihood income for rural communities. However, it is still difficult for the production yielded from these to contribute to fighting rural poverty. This research study is geared towards analyzing the performance and efficiency of the honey and beeswax value chain and its challenges in order to disclose opportunities and synergy for reducing income poverty to beekeepers in Zanzibar. The study conducted in Zanzibar focusing both Unguja and Pemba Island, covering two districts from each Island. Descriptive research using both qualitative and quantitative data obtained from primary and secondary sources. Questionnaire was administered to 120 respondents randomly and proportionally selected from beekeepers in four districts. Focus Group Discussions, Key Informant Interviews and Field visits were also conducted. Data were analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS) versions 2016 with Excel Spread Sheet in Office 2016. The result revealed that, the major value chain activities involved were input supply, production, processing, marketing to final consumers. The actors identified were input supplier, producers, processors, traders, and consumers. The study also revealed that, majority 80.4% of beekeepers use traditional/ log hives which proved to give low yield in this study. The result also portrayed that, about 2.8% of respondents that use Langstroth hives whereas 16.0% use top bar hive It was also found that annual average yield of honey per hive types was 9.09litres from traditional/log hive, 10 liters from Top bar hives and 16.85 litres from Langstroth hives. The price of unprocessed honey ranges from TZS 20,000 to 30,000 (9 to 14 US $) per liter while processed honey is T.SH 35,000 to 40,000 (15 to 17 US$) per litre. Various challenges were identified including inadequate supply of modern hive and equipment, climate change and variability, inadequate training and extension services, deforestation and forest fire, inversion of diseases pests and predator, lack of honey processing and marketing centre as well as capital. The profitability analysis indicates that, the annual net revenue per hive is TZS 203,347(US$ 93) for traditional /log hive, TZS 227,166 (US$ 103) for Top bar hive and TZS 342,536 (US$ 156) for Langstroth hive.

Energy Recovering Using Regenerative Braking in Diesel–Electric Passenger Trains: Economical and Technical Analysis of Fuel Savings and GHG Emission Reductions

Rail transport, specifically diesel–electric trains, faces fundamental challenges in reducing fuel consumption to improve financial performance and reduce GHG emissions. One solution to improve energy efficiency is the electric brake regenerative technique. This technique was first applied on electric trains several years ago, but it is still considered to improve diesel–electric trains efficiency. Numerous parameters influence the detailed estimation of brake regenerative technique performance, which makes this process particularly difficult. This paper proposes a simplified energetic approach for a diesel–electric train with different storage systems to assess these performances. The feasibility and profitability of using a brake regenerative system depend on the quantity of energy that can be recuperated and stored during the train’s full and partial stop. Based on a simplified energetic calculation and cost estimation, we present a comprehensive and realistic calculation to evaluate ROI, net annual revenues, and GHG emission reduction. The feasibility of the solution is studied for different train journeys, and the most significant parameters affecting the impact of using this technique are identified. In addition, we study the influence of electric storage devices and low temperatures. The proposed method is validated using experimental results available in the literature showing that this technique resulted in annual energy savings of 3400 MWh for 34 trains, worth USD 425,000 in fuel savings.

The Taxation Revenue from Independent Activities Obtained from Exercising the Expert Accountant Profession

The article discusses a series of theoretical and practical aspects regarding the taxation of revenues from independent activities obtained from exercising the expert accountant profession. These taxpayers have the obligation to estimate the annual net revenue for the current year in order to determine the estimated annual tax and the social contributions in certain circumstances. They will have to submit the single tax return to the competent tax authority within the legal timeframe stated by the Fiscal Code. Next year taxpayers submit the single tax return until 25th of May and declare the actual revenues obtained in the current year in Chapter I, with the purpose of establishing the tax for the current year.

The value of vehicle-to-grid in a decarbonizing California grid

Vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology could increase electric vehicle (EV) revenues and grid flexibility. Prior analyses have quantified potential V2G revenues, but each has ignored at least one of four factors that could drive future V2G revenues: future grid changes, large EV numbers, V2G interactions with electricity prices, and V2G operational responses to shifts in electricity prices. Our innovation is the capture of all four factors to quantify net revenues of a fleet of V2G-enabled EVs in California through 2030 by co-simulating optimization models for V2G and power system operations. We find V2G-enabled EVs generate an average of $32-$48 more annual net revenues than smart-charging EVs. Declining electricity prices through 2030 due to decarbonization and V2G participation decreases V2G revenues, and ignoring fleet-wide V2G participation significantly overestimates V2G annual net revenues. Overall, these results indicate V2G revenues could be modest and decrease in the future, underscoring the value of our co-optimization framework.

Performance analysis and capacity optimization of a solar aided coal-fired combined heat and power system

Solar aided (coal-fired) combined heat and power (SACHP) system can realize the heat-power decoupling and maximize the utilization of renewable energy over the normal CHP system. The problems regarding the operation strategy and capacity optimization of such a SACHP system during the design process are addressed in this study. According to different heat and power demands, different operation strategies are proposed. A 330 MWe SACHP system with a 50 MWe wind farm attached is studied. Daily and annual performances are evaluated in terms of wind power accommodation, standard coal consumption (SCC), solar-to-power efficiency, and economic performance. Results show that compared with the 330 MWe CHP system, the SACHP system can increase wind power consumption (202.69 MWh) and reduce SCC (80.23t) during a heating season day. During a non-heating season day, the solar-to-power efficiency of the SACHP system reaches 21.18%. Besides, the solar field area and the thermal energy storage (TES) capacity have been optimized based on the enumeration method for maximizing the net annual revenue. The result indicates that when the TES capacity and the solar field area are 2 h and 21.48 × 104 m2, respectively, the SACHP system has the highest net annual revenue of 1.83 M$.

PREDICTION OF STOCKS USING MACHINE LEARNING METHODS

Retail trade or retail is a sale of certain goods to the end consumer or intermediary for further sale, which is implemented through trade in specially equipped premises, through personal sales, etc. Also, retail trade is a commodity exchange process aimed at meeting the demand of customers. In addition, the retail sector currently occupies a leading position in terms of the intensity of development of the CIS countries economy. Excellent indicators have been achieved and many companies have reached a new level of trading. By about 2005, more than a dozen major retail chains had passed the billion-dollar milestone in terms of annual net revenue, and this is in dollars. The turnover of individual stores and retail facilities competed with some industrial enterprises with solid turnover and production bases. Thus, we can claim that the sphere of trade affects the growth and development of related industries. The product promotion chain involves the participation of customers and their demand, as well as other participants in the process. Moreover, the development of trade requires sellers to pay more and more attention to working with the product range and inventory balances. Working with inventory and product balances is a main issue for many retailers. And the many companies needed to make sure that there is a sufficient quantity of goods in the warehouse. Another point is that, exclude overstocking, because this is also one of the problems of retailers with a high degree of accuracy is required to make decisions. To sum up, making decisions in inventory management directly affects sales volumes, logistics costs, revenue, profit, and profitability. Inventory prediction is a necessary task to maintain an optimal level of inventory. I would like to note that the goal of the project / dissertation is to solve this problem using modern prediction methods based on machine learning technologies. The result is that in this way it is quite possible to analyze the dynamics of sales(consumer demand) thousands or even more products.

Crop diversification practice faces a tradeoff between increasing productivity and reducing carbon footprints

Increasing crop biodiversity often increases agro-ecosystem services, however, the effects of crop biodiversity on crop yield and environmental benefits are still unclear. Thus, we conducted a 4-yr field experiment in northeastern China including continuous maize (CM), continuous soybean (CS), maize and soybean rotation (M-S), and maize and soybean intercropping (M/S) to evaluate the crop productivity, economic returns, carbon footprint (CF) and carbon sustainability index (CSI) among the cropping system regimes. Compared with CM treatment, M-S and M/S achieved lower energy yield (EY) and maize equivalent economic yield (MEEY), but higher economic returns. The mean annual net revenue of M-S treatment was 7.2% higher, and the mean annual benefit: cost ratio of M-S and M/S treatments were 12.0% and 8.8% higher than those of CM treatment. Based on the life cycle assessment (LCA), lower CFs were observed in the M-S and M/S systems. The CF per unit of area (CFA) of M-S and M/S treatments was 21.4% and 51.3% lower than that of the CM treatment, respectively. The CF per kg of energy yield (CFEY) of M/S treatment was 35.4% lower, compared with that of the CM treatment. The CF per kg of maize equivalent economic yield (CFMEEY) under M/S treatment was 44.0% lower, than that of the CM treatment. Moreover, CF per unit of economic output (CFE) of M/S treatment was 45.0% lower than that of the CM treatment. The highest CSI was observed in M-S treatment, and it was 61.4% higher than that of CM treatment. Our findings indicate that diversified crop practice (e.g. maize-soybean intercropping and rotation systems) could achieve lesser carbon footprint and higher profitability, however, might compromise grain or energy yield.