Nephrotoxicity In Male Rats Research Articles

Silibinin-loaded Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) Ameliorated Lead-induced Acute Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats.

As a toxic heavy metal, lead (Pb) is well known for impairment of renal function due to oxidative injuries. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of silibinin has been approved. Given the role of silibinin antioxidant activity, the present study investigated the effectiveness of silibinin-loaded nanostructured lipid carriers (Sili-NLCs) against Pb-induced acute nephrotoxicity in rats. The emulsification-solvent evaporation method was applied to prepare Sili-NLCs. Sixty male Wistar rats were divided into ten separate groups. Pb (20 mg/kg/day, i.p.) was applied to induce nephrotoxicity and in the treatment groups animals received the same concentration of silibinin and Sili-NLCs (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg/day, p.o.) for five days. After sacrificing rats, kidney tissue samples were collected to assess the oxidative stress parameters, including lipid peroxidation (LPO), nitric oxide (NO), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity. Also, histopathological examination using Hematoxylin-Eosin (H&E) was studied. Not only did Pb injection significantly increase the renal levels of LPO and NO, but also decreased the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity. On the other hand, Sili-NLCs were more effective than silibinin in decreasing renal oxidative damage by increasing the antioxidant defense system. Moreover, the histopathological examination correlated well with biochemical findings. Our data suggested that Sili-NLCs are potentially superior to pure silibinin for attenuating Pb-induced acute nephrotoxicity.

Effectiveness of setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats

BackgroundGentamicin (GEN) can have serious adverse effects including nephrotoxicity. Setarud (IMOD™) is a new herbal drug with beneficial immune effects, obtained by mixing Tanacetum vulgare (tansy), Rosa canina and Urtica dioica (nettle) extracts as well as selenium, flavonoids and carotenes. This novel study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Setarud (IMOD™) in attenuating GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Twenty-eight adult male Sprague Dawley rats (weighing 180–200 g) were randomly divided into four groups (7 rats in each group): Control, IMOD treated (20 mg/kg body weight), GEN treated (100 mg/kg body weight), and GEN + IMOD co-treated. Injections were done intraperitoneally for 12 days. Serum urea, creatinine (Cr), Cr clearance, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH) level, and activities of antioxidant enzymes Peroxidase (POD), Catalase (CAT), and Glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were measured by the colorimetric method. Volume density of proximal convoluted tubule (PCT), tubular necrosis, tubular cast formation, and leukocytic infiltration were evaluated histopathologically.ResultsIn the GEN group, there were significantly higher serum urea, Cr, and MDA levels with lower Cr clearance, GSH levels, POD, GPx and CAT activities, and PCT volume density with presence of tubular necrosis compared to the control and IMOD groups (P < 0.05). Treatment with IMOD significantly reduced the levels of urea, Cr and MDA, and increased Cr clearance and the activities of POD and CAT enzymes (P < 0.05). No significant differences in the activity of GSH and GPx were reported in the GEN + IMOD co-treated group compared to the GEN group. Moreover, IMOD significantly ameliorated PCT volume density and renal lesions caused by GEN.ConclusionIMOD (20 mg/kg body weight) can attenuate GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats by inhibition of oxidative stress or increasing the normal activity of antioxidant enzymes. Further studies are recommended on the effects of different doses of IMOD.

Elecampane rhizome extract alleviates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male rats

Elecampane rhizome extract alleviates methotrexate-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male rats

Silymarin and Vanillic Acid Silver Nanoparticles Alleviate the Carbon Tetrachloride-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats

Natural copolymer (e.g., chitosan-loaded) and synthetic (e.g., silver nitrate-loaded) nanopolymers have many medical applications in drug delivery research for enhancing the effectuality of traditional medicine. This study aimed to investigate the potential protective activity of vanillic acid, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) of vanillic acid, and silymarin against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Rats were divided into five groups; the first group (G1) was a negative control, and the other rats were treated intraperitoneally with CCl4 to induce kidney toxicity twice weekly, and then divided into four groups, G2 was a positive control and left without treatment, the third group was treated with vanillic acid, the fourth (G4) was treated with vanillic acid-AgNPs, and the fifth (G5) was treated with silymarin. In G2, renal function indices (urea, creatinine, and uric acid) showed elevated levels indicating renal toxicity. Na, K, and Ca ions were decreased, whereas Cl− was increased. Antioxidants (glutathione S-transferase, glutathione reduced, total antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) were decreased, whereas lipid peroxidation was increased in the kidney tissue homogenate. IL1 was increased, whereas CYP-450 was decreased. In the treated group, all biochemical and renal tissue texture were alleviated as a result of treatment with vanillic acid in G3, vanillic acid AgNPs in G4, and silymarin in G5. Vanillic acid AgNPs and silymarin treatment in G4 and G5, respectively, were more efficient than vanillic acid in G5 in protecting the kidneys against CCl4-induced nephrotoxicity.

Morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical study on the ameliorative effect of gallic acid against bisphenol A-induced nephrotoxicity in male albino rats

This study aimed to determine the effect of gallic acid (GA) on ameliorating bisphenol A (BPA) nephrotoxicity in male rat kidneys. Forty rats were assigned randomly into two groups: control (ten animals) and BPA (40 mg/kg bwt) (thirty animals), the second group was divided into three subgroups: BPA alone, BPA + G50 (50 mg/kg bwt), and BPA + G200 (200 mg/kg bwt). The biochemical analysis included measurements of the contents of nitric oxide, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, and cytokines (interleukin-1α and interleukin-6) in the kidney. The antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were also measured in the kidney. Kidney function was assessed by determining uric acid, urea, and creatinine levels. The morphological investigations included hematoxylin and eosin staining for assessing the general histology and determining the glomerular and corpuscular areas, the tubular cell degeneration mean area, and the mean leukocyte infiltration area. Also, collagen fiber intensity and polysaccharide content were analyzed. Furthermore, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and ultrastructural studies were carried out. The results revealed morphological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical alterations in the kidney. Most of these changes showed a satisfactory improvement of kidney damage when BPA-administered rats were treated with GA at both doses. In conclusion, GA exhibited a strong protective effect against BPA-induced nephrotoxicity.

Toxicological effects of thimerosal on rat kidney: a histological and biochemical study.

Thimerosal is an organomercurial compound, which is used in the preparation of intramuscular immunoglobulin, antivenoms, tattoo inks, skin test antigens, nasal products, ophthalmic drops, and vaccines as a preservative. In most of animal species and humans, the kidney is one of the main sites for mercurial compounds deposition and target organs for toxicity. So, the current research was intended to assess the thimerosal induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Twenty-four adult male albino rats were categorized into four groups. The first group was a control group. Rats of Group-II, Group-III, and Group-IV were administered with 0.5µg/kg, 10µg/kg, and 50µg/kg of thimerosal once a day, respectively. Thimerosal administration significantly decreased the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione (GSH), and protein content while increased the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels dose-dependently. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, urobilinogen, urinary proteins, kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) levels were substantially increased. In contrast, urinary albumin and creatinine clearance was reduced dose-dependently in thimerosal treated groups. The results demonstrated that thimerosal significantly increased the inflammation indicators including nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activities, DNA and histopathological damages dose-dependently. So, the present findings ascertained that thimerosal exerted nephrotoxicity in male albino rats.

Pentoxifylline and berberine mitigate diclofenac-induced acute nephrotoxicity in male rats via modulation of inflammation and oxidative stress

Nephrotoxicity (NT) is a renal-specific situation caused by different toxins and drugs like non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). NSAIDs like diclofenac (DCF) lead to glomerular dysfunction. Pentoxifylline (PTX) and berberine (BER) have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, the objective of the present study was to investigate the ameliorative effect of PTX, BER and their combination against DCF-mediated acute NT. Induction of acute NT was done via DCF injection (150mg/kg I.P, for 6 days) in rats. PTX 200mg/kg, BER 200mg/kg and their combination were administrated for 6 days prior to DCF injection and concurrently with DCF for additional 6 days. Acute NT was evaluated biochemically and histopathologically by measuring blood urea (BU), serum creatinine (SCr), kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1), integrin (ITG), and vitronectin (VTN), interleukin (IL)-18, Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) with the scoring of histopathological alterations. PTX, BER and their combination significantly (P<0.05) attenuated biochemical and histopathological changes in DCF-mediated acute NT by amelioration of BU, SCr, KIM-1, ITG, VTN, IL-18, NGAL, GFR, SOD, GSH, MDA and scoring of histopathological alterations. The combined effects of PTX and BER produced more significant effects (P<0.05) than either PTX or BER when used alone against DCF-induced acute NT. In conclusion, BER and BTX were found to have potential renoprotective effects against DCF-induced NT in rats by inhibiting inflammatory reactions and oxidative stress.

Protective Effects of N-acetylcysteine Niosome Nanoparticles on Paraquatinduced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats.

Paraquat (PQ), as a bipyridyl compound, is widely used as an effective herbicide that produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), affecting the unsaturated lipids of cell membranes leading to cell mortality. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a medication that has a beneficial role in reducing the intoxication of kidneys caused by PQ. Niosomes are bilayer vesicles that enhance the bioavailability of drugs. This study aimed to compare the effects of NAC and niosome of NAC (NACNPs) on PQ-induced kidney toxicity concerning its antioxidant activity. In this experimental study, after formulating NACNP, 30 Wistar male rats weighing 180 to 250 gm were classified into five groups: the control group was treated with normal saline, while the other four groups received 35mg/kg/day of PQ via intraperitoneal route and, was treated with 25mg/kg/day NAC, 25mg/kg/day niosome and 25 mg/kg/day NACNP by gavage, Then, oxidative stress biomarkers such as total antioxidant capacity (TAC), catalase activity (CAT), lipid peroxidation (LPO), and total thiol group (TTG), plus blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels were evaluated in kidney tissue homogenate and examined histopathologically. The results revealed that TTG increased significantly in NAC & NACNP groups than in the PQ group. Further, in the PQ group, LPO increased significantly compared with the control, NAC, and NACNP groups, while in the NAC and NACNP group, LPO diminished compared with the PQ group. There was no significant difference in TAC between groups. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels dropped in NACNP compared with the PQ group and the NAC. Histological studies also approved PQ-induced damage and the protective effect of NACNP. The results indicated that NACNP could modulate oxidative stress status and kidney function against PQ toxicity.

Ameliorative Effect of Eruca sativa Seeds and Its Rutin on Gentamicin‑Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats via Targeting Inflammatory Status, Oxidative Stress and Kidney Injury Molecule-1 (KIM-1)/Cystatin C Expression

BACKGROUND: Nephrotoxicity of Gentamicin (GM), an important aminoglycoside, is still a serious issue in clinical use. Therefore, natural products are currently being used as an alternate source of medicinal substances by researchers all over the world for new medication molecules. Eruca sativa shows several health benefits that appear to be associated with the content of flavonoids. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of E. sativa seed extract (ESE) and its active flavenol rutin (RUT) in GM-induced nephrotoxicity in adult male rats. METHODS: The animals were divided into 10 groups: a control group, a groups administered 150 mg/kg body weight (BW) of ESE, a group administered 300 mg/kg BW of ESE, a group administered with 50 mg/kg BW of RUT, a group administered with 100 mg/kg BW of RUT, a GM-nephrotoxic group, and four GM-nephrotoxic groups treated with the same doses of ESE and RUT as previous groups. The treatments were given orally for 4 weeks. Following the treatments animals in all groups were sacrificed. The blood samples were drawn, and the kidney tissue samples were collected for further analysis.RESULTS: ESE alleviated the nephrotoxic effects of GM as it decreased the serum levels of creatinine, urea, Na+, K+, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Moreover, ESE was linked with kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and Cystatin C mRNA downregulation. Although treatment with pure RUT induced the same modulation of ESE in GM- nephrotoxic rats, pure RUT was more effective than ESE in the modulation of oxidative kidney injury.CONCLUSION: The present study revealed the health-promoting effects of ESE or RUT in the attenuation of GM-induced nephrotoxicity.KEYWORDS: nephrotoxicity, gentamicin, Eruca sativa, rutin, inflammation, KIM-1/cystatin C expression

Beetroot Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Preventing Cisplatin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats

Nephrotoxicity is the most prevalent side effect of the anticancer drug cisplatin (Cis). This study aimed to assess the influence of beetroot (Br) or/ and BM-MSCs on cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. Fifty adult male rats were separated to, Group 1: control. Group 2: Received Cis (7mg/kg b.wt.) once a week for two weeks. Group 3: Rats were given Cis then Br (500m/kg b.wt) daily for four weeks. Group 4: Rats received Cis then injected with a total dose of BM-MSCs (1×106 cell). Group 5: Rats received both Br and BM-MSCs after Cis administration. The results confirmed that Cis raised creatinine, UA, BUN, urea, and MDA while decreasing GSH and catalase. Anti-apoptotic BCL2, EGF, and VEGF levels were reduced. Multiple damages were discovered during the histopathological and histochemical studies of renal tissue. TUNEL and TNF-α expression increased, but PCNA and IL-10 expression decreased in the immunohistochemical investigation. BR or/and BM-MSCs treatment improved biochemical studies in renal tissue besides histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical studies. The present findings suggested that BR and BM-MSCs significantly impact the kidney's architecture and functional performance.

Mitochondrial Protective Role of Curcumin in Sodium Valproate-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats

Sodium valproate, a medicine for epilepsy and other neuropsychiatric disorders, damages kidney tissue, especially its mitochondria. Thus, the current research was aimed at evaluating the potential of curcumin against the sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity. Animals utilized in this research were categorized into six groups including the first group as control, the second as valproate (500mg/kg), the third, fourth, and fifth groups as rats treated with a combination of valproate and curcumin (25 up to 100 mg/kg), and the sixth group only was administrated with curcumin (100 mg/kg). All the treatments were performed for six consecutive weeks. The results indicated that the function and swelling significantly increased while membrane potential decreased in kidney mitochondria by using 100 mg kg-1 curcumin. Moreover, the protein carbonyl and malondialdehyde significantly decreased in kidney tissue, whereas glutathione slightly increased after curcumin treatment. Taken together, our findings for the first time suggested that curcumin confers mitochondrial protection against sodium valproate-induced nephrotoxicity and can be used to antagonize sodium valproate nephrotoxicity. Keywords: Curcumin; Kidney; Mitochondria; Nephrotoxicity.

Protective prospects of eco-friendly synthesized selenium nanoparticles using Moringa oleifera or Moringa oleifera leaf extract against melamine induced nephrotoxicity in male rats

Nanotechnology is used in a wide range of applications, including medical therapies that precisely target disease prevention and treatment. The current study aimed firstly, to synthesize selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) in an eco-friendly manner using Moringa oleifera leaf extract (MOLE). Secondly, to compare the protective effects of green-synthesized MOLE-SeNPs conjugate and MOLE ethanolic extract as remedies for melamine (MEL) induced nephrotoxicity in male rats. One hundred and five male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into seven groups (n = 15), including 1st control, 2nd MOLE (800 mg/kg BW), 3rd SeNPs (0.5 mg/kg BW), 4th MOLE-SeNPs (200 μg/kg BW), 5th MEL (700 mg/kg BW), 6th MEL+MOLE, and 7th MEL+MOLE SeNPs. All groups were orally gavaged day after day for 28 days. SeNPs and the colloidal SeNPs were characterized by TEM, SEM, and DLS particle size. SeNPs showed an absorption peak at a wavelength of 530 nm, spherical shape, and an average size between 3.2 and 20 nm. Colloidal SeNPs absorption spectra were recorded between 400 and 700 nm with an average size of 3.3−17 nm. MEL-induced nephropathic alterations represented by a significant increase in serum creatinine, urea, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), renal TNFα, oxidative stress-related indices, and altered the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes Bax, Caspase-3, Bcl2, Fas, and FasL. MEL-induced array of nephrotoxic morphological changes, and up-regulated immune-expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and proliferation-associated nuclear antigen Ki–67. Administration of MOLE or MOLE-SeNPs significantly reversed MEL-induced renal function impairments, oxidative stress, histological alterations, modulation in the relative mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, and the immune-expression of renal PCNA and Ki-67. Conclusively, the green-synthesized MOLE-SeNPs and MOLE display nephron-protective properties against MEL-induced murine nephropathy. This study is the first to report these effects which were more pronounced in the MOLE group than the green biosynthesized MOLE-SeNPs conjugate group.

Nephrotoxic Potential of the Three Dichlorobenzene Isomers in Isolated Kidney Cells from Male Fischer 344 Rats

Dichlorobenzenes (DCBs) are commonly used as chemical intermediates in the manufacture of a wide range of agricultural, industrial and pharmaceutical products. Previous studies have shown that 1,4-DCB can induce nephrotoxicity in male rats characterized as α2u-globulin nephropathy. Initially, 1,4-DCB binds to α2u-globulin at extra-renal sites. The 1,4-DCB-protein complex then accumulates in kidney and causes protein droplet formation, ultimately leading to cell death and/or eventually tumor formation. The purpose of this study was to explore the direct cytotoxic effects of the three DCB isomers in isolated kidney cells (IKCs) from male Fischer 344 rats. IKCs (~4 million/ml, 3 ml) were incubated with a DCB (0.25-1.0 mM) or dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, vehicle) for 30 or 60 min with shaking at 37oC under a 95% oxygen/5% carbon dioxide atmosphere. Cytotoxicity was determined by measuring lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. In separate experiments, IKCs were pretreated with an antioxidant (ascorbate, 1.0 mM; N-acetyl-L-cysteine, 2.0 mM; glutathione, 1.0 mM) prior to the addition of 1,4-DCB (0.5 mM) and followed by a 60 min co-incubation. 1,4-DCB increased LDH release at all times and concentrations tested. 1,3-DCB increased LDH release at 0.5 mM or greater at both time points, while 1,2-DCB only increased LDH release at 0.5 mM or greater at 60 min. Thus, the order of decreasing nephrotoxic potential was 1,4-DCB > 1,3- DCB > 1,2-DCB. Pretreatment with any of the antioxidants tested attenuated 1,4-DCB nephrotoxicity. These results indicate that DCBs can induce nephrotoxicity in vitro without the presence of extra-renal α2u-globulin, 1,4-DCB is the most potent nephrotoxicant among the three DCB isomers in IKCs, and free radicals play a role in DCB nephrotoxicity.

Therapeutic efficacy of protein compound extraction fromMetapenaeusaffinisagainst glucosamine sulphate-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats

Therapeutic efficacy of protein compound extraction fromMetapenaeusaffinisagainst glucosamine sulphate-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats

The protective effects of Terminalia laxiflora extract on hepato-nephrotoxicity induced by fipronil in male rats.

The present study was led to investigate the defensive role of Terminalia laxiflora extract (TLE) on fipronil (FPN) induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in male rats. Rats were administered with TLE (100mg/kg) against the renal toxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by administration of FPN (10.5mg/kg) for 30days. At the end of the experimental period, the serum, liver, and kidneys were harvested and assessed for subsequent analysis. FPN administration to rats resulted in a significant elevation of serum transaminases, urea, and creatinine. Also, FPN-treated groups exhibited a marked reduction in total protein and albumin levels. Compared with the control group, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was elevated in groups treated with FPN, whereas superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) activities, and glutathione levels were distinctly reduced in this group. Significant increases in genomic DNA fragmentation and the expression level of the caspase-3 gene were also recorded. The biochemical result was supported by histopathological findings. Co-administration of TLE along with FPN significantly diminished the liver and kidney function tests decreased the level of lipid peroxidation, and enhanced all the antioxidant enzymes, while also diminishing the expression of caspase-3 and DNA laddering, indicating amelioration of DNA damage. These results indicate that TLE plays a vital role in diminishing FPN-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity.

Physiological and histopathological study on the influence of Ocimum basilicum leaves extract on thioacetamide-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats

Kidney disease is a worldwide public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. Globally, many risk factors for kidney disease progression have been identified. The global prevalence of acute and chronic forms of kidney disease is rising continuously. Nephrotoxicity is defined as rapid dysfunction of kidney due to toxic influence of medications and chemicals. Nephroprotective agents are material that has potential to minimize the effects of nephrotoxic agents. Plants have been shown to be potential therapeutic agents to protect against nephrotoxicity. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the nephroprotective effect of basil leaves extract against thioacetamide (TAA) in male rats. Experimental male rats were divided into four groups. Rats of the first group were served as controls. Rats of the second group were exposed to TAA. Rats of the third group were treated with basil leaves extract and TAA. Rats of the fourth group were treated with basil leaves extract. After the end of experimental duration (6 Weeks), rats of the second group showed significantly increases of serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen and uric acid levels, while the levels of serum superoxide dismutase and glutathione were significantly decreased. Histopathologically, renal sections from rats treated with only TAA showed several alterations in the structure of most renal corpuscles including a degeneration of glomeruli and Bowman's capsules. Treatment with basil leaves extract improved the observed biochemical and histopathological changes induced by TAA intoxication. These new findings indicate that the extract of basil leaves represent protective roles on biochemical and histopathological changes induced by TAA toxicity due to its antioxidant activities.

Protective effects of barley and wheat grasses on nephrotoxicity in rats and some biochemical parameters induced by tramadol

The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective effects of barley and wheat grasses against tramadol induced nephrotoxicity, biochemical changes as well as oxidative stress in adult male albino rats. A total of thirty male albino rats (150-200g) were divided into two main groups, The first main group was fed on basal diet and administrated distilled water orally for 30 days and kept as normal (-ve) control. The second main group was fed on basal diet and administrated tramadol (30mg/kg/day) orally for 30 days to induce nephrotoxicity in male rats. After that, the rats in the second main group (25 rats ) were divided into five subgroups (each group consisted of 5 rats). Sub1; received tramadol and kept as tramadol group, Sub2; received tramadol + barley grass (250mg/kg/day), Sub3; received tramadol + barley grass (500mg/kg/day), Sub4; received tramadol + wheat grass (250mg/kg/day) and Sub5; received tramadol + wheat grass (500mg/kg/day) orally for 30 days. Biological evaluation including FI, BWG % and FER was carried. (Relative kidneys weight were calculated). Serum was taken out from blood and assessed for creatinine , urea, uric acid, total protein, albumin, globulin, malondialdehyde (MDA) , nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). Kidneys were removed, weighed and also evaluated for malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) in its tissues. In conclusion, the study showed that administration of barley and wheat grasses at high doses (500mg/kg/day) with tramadol improved the nephrotoxicity, the biochemical changes and antioxidant enzymes in both of serum and kidneys tissues might be due to the possible antioxidant content.

The protective effects of Ocimum basilicum extract against gentamicin-induced nephrotoxicity in male rats; an anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative and antiapoptotic action

Introduction: Some studies are in favor of protective and anti-inflammatory effects of Ocimum basilicum (OB) against renal failure. Objectives: The aim of this study was to explore the protective effects of OB extract against gentamicin (GM)-induced nephrotoxicity in male rat models of acute kidney injury. Materials and Methods: Twenty-seven adult male Wistar rats with the weight of 200-250 g were prepared under standard condition (12 h light/dark cycle, 20 to 22°C temperature). In the gentamicin group (GM), the rats were administrated normal saline (5 mL/kg; oral) for four consecutive weeks and then GM (80 mg/kg/d; intraperitoneal) for another one week. In the third (OB-200+ GM) and fourth (OB-800+ GM) groups, the rats were initially treated with OB extract (200 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg respectively; oral) for four consecutive weeks followed by intraperitoneal administration of 80 mg/kg/d GM for another one week. The control group was treated with normal saline (5 mL/kg; oral) for five consecutive weeks. They were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, then plasma and tissue samples were obtained. Results: Treatment with OB hydro-alcoholic extract decreased BUN, serum Cr, FeNa and the levels of TNF-a and NF-kB and also diminished the rate of apoptosis in renal tubular cells compared to gentamicin group. Conclusion: Our findings provide comprehensive evidence supporting the beneficial role of OB, a traditional medicinal herb, as a potential therapeutic supplement to prevent the incidence and progression of renal impairment in GM-induced renal toxicity.

Effects of Lipidium sativum seeds extract (Garden cress) on the kidney in sodium nitrite receiving rats

This study was carried out to investigate the modulating effect of Lipidium sativum (LS) seeds aqueous extract consumption against sodium nitrite (SN) that induced the nephrotoxicity in male rats. Rats were divided into four groups. Group 1 (control): without any treatment; group 2: injected with a single dose of SN (50 mg/kg body weight) 24 h prior to decapitation intraperitoneally (i.p.); group 3: given orally 300 mg/kg body weight of LS for four weeks; group 4: treated orally with LS for four weeks, then injected with a single dose of SN, at 24 h prior to decapitation (i.p.) with the same doses. The results showed that, the treatment with sodium nitrite revealed a significantly increase in the levels of sodium, chloride, total calcium, ionized calcium, urea, creatinine and uric acid comparing to the control group. In respect to serum potassium, there is a significant decrease when compared to the control group. Also, the kidney tissue thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were significantly increased. But the superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and Catalase (CAT) enzymes were markedly decreased. The pre-treatment with LS before the injection of SN improved the harmful effects of SN caused in the serum levels of the biochemical parameters tested and the concentrations of GSH, SOD, CAT and TBARS in the kidney tissue comparing to SN-treated rats. It could be concluded that Lipidium sativum seeds act as a natural substance for ameliorating the alterations in serum electrolytes, kidney function and oxidative damage induced by sodium nitrite in the kidney tissue.

Effects of the Portulaca oleracea Extract on Gentamicin-Induced Nephrotoxicity in Male Rats

Background: Some data suggest the protective effect of Portulaca oleracea against renal failure and its association with the preservation of the renal antioxidant status and the regulation of apoptosis. Objectives: The current study aimed to examine the renoprotective effects of treatment with Portulaca oleracea (PO), a prominent hydrogen sulfide donor, in a 5/6 nephrectomy animal model. Methods: In this experimental study, 32 adult male Wistar rats, initially weighting 200 - 250 g, were housed under standard conditions since the beginning of April 2017 until the end of January 2018. The effect of PO extract on renal dysfunction induced by gentamicin was studied. The male rats were treated with two selected doses of PO (i.e., 200 and 600 mg/kg p.o.) and normal saline (5 mL/kg p.o.) for 28 consecutive days. Gentamicin (80 mg/kg/day intraperitoneally [i.p.]) was administered to two groups for seven days, and they were considered as the PO200 and PO600 gentamicin groups, respectively, while the group administered normal saline (5 mL/kg p.o.) for 35 consecutive days was considered as the control group. The rats were anesthetized on day 36. Then, they were sacrificed under deep anesthesia, and plasma and tissue samples were obtained. Results: Treatment with PO decreased the renal histological damages and apoptosis induced by gentamicin and enhanced renal function parameters compared to the gentamicin group. Conclusions: The present findings provide strong evidence to support the traditional medicinal use of this herb by the tribal people in the treatment of renal impairment. Finally, these results support the therapeutic effect of PO in preventing the development of renal dysfunction.