Neonatal Center Research Articles

Analysis of mild and severe neonatal enterovirus infections in a Chinese neonatal tertiary center: a retrospective case-control study.

To compare the clinical characteristics, virus serotype, and outcome in cases of mild and severe enteroviral infection at a tertiary neonatal intensive care unit in China. A retrospective analysis of cases hospitalized between June and August 2019. Samples (stool or throat swabs) were examined using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Positive cases were divided into two groups: mild infection and severe infection. A total of 149 cases were assigned to one of two groups: mild infection (n = 104) and severe infection (n = 45). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of sex, gestational age, birth weight, mode of delivery, and onset within 7 days. Clinical symptoms in both groups mostly resembled sepsis (fever, rash, poor feeding, and lethargy); however, there were significant variations in concomitant symptoms such as hepatitis, thrombocytopenia, encephalitis, coagulopathy, and myocarditis. Severe cases were more likely to have abnormal complete blood counts, biochemical parameters, and cerebrospinal fluid markers. The predominant serotypes implicated in neonatal enterovirus infections were echoviruses and Coxsackievirus B. Invasive ventilation, intravenous immunoglobulin, vasoactive medications, and blood product transfusions were often required, with high mortality rates among severe cases. We found significant differences between mild and severe cases of neonatal enterovirus infection with respect to complications, laboratory findings, and enterovirus serotypes. It is crucial to exercise caution when newborns exhibit symptoms of sepsis, during an enterovirus outbreak. Anemia, thrombocytopenia, abnormal liver function, and coagulation dysfunction should be monitored closely as they could indicate the presence of a severe enteroviral infection.

Social Determinants of Health and Redirection of Care for Infants Born Extremely Preterm

Redirection of care refers to withdrawal, withholding, or limiting escalation of treatment. Whether maternal social determinants of health are associated with redirection of care discussions merits understanding. To examine associations between maternal social determinants of health and redirection of care discussions for infants born extremely preterm. This is a retrospective analysis of a prospective cohort of infants born at less than 29 weeks' gestation between April 2011 and December 2020 at 19 National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Neonatal Research Network centers in the US. Follow-up occurred between January 2013 and October 2023. Included infants received active treatment at birth and had mothers who identified as Black or White. Race was limited to Black and White based on service disparities between these groups and limited sample size for other races. Maternal social determinant of health exposures were education level (high school nongraduate or graduate), insurance type (public/none or private), race (Black or White), and ethnicity (Hispanic or non-Hispanic). The primary outcome was documented discussion about redirection of infant care. Secondary outcomes included subsequent redirection of care occurrence and, for those born at less than 27 weeks' gestation, death and neurodevelopmental impairment at 22 to 26 months' corrected age. Of the 15 629 infants (mean [SD] gestational age, 26 [2] weeks; 7961 [51%] male) from 13 643 mothers, 2324 (15%) had documented redirection of care discussions. In unadjusted comparisons, there was no significant difference in the percentage of infants with redirection of care discussions by race (Black, 1004/6793 [15%]; White, 1320/8836 [15%]) or ethnicity (Hispanic, 291/2105 [14%]; non-Hispanic, 2020/13 408 [15%]). However, after controlling for maternal and neonatal factors, infants whose mothers identified as Black or as Hispanic were less likely to have documented redirection of care discussions than infants whose mothers identified as White (Black vs White adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.75-0.96) or as non-Hispanic (Hispanic vs non-Hispanic aOR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.60-0.87). Redirection of care discussion occurrence did not differ by maternal education level or insurance type. For infants born extremely preterm, redirection of care discussions occurred less often for Black and Hispanic infants than for White and non-Hispanic infants. It is important to explore the possible reasons underlying these differences.

Development of capability lists for neonatal critical care at three levels in China: a modified Delphi study

BackgroundThe standardised management of neonatal critical care centres can help improve health outcomes of vulnerable newborns. Guidance is required to update evidence related to construction and management of neonatal critical...

Incidence of brain injuries in a large cohort of very preterm and extremely preterm infants at term-equivalent age: results of a single tertiary neonatal care center over 10 years

ObjectivesCerebral magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) at term-equivalent age (TEA) can detect brain injury (BI) associated with adverse neurological outcomes in preterm infants. This study aimed to assess BI incidences in a large, consecutive cohort of preterm infants born < 32 weeks of gestation, the comparison between very (VPT, ≥ 28 + 0 to < 32 + 0 weeks of gestation) and extremely preterm infants (EPT, < 28 + 0 weeks of gestation) and across weeks of gestation.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed cMRIs at TEA of VPT and EPT infants born at a large tertiary center (2009–2018). We recorded and compared the incidences of BI, severe BI, intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), periventricular hemorrhagic infarction (PVHI), cerebellar hemorrhage (CBH), cystic periventricular leukomalacia (cPVL), and punctate white matter lesions (PWML) between VPTs, EPTs, and across weeks of gestation.ResultsWe included 507 preterm infants (VPT, 335/507 (66.1%); EPT, 172/507 (33.9%); mean gestational age (GA), 28 + 2 weeks (SD 2 + 2 weeks); male, 52.1%). BIs were found in 48.3% of the preterm infants (severe BI, 12.0%) and increased with decreasing GA. IVH, PVHI, CBH, cPVL, and PWML were seen in 16.8%, 0.8%, 10.5%, 3.4%, and 18.1%, respectively. EPT vs. VPT infants suffered more frequently from BI (59.3% vs. 42.7%, p < 0.001), severe BI (18.6% vs. 8.7%, p = 0.001), IVH (31.9% vs. 9.0%, p < 0.001), and CBH (18.0% vs. 6.6%, p < 0.001).ConclusionBrain injuries are common cMRI findings among preterm infants with a higher incidence of EPT compared to VPT infants. These results may serve as reference values for clinical management and research.Clinical relevance statementOur results with regard to gestational age might provide valuable clinical insights, serving as a key reference for parental advice, structured follow-up planning, and enhancing research and management within the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit.Key Points• Brain injury is a common cMRI finding in preterm infants seen in 48.3% individuals.• Extremely preterm compared to very preterm infants have higher brain injury incidences driven by brain injuries such as intraventricular and cerebellar hemorrhage.• Reference incidence values are crucial for parental advice and structured follow-up planning.

Epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation and complications of late-onset neonatal sepsis among preterm neonates in Cyprus: a prospective case-control study.

Late-onset neonatal sepsis (LOS) is common in preterm neonates, with increasing incidence in recent years. In the present study, we examined the epidemiology, clinical presentation, and complications of LOS in Cyprus and quantified possible risk factors for the development of this condition. The study subjects were preterm neonates admitted in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) of Archbishop Makarios III Hospital, the only neonatal tertiary centre in Cyprus. A prospective, case-control study was designed, and carried out between April 2017-October 2018. Depending on blood culture results, preterm neonates were classified as "Confirmed LOS": positive blood culture - microorganism isolated and LOS symptoms, "Unconfirmed LOS": negative blood culture and LOS symptoms, and "Controls" group: negative blood culture and absence of LOS symptoms. Comparisons between the 3 groups were performed and the associations between demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics with the likelihood of LOS were assessed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. A total of 350 preterm neonates were included in the study and the incidence of LOS was 41.1%. 79 (22.6%) and 65 (18.6%) neonates were classified as "Confirmed LOS", and "unconfirmed LOS" cases respectively while 206 (58.9%) served as controls. The rate of confirmed LOS ranged from 12.2% in moderate to late preterm neonates to 78.6% in extremely preterm neonates. In the multivariate model, we demonstrated an independent association between LOS and duration of hospitalization (OR: 1.06, 95%CI: 1.01-1.10), duration of ventilation (OR: 1.23, 95%CI: 1.07-1.43) and necrotising enterocolitis (OR: 3.41, 95%CI: 1.13-10.25). The present study highlights the epidemiology of LOS in preterm neonates in Cyprus and its association with the duration of ventilation and hospitalization as well as with necrotizing enterocolitis. Establishment of protocols for the prevention of nosocomial infections during hospitalization in the NICUs and mechanical ventilation of preterm neonates is recommended.

Clinicodemographic profile and outcomes of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with sac: experience of a paediatric referral centre.

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, in which viscera herniate into the thoracic cavity, is one of the common causes of onset of respiratory distress in neonates and children. Developmentally they may have a sac in rare cases. To analyse the clinical profile and the outcome of congenital diaphragmatic hernia with a sac in neonates and children in a paediatric referral centre. All surgically repaired patients with a congenital diaphragmatic hernia with sac, admitted and treated over a period of sixteen years from January 2005 to December 2021 in a tertiary care referral neonatal and paediatric centre, were included in this study. Forty-three children including neonates were analysed by their clinical characteristics, risk factors and mode of surgical interventions. Congenital diaphragmatic eventration and diaphragmatic hernial defects were excluded from this study. Forty-three study subjects were grouped into two groups for clinical and statistical analysis, based on their pre-operative and intra-operative findings as well their final diagnosis. Cases of left-sided congenial diaphragmatic hernia with sac (LCDHS) were included in group I (n = 30) and cases of right-sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia with sac (RCDHS) were included in group II (n = 13). Each group was further subclassified into A, B, C according to the age of presentation and side of the lesion in order to determine the prognosis in each subgroup. Level of evidence IV. Mere awareness and clinical suspicion of such a rare embryological defect - a congenital diaphragmatic hernia with sac - from the attending clinicians can improve the prognosis of affected babies, avoiding morbid consequences if referred early to a tertiary care paediatric and neonatal centre.

Comparative Study Between Blood Glucose Meters in a Maternity Center.

Monitoring of diabetes by measuring capillary blood glucose using a glucometer. To compare the three most used glucose meters in diabetic patients in a maternity and neonatal center in terms of repeatability, accuracy, and stability. A comparative study on 100 diabetic patients admitted to the various departments of a maternity and neonatal center. For each patient, a capillary measurement was made using each of the three glucometers to be tested (Accucheck®, On Call® and Bionime®) as well as a blood glucose on venous blood, performed in the laboratory using the Siemens X brand plus® PLC (reference method). The same sample was used to carry out all measurements. The Accucheck® brand reader and the On Call® brand thus, show a better correlation for open and closed bottles of test strips'storage, compared with the Bionime® brand reader. We found that the Accucheck® and On Call® readers are comparable in terms of reliability of results and are better than the Bionime® brand reader. We have found that, first using closed vials give more accurate results for glycemia readers and also, On Call® and Accucheck® brand readers are more reliable and accurate than the Bionime® brand reader.

The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation as Adjuvant to Phototherapy versus Phototherapy Alone on Neonatal Jaundice: A Randomised Controlled Trial

Introduction: Neonatal jaundice, or neonatal hyperbilirubinaemia, is a common and significant concern among newborns globally. Given that phototherapy is the primary treatment for neonatal jaundice, exploring alternative adjunctive treatments is beneficial. Aim: To observe the impact of vitamin D supplementation as an adjuvant therapy alongside phototherapy in managing neonatal jaundice. Materials and Methods: A hospital-based double-blinded randomised controlled trial was conducted at the Special Newborn Care Unit (SNCU) in Department of Paediatrics, G.R. Medical College, Gwalior, Madhya Pradesh, a tertiary care neonatal centre in North India, over a two-year period (April 2020 to March 2022). The study included 70 newborns with neonatal jaundice, divided into two groups: one receiving phototherapy and vitamin D (Group 1), and the other receiving phototherapy alone (Group 2). The average levels of bilirubin were compared at baseline, 48 hours, 96 hours, and 120 hours in the two groups. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 22.0, calculating frequency, percentage, mean, Standard Deviation (SD), and applying the independent t-test for comparison. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: The mean total serum bilirubin at admission in Group 1 was 18.58±1.76 mg/dL, and in Group 2 was 17.77±2.01 mg/ dL, with a p-value of 0.077. At 48 hours, the levels in Group 1 were 15.11±1.99 mg/dL, and in Group 2 were 14.69±1.53 mg/ dL, with a p-value of 0.339. At 96 hours, the levels in Group 1 were 14.75±5.62 mg/dL, and in Group 2 were 13.16±1.49 mg/ dL, with a p-value of 0.237. At 120 hours, the levels in Group 1 were 8.90±4.66 mg/dL, and no patients were observed in Group 2. The study found that vitamin D as an adjuvant to phototherapy did not significantly impact the rate of decline of serum bilirubin, and the duration of phototherapy was not affected significantly. Conclusion: The study concludes that vitamin D, as an adjuvant to phototherapy, does not significantly affect the rate of decline of serum bilirubin, and it does not alter the duration of phototherapy when comparing both groups.

Evaluation and management of neonatal onset hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia: a single neonatal center experience

Objectives To evaluate the clinical characteristics and treatment options of neonates requiring prolonged hospitalization due to persistent hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (HH). Methods This retrospective cohort study included infants >34 weeks of gestation at birth who were born in our hospital between 2018 and 2021, diagnosed with HH, and required diazoxide within the first 28 days of life. The baseline clinical characteristics, age at the time of diagnosis and treatment options in diazoxide resistance cases were recorded. Genetic mutation analysis, if performed, was also included. Results A total of 32 infants diagnosed with neonatal HH were followed up. Among the cohort, 25 infants were classified as having transient form of HH and seven infants were classified as having congenital hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia (CHI). Thirty-one percent of the infants had no risk factors. The median birth weight was significantly higher in the CHI group, whereas no differences were found in other baseline characteristics. Patients diagnosed with CHI required higher glucose infusion rate, higher doses, and longer duration of diazoxide treatment than those in the transient HH group. Eight patients were resistant to diazoxide, and six of them required treatment with octreotide and finally sirolimus. Sirolimus prevented the need of pancreatectomy in five of six patients without causing major side effects. Homozygous mutations in the ABCC8 gene were found in four patients with CHI. Conclusions The risk of persistent neonatal hyperinsulinism should be considered in hypoglycemic neonates particularly located in regions with high rates of consanguinity. Our study demonstrated sirolimus as an effective treatment option in avoiding pancreatectomy in severe cases.

Abdominal Ultrasound Scanning for NEC in Babies at the Threshold of Viability: A Single Centre Experience

AimNeonatal units are caring for increasing numbers of babies born <24 weeks gestation. These babies are vulnerable to developing necrotising enterocolitis (NEC). Their presentation is often atypical, both clinically and radiologically. Optimal diagnostic strategies are not yet known. We report our experience of abdominal ultrasound scanning (AUSS) to clarify its role. MethodsAll babies in a single neonatal surgical centre born <24 weeks gestation undergoing AUSS for suspected NEC from January 2015 to January 2023 were included. We compared abdominal ultrasound findings with plain radiographs and correlated these to intraoperative findings. ResultsThirty-nine babies born <24 weeks gestation were diagnosed with NEC during the study period, and of these seventeen had an AUSS and formed the study cohort. Twelve underwent laparotomy at which NEC was confirmed, and the remaining five were managed non-operatively.Abdominal radiograph findings were: Paucity of gas (12), gaseous dilatation (2), paucity of gas with proximal dilatation (1), pneumatosis (1), and lucencies over the liver (1). In twelve cases who underwent surgery, AUSS findings were (more than one possible): Complex ascites (6), inflamed bowel (4), aperistaltic bowel (3), mass/collection (4), pneumatosis (1). All had NEC confirmed at laparotomy. In five cases who did not progress to surgery, findings were: Simple free fluid (2), pneumatosis (2), inflamed bowel (1), aperistaltic bowel (1). None of these cases subsequently underwent surgery or died of complications of NEC. ConclusionAUSS is a useful imaging modality for NEC in babies born <24 weeks gestation. It can reliably identify babies who would benefit from surgery. Level of Evidence4. Type of StudyRetrospective cohort study.

Exploring Growth Failure in Neonates With Enterostomy

Aim of the studyNeonatal enterostomy is a known risk for growth failure. We hypothesized that episodes of inflammation may drive a catabolic state, exploring this by assessing serum biochemistry alongside growth trajectory in enterostomy patients. MethodsA retrospective analysis of infants with histologically confirmed NEC from 01/2012–07/2021 in a tertiary neonatal surgical centre was performed. Change in weight-for-age Z-score (ΔZ) between stoma formation and closure was calculated. Serum CRP (C-reactive protein), urea, and creatinine levels were recorded and duration of elevated levels calculated as Area Under Curve (AUC). We examined for trends of serum levels rising together using intersecting moving averages. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed, while multivariable linear regression examined factors associated with ΔZ. Results79 neonates were included. At stoma formation, median Z-score was −1.42 [range −4.73, +1.3]. Sixty-two patients (78 %) had a fall in Z-score during their time with a stoma, 16 (20 %) had a ΔZ less than −2. Urea AUC was significantly univariably correlated with ΔZ and remained statistically significant in a multivariable model (Exp(B) x 100 = −0.57[−1, −0.09]; p = 0.022). The number of biomarker peaks correlated significantly with ΔZ for urea (r = −0.25; p = 0.025) and CRP (r = −0.35; p = 0.0017) but not Creatinine (r = −0.21; p = 0.066). Analysing the number of peaks of any combination of variables coinciding was consistently significantly correlated negatively with ΔZ (r = −0.29 to −0.27; p ≤ 0.016 for all). ConclusionOur data shows that infants who were more severely affected by growth failure had more frequent and severe uremia while they had a stoma (suggesting a catabolic state). Disturbances in urea were commonly associated with CRP, suggesting that inflammation is a significant factor in growth failure in these infants. These findings promote aggressive management of sepsis in these infants, as well as suggesting an earlier closure of stoma to minimise their “at-risk”’ period.

Analysis of risk factors for neonatal short bowel syndrome in two tertiary centers in Brazil

IntroductionShort bowel syndrome (SBS) is defined as a severe reduction in intestinal mucosal absorption secondary to reduced intestinal functional area. The main causative factor for SBS is the length of intestinal resection in the neonatal period. The prognosticating factors are age, length of remnant intestine, preserved ileocecal valve, and venous maintenance. ObjectiveTo evaluate the clinical and surgical aspects affecting survival outcomes in neonates with SBS at two tertiary care centers. Patients & methodsRetrospective cohort study involving two university tertiary care neonatal centers with diagnosed SBS. Neonates were allocated into two groups, SBS (<60 cm) and USBS (ultra-short bowel syndrome) (<25 cm) and demographically compared. ResultsIn total, 53 neonates met the inclusion criteria, with 31 and 22 in the SBS and USBS, respectively; 20 survived and 33 died (37 % survival rate). The remnant bowel length was greater in those with SBS (p < 0.001), with greater ability to acquire full adaptation (p = 0.047). Increased survival rate was associated with use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (p = 0.002) and enteral nutrition (p = 0.036), and the ability to acquire full intestinal adaptation (p = 0.047). Risk factors associated with mortality were the inability to tolerate enteral nutrition (p = 0.036) and acquire full intestinal adaptation (p < 0.001); Use of TPN proved to be protective against death (p = 0.002). ConclusionSBS has high mortality rates in neonatal period (57 %). We recommend caution with time taken to full intestinal adaptation, with continued TPN administration during this time, which can improve overall survival outcomes.

Development of neonatal-specific sequences for portable ultralow field magnetic resonance brain imaging: a prospective, single-centre, cohort study

Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging is key for investigation of suspected newborn brain abnormalities. Access is limited in low-resource settings and challenging in infants needing intensive care. Portable ultralow field (ULF) MRI is showing promise in bedside adult brain imaging. Use in infants and children has been limited as brain-tissue composition differences necessitate sequence modification. The aim of this study was to develop neonatal-specific ULF structural sequences and test these across a range of gestational maturities and pathologies to inform future validation studies. Prospective cohort study within a UK neonatal specialist referral centre. Infants undergoing 3T MRI were recruited for paired ULF (64mT) portable MRI by convenience sampling from the neonatal unit and post-natal ward. Key inclusion criteria: 1) Infants with risk or suspicion of brain abnormality, or 2) preterm and term infants without suspicion of major genetic, chromosomal or neurological abnormality. Exclusions: presence of contra-indication for MR scanning. ULF sequence parameters were optimised for neonatal brain-tissues by iterative and explorative design. Neuroanatomic and pathologic features were compared by unblinded review, informing optimisation of subsequent sequence generations in a step-wise manner. Main outcome: visual identification of healthy and abnormal brain tissues/structures. ULF MR spectroscopy, diffusion, susceptibility weighted imaging, arteriography, and venography require pre-clinical technical development and have not been tested. Between September 23, 2021 and October 25, 2022, 102 paired scans were acquired in 87 infants; 1.17 paired scans per infant. Median age 9 days, median postmenstrual age 40+2 weeks (range: 31+3-53+4). Infants had a range of intensive care requirements. No adverse events observed. Optimised ULF sequences can visualise key neuroanatomy and brain abnormalities. In finalised neonatal sequences: T2w imaging distinguished grey and white matter (7/7 infants), ventricles (7/7), pituitary tissue (5/7), corpus callosum (7/7) and optic nerves (7/7). Signal congruence was seen within the posterior limb of the internal capsule in 10/11 infants on finalised T1w scans. In addition, brain abnormalities visualised on ULF optimised sequences have similar MR signal patterns to 3T imaging, including injury secondary to infarction (6/6 infants on T2w scans), hypoxia-ischaemia (abnormal signal in basal ganglia, thalami and white matter 2/2 infants on T2w scans, cortical highlighting 1/1 infant on T1w scan), and congenital malformations: polymicrogyria 3/3, absent corpus callosum 2/2, and vermian hypoplasia 3/3 infants on T2w scans. Sequences are susceptible to motion corruption, noise, and ULF artefact. Non-identified pathologies were small or subtle. On unblinded review, optimised portable MR can provide sufficient contrast, signal, and resolution for neuroanatomical identification and detection of a range of clinically important abnormalities. Blinded validation studies are now warranted. The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the MRC, the Wellcome/EPSRC Centre for Medical Engineering, the MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centres based at Guy's and St Thomas' and South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trusts and King's College London.

Incidence Rateand Risk Factors of Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection

Objective: Determination of incidence rates and some risk factors for Central Line-Associated Bloodstream Infection (CLABSI) at the Neonatal Center of Vietnam National Children's Hospital. Methods: 416 neonates who were inserted central line from 01/01/2021 to 30/06/2022 were enrolled in our study. CLABSI was defined as CDC 2017 criteria (LCBI3). The primary factors included obstetric history, perinatal history, characteristics of catheters, duration of catheter placement, etc. Result: A total of 672 central lines were placed in 416 infants. Of these, 32 CLABSI cases were identified. Rates of CLABSI was 5.7 infections per 1000 catheter days. Predisposing factors included duration of catheter placement of more than 28 days (OR = 2.9; 95% CI: 1.03 – 8), abdominal condition (OR = 5.3; 95% CI: 1.5 – 18.6) and steroid used (OR 5.3; CI 1.98 – 14.3). Conclusion: The “CLABSI prevention package” was effective in reducing the CLABSI rate and could be applied in other hospitals.

Perinatal Stroke in a Chinese Neonatal Center: Clinical Characteristics, Long-Term Outcomes, and Prognostic Factors

BackgroundNeonatal stroke manifests atypically and can potentially result in significant neurological sequelae in affected infants. Studies on long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes and prognostic factors are limited. We aimed to assess the clinical characteristics, long-term outcomes, and prognostic factors of perinatal stroke. MethodsPatients diagnosed with perinatal stroke were enrolled from 2009 to 2018. Clinical data including general information, clinical manifestations, and risk factors were collected and compared. Follow-up was performed for at least two years. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square test, t tests, and logistic regression analysis. ResultsSixty-nine cases were identified with an incidence of one of 2049 live births (51 boys and 18 girls). Twenty-seven patients (39%) experienced perinatal ischemic stroke (PIS) and 42 (61%) perinatal hemorrhagic stroke (PHS). In 48 cases (69%) onset involved acute symptomatic stroke (21 ischemic strokes and 27 hemorrhagic strokes). Seizures within 12 to 72 hours (20 cases, 29%) were the most common presentations. Most (57%) perinatal arterial ischemic strokes focused on the left middle cerebral artery. About 43% of PHS was diagnosed with temporal lobe hemorrhage, and 40% of patients exhibited multiple lesions of cerebral parenchymal hemorrhage. There was no association between adverse prognosis after perinatal stroke and different risk factors. During follow-up, six patients (10%) were dead and 22 patients (35%) experienced adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. ConclusionsMore infants exhibited hemorrhagic stroke than ischemic stroke. Among infants with asymptomatic perinatal stroke, PHS was more common. The first symptom of perinatal stroke within 12 to 72 hours after birth is convulsions, with the left middle cerebral artery and the temporal lobe being the most common lesion sites for ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes, respectively. PIS was more likely to achieve adverse outcomes.

Outcome's Classification in Mobile Applications Tailored to Parents of Premature Infants: A Systematic Review.

Integration of healthcare services for preterm neonates at home and hospital by mobile technology is an economical and convenient intervention, which is being increasingly applied worldwide. We aimed to classify the outcomes of mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants. This systematic review was conducted by searching the six main databases until May 2021. Mobile applications tailored to parents of premature infants and the reported outcomes of this technology were identified and classified. Quality of screened articles checked by MMAT tool. Overall, 10703 articles were retrieved, and after eliminating the duplicated articles, 9 articles were reviewed ultimately. Identified outcomes were categorized into three groups parental, application, and neonatal outcomes. In the parental outcomes, maternal stress/stress coping, parenting self-efficacy, satisfaction, anxiety, partnership advocacy/improved parent-infant relationship, feeling of being safe, reassurance and confidence, increase awareness, as well as discharge preparedness, were identified. In the application outcomes, application usage, ease of use/user-friendly, and usability of the designed application were placed. Finally, the neonatal outcomes include health and clinical items. Mobile applications can be useful in prematurity for educating pregnant mothers, managing stress and anxiety, supporting families, and preparing for discharge. Moreover, due to the coronavirus condition, providing remote services for parents is an appropriate solution to reduce the in-person visits to neonatal care centers. Development of tailored apps can promote the neonates' health and reduce their parents' stress.

Neonatal Thrombocytopenia: Factors Associated With the Platelet Count Increment Following Platelet Transfusion

To understand better those factors relevant to the increment of rise in platelet count following a platelet transfusion among thrombocytopenic neonates. We reviewed all platelet transfusions over 6 years in our multi-neonatal intensive care unit system. For every platelet transfusion in 8 neonatal centers we recorded: (1) platelet count before and after transfusion; (2) time between completing the transfusion and follow-up count; (3) transfusion volume (mL/kg); (4) platelet storage time; (5) sex and age of platelet donor; (6) gestational age at birth and postnatal age at transfusion; and magnitude of rise as related to (7) pre-transfusion platelet count, (8) method of enhancing transfusion safety (irradiation vs pathogen reduction), (9) cause of thrombocytopenia, and (10) donor/recipient ABO group. We evaluated 1797 platelet transfusions administered to 605 neonates (median one/recipient, mean 3, and range 1-52). The increment was not associated with gestational age at birth, postnatal age at transfusion, or donor sex or age. The rise was marginally lower: (1) with consumptive vs hypoproductive thrombocytopenia (P<.001); (2) after pathogen reduction (P<.01); (3) after transfusing platelets with a longer storage time (P<.001); and (4) among group O neonates receiving platelets from non-group O donors (P<.001). Eighty-seven neonates had severe thrombocytopenia (<20000/μL). Among these infants, poor increments and death were associated with the cause of the thrombocytopenia. The magnitude of post-transfusion rise was unaffected by most variables we studied. However, the increment was lower in neonates with consumptive thrombocytopenia, after pathogen reduction, with longer platelet storage times, and when not ABO matched.

Immune-checkpoint proteins, cytokines, and microbiome impact on patients with cervical insufficiency and preterm birth.

Microenvironmental factors, including microbe-induced inflammation and immune-checkpoint proteins that modulate immune cells have been associated with both cervical insufficiency and preterm delivery. These factors are incompletely understood. This study aimed to explore and compare interactions among microbiome and inflammatory factors, such as cytokines and immune-checkpoint proteins, in patients with cervical insufficiency and preterm birth. In particular, factors related to predicting preterm birth were identified and the performance of the combination of these factors was evaluated. A total of 220 swab samples from 110 pregnant women, prospectively recruited at the High-Risk Maternal Neonatal Intensive Care Center, were collected between February 2020 and March 2021. This study included 63 patients with cervical insufficiency receiving cerclage and 47 control participants. Endo- and exocervical swabs and fluids were collected simultaneously. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing for the microbiome and the measurement of 34 immune-checkpoint proteins and inflammatory cytokines were performed. First, we demonstrated that immune-checkpoint proteins, the key immune-regulatory molecules, could be measured in endocervical and exocervical samples. Secondly, we identified significantly different microenvironments in cervical insufficiency and preterm birth, with precise cervical locations, to provide information about practically useful cervical locations in clinical settings. Finally, the presence of Moraxella osloensis (odds ratio = 14.785; P = 0.037) and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 levels higher than 73 pg/mL (odds ratio = 40.049; P = 0.005) in endocervical samples were associated with preterm birth. Combining M. osloensis and chemokine CC motif ligand 2 yielded excellent performance for predicting preterm birth (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve = 0.846, 95% confidence interval = 0.733-0.925). Multiple relationships between microbiomes, immune-checkpoint proteins, and inflammatory cytokines in the cervical microenvironment were identified. We focus on these factors to aid in the comprehensive understanding and therapeutic modulation of local microbial and immunologic compositions for the management of cervical insufficiency and preterm birth.

Survival and early neurodevelopmental outcomes in infants born at extreme prematurity in a tertiary neonatal centre in Hong Kong

We report the first study conducted in Hong Kong looking at survival and neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely preterm infants (EPI), which includes information on primary school entry. Survival rate to discharge in our single centre cohort was 65.9%. Surviving EPIs were at risk of developmental delay (48.4%), as well as psychiatric and behavioural disorders, necessitating referral to special education services. Nevertheless, the vast majority (90.2%) of EPIs in our cohort are able to attend mainstream primary schools.

DETERMINING THE PATHOGENS OF NEONATAL SEPSIS AT THE NATIONAL CHILDREN'S HOSPITAL (2019 – 2021)

Sepsis is a life-threatening condition responding to an infectious agent causesdamage to tissues and organs. Sepsis causes serious consequences in neonates due tohighrates of mortality and sequelae and disability. Currently, the treatment ofneonatal sepsis is still facing many difficulties due to late diagnosis, inappropriateantibiotic selection for the pathogen model. The mortality rate of the disease is stillhigh. Determining the pathogens of neonatal sepsis at the National Children'sHospital (2019 – 2021). A descriptive study was conducted on 85 positive bloodculture samples of full-term infants admitted to the Neonatal Center of VietnamNational Children’s Hospital in the period from 12/2019 to 4/2021.Gram-negative bacteria accounted for the highest percentage 51%, Grampositive bacteria accounted for 38.8%, Candida accounted for 9.4%. S. aureus is thecommon cause of disease (28.2%), E. coli and K. pneumonia account for a highproportion (16.5%). Antibiotics with high sensitivity are vancomycin, aztreonam,moxiflocaxin, ertapenem, levofloxacin, meronem.