Negotiation Issues Research Articles

Impressment of American sailors: The British-American diplomacy in searching for resolving impressment from the war of 1812 to the webster-Ashburton treaty

Impressment was an infamous part of history in British-American relations in the first half of the XIX century. The Chesapeake-Leonard affair became one of the reasons for the war between the two countries (1812-1814). After its end, the American government made attempts to diplomatically resolve this issue, although they did not result in success. The practice continued, as is shown by the incidents with the Pharos, Juno, Monroe and Telegraph ships. Only long and difficult negotiations between Daniel Webster (United States) and Lord Ashburton (Great Britain) ended this practice in 1842. Based on historical sources and monographs, this article focuses on analyzing the origins of impressment in the British - American relations, the struggle between Great Britain and the United States on the issue of impressment and negotiations between the two countries to abolish this problem. The results of the artile show that the impressment is a special case in the history of Anglo-American relations and the history of maritime security in the 19th century. A nation's honor and sovereignty are factors for the US to constantly fight against this phenomenon. This study contributes to the comprehensive study of Anglo-American relations after the American Revolutionary War to Webster-Ashburton Treaty.

Expanding the pie or spoiling the cake? How the number of negotiation issues affects integrative bargaining.

The present research investigates how the number of issues affects the quality of outcomes in terms of joint gains and impasse rates in integrative negotiations. In the literature, two opposing positions exist reflecting a complexity dilemma regarding the number of negotiation issues: One position suggests that complex negotiations involving higher numbers of issues offer more trade-off opportunities, thereby providing negotiators with greater structural flexibility in reaching mutually beneficial agreements, which improves outcome quality. The opposite position emphasizes that the greater information load inherent in negotiating more issues impedes outcome quality. We propose a third, intermediate position: Negotiating more issues may only improve outcome quality up to a threshold, above which adding further issues results in deteriorated outcomes. We tested these propositions using a quasi-meta-analytic technique by examining the associations between the number of issues, joint gains, and impasse rates across multiple empirical studies on integrative negotiations using various negotiation tasks with different numbers of issues (N = 38,063/21,271 negotiations for joint gains/impasse rates). Moreover, we investigated whether factors related to how negotiators subjectively deal with the increased complexity associated with higher numbers of issues moderate the number-of-issues effect on joint gains. Multilevel analyses revealed no significant number-of-issues effect on joint gains up to a threshold of 3 issues but a negative effect for negotiations involving more than 3 issues. By contrast, we did not find a number-of-issues effect on impasse rates. Moreover, we did not obtain evidence for moderation effects. Findings are discussed with respect to their theoretical and practical implications. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

External Debt and Economic Growth in Sierra Leone: A Threshold Analysis

The main focus of this study is to investigate the impact of external debt on economic growth and determine the threshold level of external debt that is favourable for economic growth in Sierra Leone, within the framework of a non-linear model (quadratic function). The study employs the Ordinary Least Squares estimation technique with annual time series data for the period 1980 to 2022. The empirical findings reveal that, lagged GDP, external debt, external debt squared and investment are the main drivers of economic growth in Sierra Leone. Specifically, the result reveals that external debt, investment and lagged GDP have a positive impact on growth whilst, external debt squared has a harmful impact on growth. Furthermore, the study establishes a nonlinear relationship between external debt and economic growth. The result indicates that the optimal threshold level of external debt (as a % of GDP) in Sierra Leone is 115%. The findings reveal that, external debt below the threshold level is growth enhancing. However, the accumulation of external debt beyond the threshold level of 115% is detrimental to growth. The diagnostic result confirms that about 76% of the variation in economic growth is explained by the regressors (independent variables). Also, the granger causality test result suggests a unidirectional causality from external debt to economic growth with no reverse causality, indicating that external debt granger caused economic growth at the 5% level. Based on the findings, the study recommends that, government should develop a robust debt management policy, to keep debt levels within sustainable limits and also cultivate an economic culture of transparency, on the issue of debt management and contract negotiations.

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Asia: Trends, Effects, and Likely Issues for the Forthcoming WTO Negotiations

Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Asia: Trends, Effects, and Likely Issues for the Forthcoming WTO Negotiations

The Role of Media Communication in Effective Communication for the Continuity of Business Negotiation Processes

This research discusses the crucial role of media communication in ensuring effective communication for the continuity of business negotiation processes. Utilizing a qualitative research method, the study delves into factors influencing effective communication, the concept of effective communication in negotiations, and methods for determining effective communication media. The analysis incorporates the implications of media richness theory, emphasizing the need for negotiators to thoughtfully consider the complexity of negotiation issues when selecting communication channels. The study also addresses limitations acknowledged in the literature, particularly challenges associated with the dynamic nature of technology and cultural diversity. By synthesizing insights from qualitative research and literature review, this study offers comprehensive guidance for negotiators and practitioners, facilitating a deeper understanding of the intricate dynamics surrounding effective communication and media selection in the context of business negotiations.The objective is to understand the importance of communication media and the types of communication media used by negotiators in both small and large-scale business negotiation activities. In this research, a qualitative approach is employed, characterized by data that is presented in its natural context and as it is.

WHO at sea: Maritime dimensions of the proposed pandemic treaty and changes to the International Health Regulations 2005

The World Health Organization (WHO) is currently debating two major initiatives: amendments to the International Health Regulations of 2005 and the negotiation of a new pandemic treaty. Both are aimed at revising the international legal framework for pandemic response by drawing lessons from the experiences of COVID-19. This article provides the first examination of the implications of these proposed changes specifically for maritime-related concerns that emerged during the pandemic. We discuss the international laws relevant to maritime activities during the COVID-19 pandemic and explore how the envisaged changes to the existing legal framework address the maritime dimensions of pandemic response. This article argues for the inclusion of maritime issues in the ongoing WHO negotiations and emphasizes three critical changes that should be considered: expanding the rules on port access, defining state responsibilities for the treatment of cruise ships, and enhancing human rights protection at sea during pandemics. The WHO and its member states should take this opportunity to draw lessons from the maritime experiences of COVID-19 and prepare for future pandemics with an effective response both on land and at sea.

SAUDI ARABIA'S NUCLEAR ENERGY PROGRAM: CHALLENGES AND CONCERNS IN THE US-SAUDI ARABIA NUCLEAR COOPERATION NEGOTIATIONS

The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has long been interested in nuclear technology and working towards developing the country’s nuclear energy infrastructure and nuclear legal framework. In view of recent advancements in Saudi nuclear energy, it is apparent that Saudi Arabia intends to pursue its nuclear energy program with the assistance of nuclear cooperation agreements. So far, the Kingdom has concluded several nuclear cooperation agreements with various foreign governments in order to advance its nuclear energy program. Although the United States (the US) and Saudi Arabia has not concluded a nuclear cooperation yet, the negotiations are currently underway. This study focuses on the Kingdom’s nuclear energy program particularly focusing on the challenging issues in the nuclear cooperation negotiations with the US. It puts that the two countries has not been successful to conclude a “nuclear cooperation agreement” (“123 Agreement”) due to several challenges and concerns. Major challenging issues are originating from the US insistence on its stringent conditions including restrictions on enrichment and reprocessing activities (“gold standard”) and Saudi implementation of the International Atomic Energy Agency’s (IAEA) Additional Protocol (AP). The study first provides a short overview on the Saudi national atomic energy project and then focuses on the US provisions to conclude 123 agreements with other states. In the light of the US-Saudi nuclear negotiations, the study examines Washington’s demand for additional nonproliferation requirements and international concerns regarding the Saudi nuclear program. It concludes that due to ongoing disagreements on these two additional conditions and other concerns including Saudis possible covert intents, regional proliferation risks and nuclear security threats, nuclear cooperation between the two countries has remained at a low level.

Study protocol for an individually randomized control trial for India's first roleplay-based mobile game for reproductive health for adolescent girls

BackgroundGo Nisha Go™ (GNG), is a mobile game combining behavioural science, human-centric design, game-based learning, and interactive storytelling. The model uses a direct-to-consumer (DTC) approach to deliver information, products, services, interactive learning, and agency-building experiences directly to girls. The game’s five episodes focus on issues of menstrual health management, fertility awareness, consent, contraception, and negotiation for delay of marriage and career. The game’s effectiveness on indicators linked to these issues will be measured using an encouragement design in a randomized controlled trial (RCT).MethodsA two-arm RCT will be conducted in three cities in India: Patna, Jaipur, and Delhi-NCR. The first arm is the treatment (encouragement) arm (n = 975) where the participants will be encouraged to download and play the game, and the second arm (n = 975) where the participants will not receive any nudges/encouragement to play the game. They may or may not have access to the game. After the baseline recruitment, participants will be randomly assigned to these two arms across the three locations. Participants of the treatment/encouragement arm will receive continuous support as part of the encouragement design to adopt, install the game from the Google Play Store at no cost, and play all levels on their Android devices. The encouragement activity will continue for ten weeks, during which participants will receive creative messages via weekly phone calls and WhatsApp messages. We will conduct the follow-up survey with all the participants (n = 1950) from the baseline survey after ten weeks of exposure. We will conduct 60 in-depth qualitative interviews (20 at each location) with a sub-sample of the participants from the encouragement arm to augment the quantitative surveys.DiscussionFollowing pre-testing of survey tools for feasibility of methodologies, we will recruit participants, randomize, collect baseline data, execute the encouragement design, and conduct the follow-up survey with eligible adolescents as written in the study protocol. Our study will add insights for the implementation of an encouragement design in RCTs with adolescent girls in the spectrum of game-based learning on sexual and reproductive health in India. Our study will provide evidence to support the outcome evaluation of the digital mobile game app, GNG. To our knowledge this is the first ever outcome evaluation study for a game-based application, and this study is expected to facilitate scalability of a direct-to-consumer approach to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health outcomes in India.Trial registration number: ctri.nic.in: CTRI/2023/03/050447.

Police negotiation system in Poland

This article attempts to present the system of police negotiations in Poland, which is one of the ways to save human life and health in crisis situations, without the use of force. The article presents the issue of police negotiations as one of the tools used by the commander of police operations to solve crisis situations involving persons demonstrating a suicide act, taking and holding hostages, occurrences of a terrorist event, occupation or blocking of facilities and communication routes, the threat of using weapons, a dangerous tool , device or material. The article attempts to characterize the process of creating a police negotiator, from a candidate for a police negotiator, through his selection, criteria he must meet, basic training, becoming a police negotiator, to appointment to the negotiating team to save human life and health, and supplementary training.

Rights redux: the return of human rights at the WTO

The conventional wisdom is that human rights have long been off the negotiating agenda at the World Trade Organization (WTO). The failed attempt by Northern states to include a ‘social clause’ in WTO rules during the late 1990s and early 2000s is often cited as having foreclosed bringing human rights to bear in multilateral trade negotiations. This article challenges this traditional view, demonstrating that states are mobilizing human rights at the WTO to shape current global trade rulemaking. Moreover, in sharp contrast to the prevailing assumption that developed countries are the primary champions of human rights in the trade regime and developing countries the opponents, I show that developing countries have in fact become key protagonists in marshalling human rights at the WTO. To illustrate these claims, I examine how developing countries mobilize human rights norms, principles and discourse to shape global trade rulemaking in two of the most contentious issues in recent WTO negotiations: The use of public food stockholding for food security purposes and a TRIPS waiver to ensure access to COVID-19 vaccines.

Construction of Digital Trade Rules under the WTO System: Analysis of Digital Trade Texts Based on Four Regional Trade Agreements

Since the 21st century, the rapid development of information technology has contributed to the rise of digital trade. However, WTO still does not have a complete set of systems applicable to digital trade rules. The article adopts two research methods, text analysis and comparative analysis. It takes the text content of digital trade rules of CPTPP, USMCA, DEPA and AfCFTA as the entry point to analyze the current negotiation issues of WTO. The WTO should include the contents contained in the above four regional trade agreements but not included in the scope of negotiation into the negotiation issues, to comprehensively improve the WTO's digital trade system. The construction of digital trade rules under the WTO system should fully draw on existing regional trade agreements to comprehensively improve digital trade rules. Besides, in future negotiations on digital trade rules, WTO should adhere to the attitude of seeking convergence in the negotiation process and seek common ground while reserving differences. In addition, China should be sought as the representative of the major countries that can lead the negotiations to facilitate the conclusion of the talks.

Wywiad biznesowy jako narzędzie przygotowania do negocjacji - model konceptualny

The aim of this article is to present an original, conceptual model of using business intelligence as a preparation tool for negotiations or as a complete preparatory phase. It was developed on the basis of the author's own research on information needs in the negotiation process, a literature review, and analysis of selected training outlines in the field of negotiations. The basis of the presented model is the traditional intelligence cycle adopted and extended for the needs of the aforementioned process. In the first part, the author outlines the issues of business intelligence in a company, describing its role and how it can be used to obtain information and make accurate decisions. He successively evokes the issues of negotiations, presenting selected models of the negotiation process with particular emphasis on the preparatory phase, and then presents selected tools used in the negotiations. The main part of the article is the author's model of using business intelligence in the negotiation process and a description of this model. The most important advantage of the presented model is that it can be used as a tool and even as a whole preparatory phase, covering all the necessary aspects at this stage to make appropriate decisions, i.e. developing strategies, tactics, potential scenarios, techniques, etc. This model is intended to create an advantage in negotiations based on knowledge.

Do Agricultural Supports Affect Production? A Panel ARDL Analysis of Turkey

One of the controversial issues in the trade negotiations carried out with the World Trade Organization deals with agricultural supports related to production, which is claimed to disrupt the market system by creating an imbalance in supply and demand in the domestic market and to cause world trade contraction. In this context, the aim of this study is to examine the production effect of the deficiency payments and land-based direct supports widely used in Turkey. The study conducts a panel autoregressive distributed lag analysis for 11 selected agricultural products (wheat, corn, sunflower, seed cotton, paddy, soybean, canola, safflower, tea, dried beans, and olives) for the 2002-2019 period. The findings from the study are as follows: i) Increases in deficiency payments and land-based direct supports increase short and long run production. However, land-based direct supports have less of an effect on production. ii) While increases in input prices have a negative short run effect on production, the long run effect is the opposite. iii) Agricultural product price is not an important indicator for producers. This finding can be explained by the fact that farmers accept agricultural supports as a complement to the price variable in their production decisions. iv) Increases in the minimum wage added to the model based on Turkey’s structural characteristics have a negative long run impact on production. v) No statistically significant relationship exists between the number of tractors used to represent agricultural mechanization and the amount of production.

Challenge, Breakthrough and Normalization: Racial Identity Negotiation for Asian American Actors with the Case of John Cho

Asian American actors always face the issue of racial identity negotiation. Specifically, they are often depressed by the presence of films and some Asian stereotypes. However, John Cho breaks this barrier by acting as the protagonist in various genres and being regarded as one of the most representative Asian American actors. Therefore, this study analyses his career process as three stages for repositioning racial identity: subverting the Asian stereotypes, breaking the underrepresentation, and treating race as background to contribute one of the possibilities for renegotiating racial identity in the American mainstream to the research field.

Serbia and Romania: The issue of salt supply and negotiations for a trade agreement in 1906

?his article examines the process of concluding a trade agreement between Serbia and Romania in 1906 when the Tariff War between Austria-Hungary and Serbia began. Memoirs of a Serbian diplomat Mihailo G. Ristic, who served as a Minister in Bucharest between 1906 and 1914, significantly contributed to our understanding of the diplomatic relations between Serbia and Romania in this period. Furthermore, documents from the State Archives of Serbia helped us gain insight into economic issues. Given the fact that since the end of the 19th century Serbia imported 25,000 tons of salt from Romania per year, the pressure of the Austro-Hungarian government on Serbia to purchase salt from Hungary alarmed the Romanian government. Considering that the salt export for the Serbian market was relevant to the Romanian economy, this problem threatened to damage the good diplomatic relations between Serbia and Romania. However, although Romanian political circles and the Romanian Embassy in Belgrade viewed this issue as very important, the Romanian negotiators did not raise the matter of salt supply at the negotiations for a trade agreement in October 1906. Although Austria-Hungary tried to crush the Serbian economy with the Tariff War, it allowed Serbia to develop trade and find new markets for its products. By concluding a trade agreement with Romania in December 1906, Serbia secured the issue of transporting Serbian goods through Romanian ports and strengthened trade connections with its neighbor.

On the issue of diplomatic negotiations on the eve of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905

On the issue of diplomatic negotiations on the eve of the Russo-Japanese war of 1904-1905

Negotiation Process as an Integral Part of Romania’s Integration into the EU

The author of the article analyzes European Union-Romania’s membership negotiations, that began on February 15, 2000 and exposes their basic problems. The author traced the dynamics of the negotiation process on the basis of EU and Romania documents and proved that the main purpose of negotiations was to comprehensively achieve Copenhagen criteria by Romania. The cooperation between EU and Romania developed on the basis of the provisions of the European Agreement within the framework of its institutions. The negotiation process of Romania’s accession to the European Union took place under the established procedure and was practically indistingui-shable from the negotiations of other CEE countries. It is substantiated that despite the real reforms, increasing Romania’s promotion in the process of preparation for EU membership and real assistance to the EU to intensify Romania preparation for membership in 2004, but in October 2002 the EU institutions agreed on Romania’s joining the EU after 2004. It was established that the intensification of Romania’s efforts to implement the criteria for admission and the adoption in February 2004 of the financial package for its accession contributed to the closure of the most difficult issues of negotiations in 2004.

Agricultural Domestic Support Reforms at the wto: An Assessment of the Proportional Reduction Approach

Abstract Domestic support reforms remain an unresolved and contentious issue in the wto agricultural negotiations. There are proposals to halve the current global trade-distorting domestic support entitlements by 2030, where members would have to undertake reductions proportionate to their existing domestic support entitlements. This study critically examines the implications of the proportional reduction approach on the policy space of 164 wto members to support their farmers. The results show that this approach fails to address the issues and concerns of developing members regarding domestic support reforms, and these members would be required to undertake higher reduction commitments than their developed counterparts. Additionally, the per-farmer entitlement for developed members would remain massive under this approach. Contrary to general belief, the least developed countries would lose half of their flexibility to support their farmers. Further, the proposed approach would dilute the existing special and differential treatment for developing, and least developed, members.

Beyond ‘Once BITten, Twice Shy’: defending the legitimacy of investor-state dispute settlement in Peru and Australia

Investment protection is a contentious issue in trade and investment negotiations due in large part to controversy surrounding investor-state dispute settlement (ISDS). Governments have taken a range of positions on ISDS—from opposing moderate reforms to the system to the outright rejection of it. Extant research suggests that countries which experience costly investor claims are more likely to be circumspect about it. Case studies of Australia and Peru demonstrate that other factors must be considered. Both countries experienced investor claims but governments continued to act as ‘pragmatic proponents’ of the system. We show how interest groups and experts shape government preferences by reinforcing the legitimacy of ISDS in the face of contestation. In both cases, domestic actors framed ISDS as low risk; promoting good governance through regulatory chill; and protecting public interests through the promotion of business, which outweighed the costs of participation. Despite the lack of empirical evidence supporting these claims, they were persuasive because interest groups played on embedded ideas about the merits of market-led development and the economic utility of the mechanism. However, we predict that the influence of pro-ISDS actors will vary over time depending on their access to bureaucratic and political decision-making centres.

Fair Use of Geographical Indications: Another Look at the Spirited Debate on the Level of Protection

AbstractOne of the most contested issues in international trade negotiations is the level of protection granted to geographical indications (GIs). WTO Members are divided between the ‘Old World’ represented by the European Union and the ‘New World’ headed by the United States. For decades, conventional wisdom has suggested that the debate is indeed a disagreement over the terroir idea. This article tackles the debate from a largely unexplored perspective, namely, fair use exceptions, which allows us to find the opposite: even if countries embraced the terroir idea equally, the divide on protection level would persist because of divergent approaches to the fair use of GIs. This divergence derives from countries’ different preferences for balancing conflicting interests, different policy goals, and different understandings of what is ‘fair’. Other countries should take these considerations into account when choosing a protection level suitable for their national conditions and goals.