Negotiation Framework Research Articles

Integrating Explicit Political Costs into a World Trade Organization Negotiation Simulation

ABSTRACT This paper enriches the existing set of global trade negotiation simulations by incorporating explicit, country-specific domestic political consequences incurred from trade concessions. Several semesters of testing with undergraduate students in the U.S. and master’s students in Argentina demonstrate that the simulation statistically significantly enhances students’ understanding of the role that domestic political pressures play in preventing negotiators from reaching the first-best trade regime. Students learn-by-doing that conflicting country philosophies regarding free trade vary substantially not only between developed and developing countries, but also depending on the geography and key industries of each country. The simulation also provides students with current, realistic economic values for the country and the world from freeing trade. Seventeen country tables provide instructors with tremendous flexibility in structuring the negotiation framework. A complete instructor’s manual with a detailed description of how to use the simulation, all student handouts and an Excel file that automatically calculates point totals is available via e-mail from the corresponding author.

Here ghost nothing: A novice teacher's letter to the ghosts that haunt them

This ethnographic case study examines the interplay of emotions and teacher identity negotiations for a novice English as a foreign language teacher who personified their insecurities as specters lurking in the shadows of their classroom. Interview and focus group data were analyzed using a deductive coding scheme based on Derrida's theories of hauntology and hospitality coupled with close reading analysis. The participating teacher's willingness to converse with and learn from their specters suggests a critical addition to the emerging framework for novice teacher identity negotiation based on Derridarian notions of (g)hosts and a creative writing approach to data generation.

Sustaining the “Pink Ghetto”? The identity negotiations of Chinese women journalists in the field of digital journalism

ABSTRACT Feminist studies of the media have shown different degrees of gender inequality in journalism organizations. Drawing on the notions of field and gendered habitus, the authors of this study conducted in-depth interviews with 30 Chinese women journalists to explore their experiences of digital journalism production, their survival logic in the field, the associated gender power relationships, and the reconstruction of ‘Pink Ghetto’ in the digital news field. The research shows that women journalists with more opportunities for work and career development while generating various gender-related challenges related to blurred boundaries between work and family life, deviations from career paths, and the risks of using digital platforms. The study explains how women journalists’ identities negotiate between the gendered habitus and the professional identity. Those journalists construct multiple identities by adopting four strategies, namely ‘strong gender’, ‘weak gender’, ‘de-gendering’, and ‘trans-gender’, which proposed a framework of identity negotiation. The study thus offers a broad perspective in feminist media research in developing countries.

Bosnian-Turkish Relations and Turkey's Role in the Bosnian Conflict Resolution (1992-1995)

The Bosnian crisis is one of the last major military conflicts in European history. The disintegration of Yugoslavia has laid the foundation for many of the processes taking place in the Balkan peninsula to this day. For the Bosnian side, the key factor influencing the outcome of the conflict was the intervention of external actors. Turkey has become one of Bosnia’s most active allies at this stage. This was due to many factors, including religious and cultural affinity, historical connections and geopolitical interests of Turkey in the Balkans, and the long-standing personal ties of political leaders. Moreover, the fact of the emergence of an Islamic state in Europe and, secondly, the attempt to adapt Turkey to the post-bipolar format of the world order seem to be the most important factors in Turkey’s Bosnian policy. This work is devoted to a brief but busy period of cooperation between Turkey and Bosnia and Herzegovina during the Bosnian War, during which the Bosniacs sought the status of an independent state. The subject of the study was the foreign policy contacts between Turkey and Bosnia (the official name at the period of war — the Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina) aimed at settling the conflict. The various initiatives of the Turkish side at the level of the OIC, the United Nations, or in the framework of bilateral negotiations with different countries (USA, Russia, Croatia, etc.) are clear examples of such cooperation. Such actions contributed to the further signing of the peace agreements, as well as to the direction of Bosnian-Turkish relations at the present stage.

Applicability of leadership modes outside the negotiation framework: insights from China

Drawing insights from a qualitative content analysis of China’s national climate reports between 2016 and 2019, this article examines the extent to which classical leadership typologies introduced by Oran Young, Arild Underdal, and Raino Malnes in the early 1990s have explanatory power outside of international climate negotiation frameworks. Mode by mode, we assess the strengths and weaknesses of four classical leadership modes—directional, ideational, instrumental, and structural—to grasp the manifestation of international climate leadership in a domestic context. While the analysis points out some substantial weaknesses in classical leadership modes, it indicates that China has taken consistent efforts to offer climate leadership in a domestic context. Given the huge gap between the leadership literature and the planetary reality; however, the article concludes that the key shortcoming of the leadership literature is that it tends to focus exclusively on the negotiation phase of international climate politics. Therefore, prospective studies on climate leadership have to pay more attention to the locus of leadership.

Law of Contracts: Their presence in corporate transactions learning

Abstract Corporate transactions form the foundation of modern business activities, including mergers, acquisitions, partnerships and commercial agreements. Such transactions are supported by contractual relationships that define rights, obligations and expectations between multiple parties. This paper uses a methodology that integrates a comprehensive literature review with a legal analysis, surrounding contract formation, interpretation, performance and remedies in the corporate context. The legal analysis component examines relevant contract law principles and precedents, examining their application and relevance to corporate transactions. This analysis identifies the legal complexities and challenges inherent in these transactions and assesses the effectiveness of contract law in addressing them. This analysis verifies that contract law is an essential aspect of learning and engaging in corporate transactions. It demonstrates how the principles of contract law provide a framework for negotiation, execution and resolution of disputes within these transactions. It underlines the importance of knowledge of contract law in mitigating risks and ensuring the successful implementation of corporate transactions. In conclusion, contract law plays an important role in learning and conducting corporate transactions.

Intent Negotiation Framework for Intent-Driven Service Management

To automate network operations and deployment of compute services, intent-driven service management (IDSM) is essential. It enables network users to express their service requirements in a declarative manner as intents. To fulfill the intents, closed control-loop operations carry out required configurations and deployments without human intervention. Despite the fact that intents are fulfilled automatically, conflicts may arise between user's and service provider's intents due to limited resources availability. This triggers IDSM system to initialize an intent negotiation process among conflicting actors. Intent negotiation involves generating one or more alternate intents based on the current state of the underlying physical/virtual resources, which are then presented to the intent creator for acceptance or rejection. In this way, the quality of services (QoS) can be improved significantly by maximizing the acceptance rate of service requests in the scenario of limited resources. However, intent negotiation systems are still in their infancy. The available solutions are platform dependent which poses various challenges in their adoption to diverse platforms. The main focus of this work is to draft and evaluate a comprehensive and generic intent negotiation framework which can be used to develop intent negotiation solutions for diverse IDSM platforms. In this work, we have identified and defined various processes that are necessary for intent negotiation. Furthermore, a generic intent negotiation framework is presented representing interactions among the identified processes, while conflicting actors engage in the intent negotiation. The results demonstrated that the proposed intent negotiation framework increases the intent acceptance rate by up to 38 percent with processing overheads less than 10 percent.

Transforming a Negotiation Framework to Resolve Conflicts among Older Adults and Family Caregivers.

Family caregivers of older people with Alzheimer's dementia (PWD) often need to advocate and resolve health-related conflicts (e.g., determining treatment necessity, billing errors, and home health extensions). As they deal with these health system conflicts, family caregivers experience unnecessary frustration, anxiety, and stress. The goal of this research was to apply a negotiation framework to resolve real-world family caregiver-older adult conflicts. We convened an interdisciplinary team of national community-based family caregivers, social workers, geriatricians, and negotiation experts (n = 9; Illinois, Florida, New York, and California) to examine the applicability of negotiation and conflict management frameworks to three older adult-caregiver conflicts (i.e., caregiver-older adult, caregiver-provider, and caregiver-caregiver). The panel of caregivers provided scenarios and dialogue describing conflicts they experienced in these three settings. A qualitative analysis was then performed grouping the responses into a framework matrix. Upon presenting the three conflicts to the caregivers, 96 responses (caregiver-senior), 75 responses (caregiver-caregiver), and 80 responses (caregiver-provider) were generated. A thematic analysis showed that the statements and responses fit the interest-rights-power (IRP) negotiation framework. The interests-rights-power (IRP) framework, used in business negotiations, provided insight into how caregivers experienced conflict with older adults, providers, and other caregivers. Future research is needed to examine applying the IRP framework in the training of caregivers of older people with Alzheimer's dementia.

Historical Rights of States to Maritime Water Areas and the Legal Status of the Sea of Okhotsk

INTRODUCTION.Based on the study of the international law, doctrine and practice of states, the article analyzes the content of the institution of the historical rights of the state to the sea areas, its correlation with the provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, as well as the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the possibility of its adjustment in in the context of a possible statement by Russia that it has historical rights to its water area. MATERIALS AND METHODS.The issues raised in the article are structurally divided into three main groups. The first one is related to the study of the rea­sons for the emergence of the institution of historical rights of states to maritime areas in the international law of the sea, as well as its correlation with the legal mechanisms for the delimitation and use of maritime spaces defined by the 1982 UN Convention. The second is devoted to studying the structure of this institution and definition of the concept and content within its framework of such key notions and categories as “historical bays”, “historical waters”, “historical legal foundations”, “historical title of the state” and some others. The third group is directly connected with the definition of the fundamental possibility and potential scope of the extension of the Russian Federation historical rights to the waters of the Sea of Okhotsk. RESEARCH RESULTS.When writing the work, the authors proceeded from the fact that despite the limited potential of Russia's possible actions to defend its his­torical title to the Sea of Okhotsk, they can not be considered unpromising in the foreseeable historical per­spective. At the same time it should be borne in mind that the way to achieve success in solving this problem should not lie in declaring its water area an inland sea or historical waters of Russia, but in legitimizing by our state a number of its exclusive historical rights in this maritime area based on Russia's vital interests. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS.The content of the institution of the historical rights of states to maritime spaces, as well as the new political reality, give the Government and the State Duma of the Russian Federation all the necessary grounds for raising the question of a partial change in Russia's position on the legal status of the Sea of Okhotsk and the development of a new strategy for upholding Russia's historical rights to its water area, as through the adoption of unilateral internal legal acts, and through the implementation of a consistent policy to disseminate and uphold this point of view in international relations within the framework of negotiations with foreign states and the activities of relevant international bodies and organizations.

The role of identity moderators and perceived degree of identity separation in librarian professional identity development

This paper examines in-depth processes of librarian professional identity negotiations impacting practitioners’ perception of, affiliation with, and behaviour within the profession. It outlines three key themes which moderate librarian professional identity and introduces the Relational States of Librarian Professional Identity, outlining variations of individual affiliation with the profession. This paper also offers a theoretical framework of identity negotiations with theoretical propositions relating to librarian professional identity development. Forty semi-structed interviews were conducted with practicing public librarians throughout Aotearoa New Zealand. Interviews were analysed with an inductive approach. NVivo was used to code and query interview data. Findings demonstrate identity negotiations as grounded in perceptions of profession through meaning ascribed to the profession and its manifestations (professional associations, etc.), respectively; and perceptions of practice as related to organisational/institutional contexts. Six theoretical propositions are offered detailing the relationship of the three themes moderating librarian professional identity and the Relational States of Librarian Professional Identity to this identity and its negotiations.

NegoSim: A Modular and Extendable Automated Negotiation Simulation Platform Considering EUBOA

In recent years, the research community has become increasingly interested in automated negotiation. It has been used in real-world systems such as autonomous vehicle transportation systems, smart grids, and e-commerce. Considering the broad range of applications, automated negotiation is of great use and interest to engineers, developers, and industry-focused researchers. Therefore, some researchers have developed platforms for automated negotiation. However, these systems do not provide complete control over the development of various protocols or analytic tools. This paper introduces NegoSim, a new negotiation simulator that introduces a new negotiation framework called EUBOA, though it also works on the well-known BOA framework. NegoSim is completely modular, with different APIs allowing users full control over developing and modifying automated negotiation agents, different assessments, protocols, and utility spaces, as well as the ability to create or modify different GUIs. NegoSim also includes predefined agents, protocols, utility space, and analytic tools, making it an ideal platform for researchers.

Investigating the tensions and negotiations on the site of peer tutoring in second language writing in higher education

Critical self-reflection, a process of self-examination and self-evaluation, facilitates introspective learning, which is a highly valued active learning technique and hence frequently employed in higher education. This paper reports on a cross-age fixed-role peer tutoring project where student tutors were required to reflect critically on their tutoring practices. Among several reflective efforts was writing a self-reflection at the end of each semester. 42 self-reflections over 3 semesters were collected. Qualitative analysis of the contents revealed multiple tensions and negotiations on this dynamic site of tutoring that contributed to the success or failure of a tutoring session. By presenting a preliminary framework of interrelated tensions and negotiations in the cross-age fixed-role peer consultations, this paper argues that peer tutoring is a collaborative and cooperative enterprise that is jointly owned and controlled by both the tutor and tutee. This study has theoretical and pedagogical implications for the design of and training for similar peer tutoring programmes in higher education.

Kako razmrsiti "Kosovski čvor"? Integrativni pristup srpsko-albanskom sukobu

This paper presents Mnookin's conceptual framework for identifying and overcoming obstacles to the efficient and fair resolution of individual and group conflicts and disputes. This is followed by review of the basic elements of the negotiations between the Republic of Serbia and the self-proclaimed Republic of Kosovo, a summary of the results of those negotiations, as well as the views of the Serbian public opinion on the declaration of independence of the so-called Kosovo and the Kosovo issue in general. After that, the paper presents the basic elements of two well-known theories of intergroup conflict in order to shed light on the nature of conflict between the two ethnic groups (Serbs and Albanians). Finally, the previous negotiations of the two parties are placed in the presented conceptual framework of negotiations in order to identify the key points of contention in the previous negotiations of Serbia and the so-called Kosovo and offer potential solutions for overcoming them based on the presented theoretical model of negotiation in the presence of a third party (mediator). The key finding is that the negotiations can be concluded with a fair agreement, but only if the real (material) interests of the two parties are respected, primarily the emotional ones, that is, those arising from the nature of the conflict between the social identities of the two ethnic groups.

Quantifying and Simplifying the 1997 UNWC’s Guidelines to Mitigate Hegemony in Transboundary Watercourse Negotiations

The 1997 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Non-navigational Uses of International Watercourses (UNWC) contains a negotiation framework for transboundary water rights. However, it is a subjective document open to a wide range of possibilities and interpretations. Water Rights Allocations (WRAs) as described by Dinar and Nigatu (2013) and Dinar and Tsur (2017) provide a limited number of quantifiable allocation possibilities based on the UNWC. It is suggested that this methodology streamlines the negotiation process and reduces the effects of hydro hegemony. These methodologies are explored and applied through a case study on the Orontes River Basin.

Perspectives for North Macedonia’s EU Integration after the French EU Framework Solution in 2022

This paper discusses the influence of Bulgarian–North Macedonian bilateral relations on the perspectives of North Macedonia’s EU integration after the adoption of the EU-North Macedonia negotiation framework in July 2022, advanced by the French EU Presidency. The main focus is on two of the most salient and sensitive elements of these relations – the incorporation of the Bulgarian community in North Macedonia’s constitution and the role of the Joint Historical Commission in adjusting and synchronising the historical perspectives of the two societies. Progress in both issues would be extremely beneficial for North Macedonia’s prospects. Any retreat from or erosion of the French EU framework solution would mean a return to the stalled situation before 2022, which would be hardly beneficial either for North Macedonia or for the wider Southeast European region.

The Phasing-in Approach for Accelerated Integration into the European Union, or Encapsulation into the Western Balkans

The war in Ukraine and the vulnerability of the Western Balkans clearly highlight how important it is to complete the unification of the European Union. The EU and the Western Balkans share geopolitical interests, and the accession negotiations should be seen as a new opportunity for accelerated integration, based on conditionalities. A new enlargement methodology as a general political framework has been transposed into the new generation of negotiation frameworks for North Macedonia and Albania. One of the key novelties of the new methodology is the potential for accelerated integration and (gradual) “phasing-in” to individual EU policies, the EU market, and EU programs, coupled with increased funding and investments. The main pillars of the enlargement package are the EU fundamentals. Why not start mirroring those fundamentals in practice, bringing the accession negotiations closer to key areas of mutual interest, such as the European Rule of Law Mechanism, through phasing-in to the European Semester, followed by the European Single Market, supported through the IPA instrument, and consider establishing a Western Balkans Cohesion Fund? These are complex mechanisms and therefore, beginning at an early stage would be highly beneficial for both sides.

Virtual diplomacy: a dominant mode of foreign policy conduct in the covid-19 world

Diplomacy provides an important framework for negotiation and cooperation on pertinent issues of bilateral, regional, and global importance among state and non-state actors in the international community. As machinery to implement foreign policy discourse for realizing the core national interests of a country, its importance in the statecraft and global governance is considerably crucial at all times. Given the global adverse impacts of COVID-19 and consequential stringent measures taken up by countries, seamless movements of people across national frontiers have been largely limited. In the pre-COVID scenario, both state and non-state actors engaged more in direct diplomatic intercourses than in virtual ones whereas virtual diplomacy continues to gain ground even in the present New Normal. This article critically examines whether virtual diplomacy remains a dominant mode of inter-state behavior in the COVID-19 context, and also endeavors to assess the future of virtual diplomacy in post-COVID global politics. For this research analysis purpose, qualitative research methodologies such as content analysis, collection of qualitative data through a survey among professionals involved in diplomatic and non-diplomatic fields, and empirical data on Nepal’s virtual and non-virtual diplomatic engagements based on press releases published by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Nepal in 2020 are primarily used.

Cooperative negotiation in value-driven engineering and systems design: a technical note

The traditional practice of value-driven engineering and systems design is mainly based on net present values (NPVs). It is essentially enacted as a budgetary technique that neglects the future risk and strategic flexibility of a design project. Incorporating real options theory in value-driven decision models can improve the inability of NPV analysis in dealing with the upside potential of managerial flexibility and operational uncertainty over the design project life. This paper examines the critical issues and research opportunities for establishing a theoretical foundation of value-driven multiplayer game decision making in large complex engineering and systems design projects. This paper envisions a research framework for value-driven cooperative negotiation by synthesising the mathematical foundations of utility theory, real options theory and game theory into a coherent framework of design decision analysis. Fundamental issues and research directions are discussed to develop a variety of new methods for enhancing the formulation of value models for value-driven design with decision support to achieving equilibrium solutions with optimal value allocation among multiple decision agents involved in engineering and systems design.

Reforming the World Health Organization’s Essential Medicines List

This Viewpoint proposes restructuring the WHO Essential Medicines List to remove consideration of cost and cost-effectiveness from the expert committee reviews of clinical effectiveness, safety, and public health value, and chartering a new framework for pooled global negotiation and procurement of costly medicines included in the list.

Perceived barriers and negotiation of using peer-to-peer accommodation by Chinese consumers in the COVID-19 context

PurposeThis study aims to understand Chinese consumers’ perceived barriers to using peer-to-peer (P2P) accommodation before and after the outbreak of COVID-19 and the negotiation strategies they applied in overcoming the barriers and enabling consumption.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative research design with 28 semi-structured interviews was used. Data were analysed by content analysis.FindingsFive psychological barriers and four functional barriers were found to inhibit consumers from using P2P accommodation both before and after the COVID-19 outbreak. In overcoming the perceived barriers, consumers applied both behavioural negotiation strategies, including seeking information, behavioural adaptation, selective choice and seeking social support, and cognitive negotiation strategies, including cognitive adaptation and trusting agents. COVID-19 was found to serve as both a barrier and a facilitator for using P2P accommodation. A barriers–negotiation framework was developed in the context.Research limitations/implicationsTheoretically, this study advances consumer resistance and perceived barriers literature by integrating negotiation and developing a barriers–negotiation framework of P2P accommodation usage. This study also offers insights for practitioners in the P2P accommodation industry.Originality/valueThis study showcases the role of negotiation in understanding barriers to using P2P accommodation, paving the way to extend relevant knowledge to advance consumer resistance research, which is an emerging topic in the broader management domain.