Negative Words Research Articles

Anger and Contempt Toward Tourist Scams: Relationships with Perceived Deception and Negative Word of Mouth

ABSTRACT Tourist scams as a common negative contextual event encountered by tourists have been largely overlooked. This study seeks to create a framework for comprehending the association between perceived deception caused by tourist scams, negative emotional experiences, and unfavorable word of mouth (WOM) based on the cognitive-affective-conative (CAC) model. Drawing on data collected from 414 tourists who had been the victims of tourist scams, this research found that perceived deception caused by tourist scams influences tourists’ negative WOM through tourists’ anger and contempt. Apart from the theoretical contribution, this research also discusses the practical implications for managing tourist scams in the final section.

Imagining emotional future events in PTSD: clinical and neurocognitive correlates.

Emotional future thinking serves important functions related to goal pursuit and emotion regulation but has been scantly studied in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study sought to characterize emotional future thinking in PTSD and to identify clinical and neurocognitive profiles associated with potential alterations in the level of detail in narratives of imagined future events. Fifty-eight, trauma-exposed, war-zone veterans, who were classified into current PTSD, past PTSD, and no-PTSD groups, were asked to vividly imagine future events in response to positive and negative cue words occurring in the near and distant future. These narratives were scored for internal (i.e., pertaining to the main event) and external (i.e., tangential to the main event) details. Participants also performed neurocognitive tasks of generative ability, working memory, and relational verbal memory. Linear mixed modeling revealed that the current and past PTSD groups generated fewer internal details than the no-PTSD group across positive and negative cue words and across temporal proximity. Partial leastsquares analysis revealed that symptom severity for all PTSD clusters was inversely associated with production of internal details, albeit with the association relatively weaker for intrusion symptoms. Among the neurocognitive tasks, only relational verbal memory was associated with production of internal details. These findings suggest, as predicted, that functional avoidance may underlie reduced detail generation but also point to potential additional mechanisms to be further investigated. That future event simulation remains overgeneral even when PTSD symptoms abate highlights the importance of addressing alterations in future thinking in this population.

Construction of an Emotional Lexicon of Patients With Breast Cancer: Development and Sentiment Analysis.

The innovative method of sentiment analysis based on an emotional lexicon shows prominent advantages in capturing emotional information, such as individual attitudes, experiences, and needs, which provides a new perspective and method for emotion recognition and management for patients with breast cancer (BC). However, at present, sentiment analysis in the field of BC is limited, and there is no emotional lexicon for this field. Therefore, it is necessary to construct an emotional lexicon that conforms to the characteristics of patients with BC so as to provide a new tool for accurate identification and analysis of the patients' emotions and a new method for their personalized emotion management. This study aimed to construct an emotional lexicon of patients with BC. Emotional words were obtained by merging the words in 2 general sentiment lexicons, the Chinese Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (C-LIWC) and HowNet, and the words in text corpora acquired from patients with BC via Weibo, semistructured interviews, and expressive writing. The lexicon was constructed using manual annotation and classification under the guidance of Russell's valence-arousal space. Ekman's basic emotional categories, Lazarus' cognitive appraisal theory of emotion, and a qualitative text analysis based on the text corpora of patients with BC were combined to determine the fine-grained emotional categories of the lexicon we constructed. Precision, recall, and the F1-score were used to evaluate the lexicon's performance. The text corpora collected from patients in different stages of BC included 150 written materials, 17 interviews, and 6689 original posts and comments from Weibo, with a total of 1,923,593 Chinese characters. The emotional lexicon of patients with BC contained 9357 words and covered 8 fine-grained emotional categories: joy, anger, sadness, fear, disgust, surprise, somatic symptoms, and BC terminology. Experimental results showed that precision, recall, and the F1-score of positive emotional words were 98.42%, 99.73%, and 99.07%, respectively, and those of negative emotional words were 99.73%, 98.38%, and 99.05%, respectively, which all significantly outperformed the C-LIWC and HowNet. The emotional lexicon with fine-grained emotional categories conforms to the characteristics of patients with BC. Its performance related to identifying and classifying domain-specific emotional words in BC is better compared to the C-LIWC and HowNet. This lexicon not only provides a new tool for sentiment analysis in the field of BC but also provides a new perspective for recognizing the specific emotional state and needs of patients with BC and formulating tailored emotional management plans.

Self-Referential Processing and Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Reward devaluation theory posits that depressed individuals avoid and devalue positivity, suggesting that they may hold fewer positive self-schemas. Previous meta-analytic reviews have supported this theoretical framework regarding positivity but have not assessed for self-referential stimuli. Self-referential encoding and recall tasks assess for self-schemas and thus provide further insight into how depressed individuals process self-referential positivity. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to examine the extent to which depressed individuals differ in processing self-referential positivity and negativity and whether this processing differs when depressed individuals think of others (i.e., other-referential). Results indicate that depressed individuals recall and endorse fewer self-referential positive words than negative words and fewer self-referential positive words than other-referential positive words than nondepressed individuals. These findings support reward devaluation theory and suggest that conceptualizing self-referential processing in depression as merely based on negativity biases can overlook crucial information about how depressed individuals devalue self-referential positive information.

Electrophysiological correlates of semantic pain processing in the affective priming.

Pain plays a fundamental role in the well-being of the individual, and its semantic content may have specific properties compared to other negative domains (i.e., fear and anger) which allows the cognitive system to detect it with priority. Considering the influence of the affective context in which stimuli (targets) are evaluated, it is possible that their valence could be differentially processed if preceded by negative stimuli (primes) associated with pain than negative stimuli not associated with pain. Thus, the present study aims to investigate the electrophysiological correlates of the implicit processing of words with pain content by using an affective priming paradigm. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded while participants were presented with positive and negative word targets (not associated with pain) that were preceded by positive, negative (not associated with pain), and pain word primes. Participants were asked to judge the valence of the target word. Results showed faster reaction times (RTs) in congruent conditions, especially when the negative target was preceded by a pain prime rather than a positive one. ERPs analyses showed no effect of pain at an early-stage processing (N400), but a larger waveform when the pain prime preceded the positive prime on the LPP. These results reaffirm the importance that valence has in establishing the priority with which stimuli are encoded in the environment and highlight the role that pain has in the processing of stimuli, supporting the hypothesis according to which the valence and the semantics of a stimulus interact with each other generating a specific response for each type of emotion.

Differentiating the DF effect in episodic memory: evaluating the contribution of the procedures of collaborative memory

Existing research has demonstrated a significant directed forgetting (DF) effect in memory. However, it remains unclear whether this phenomenon would occur in the context of interpersonal collaboration. Additionally, the contribution of emotional valence to the DF effect in item memory and source memory (which are subtypes of episodic memory) also needs to be explored. To address these issues, we conducted two experiments that combined the collaborative memory paradigm with the item-method procedure of DF. In both experiments, positive, neutral, or negative words were presented as stimuli, each followed by an R/F cue during encoding. We conducted two recalls, labeled Recall 1 and Recall 2, which consisted of both memory tasks. Recall 1 was performed either individually or collaboratively, whereas Recall 2 was done individually. Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 adopted the free-flowing procedure and the turn-taking procedure of collaborative memory, respectively. We obtained three implications from our current findings. (a) The occurrence of the DF effect in item memory was found regardless of the procedure of collaborative memory, and it was insensitive to the emotional valence of words or to whether participants had collaborated or not. These patterns demonstrate that both the mechanisms of elaborative rehearsal and active suppression/encoding blocking were engaged across words of different emotional valences and in nominal and collaborative circumstances. (b) In source memory, the DF effect showed different patterns in ongoing and post-collaborative memory, which underpins the dual-process models. (c) The amplitude of the DF effect was sensitive to the interaction of emotional valence by the status of collaboration, and the impact of collaboration differed between the two experiments, offering telling evidence of different aspects of the retrieval strategy disruption hypothesis (RSDH). Directions for identifying more influential factors are put forward.

Acceptance and commitment training for reducing burnout in medical students during a clinical clerkship in psychiatry and palliative care: A pilot study

Physicians are likely to experience burnout early in their medical education, and it only accelerates as their clinical and academic responsibilities expand and they begin clinical practice. However, effective burnout interventions for clinical-year medical students are lacking. Avoidance of unpleasant internal experiences and decreased engagement in value-based behaviors are associated with burnout. This study, an open-label pilot research with a single-center, before-and-after comparative study design and without a control group, aimed to examine the feasibility and effectiveness of brief acceptance and commitment training (ACT) in reducing burnout during psychiatric clinical clerkships at a medical school. The feasibility proved to be good, with all the participants (n = 56) completing the training. There were no significant differences in the emotional exhaustion (EE) and depersonalization (DP) scores of burnout as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI) at the end of the ACT and two months following the intervention. A comparison was made with scores recorded before the intervention, and significant differences were observed. A subsample of medical students with moderate or greater burnout at T0 manifested significant burnout score reductions. The same subsample revealed a significant increase in psychological flexibility as indicated by the progress factor score on the Valuing Questionnaire (VQ) at T1 compared to T0 and a significant reduction in reaction latency to negative words as indicated by the DIRAP score of the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) for anxiety. We argue that short-term ACT during clinical clerkships of medical students in psychiatry and palliative care is feasible and potentially effective, and a multi-site comparative study using more direct behavioral measures is warranted to further investigate its effectiveness.

Natural emotion vocabularies and borderline personality disorder

BackgroundEmotion dysregulation is a characteristic central to borderline personality disorder (BPD). Valuably, verbal behaviour can provide a unique perspective for studying emotion dysregulation in BPD, with recent research suggesting that the varieties of emotion words one actively uses (i.e., active emotion vocabularies [EVs]) reflect habitual experience and potential dysregulation therein. Accordingly, the present research examined associations between BPD and active EVs across two studies. MethodsStudy 1 (N = 530) comprised a large non-clinical sample recruited from online forums, whereby BPD traits were measured via self-report. Study 2 (N = 64 couples) consisted of mixed-gender romantic couples in which the woman had a BPD diagnosis, as well as a control group of couples. In both studies, participants’ verbal behaviours were analysed to calculate their active EVs. ResultsResults from both studies revealed BPD to be associated with larger negative EV (i.e., using a broad variation of unique negative emotion words), which remained robust when controlling for general vocabulary size and negative affect word frequency in Study 2. The association between BPD and negative EV was insensitive to context. LimitationsLimitations of this research include: 1) the absence of a clinical control group; 2) typical constraints surrounding word-counting approaches; and 3) the cross-sectional design (causality cannot be inferred). ConclusionsOur findings contribute to BPD theory as well as the broader language and emotion literature. Importantly, these findings provide new insight into how individuals manifesting BPD attend to and represent their emotional experiences, which could be used to inform clinical practice.

Hypnotic suggestion modulates visual recognition of negative words depending on word arousal

This study examined whether and how emotional hypnotic suggestions modulate the visual recognition of negative words. We investigated the influence of hypnotic suggestions aimed at modifying emotional reactivity on the arousal effect in negative words. High and low suggestible individuals performed a go/no-go lexical decision task in three intra-individual conditions: with a suggestion to increase emotional reactivity, with a suggestion to decrease emotional reactivity and without hypnotic suggestion. Results showed that hypnotic suggestions modulated the arousal facilitation effect differently depending on the level of suggestibility of the participants. In high suggestible individuals, response times for low-arousal negative words varied oppositely according to the suggestion administered, while no modulations were retrieved for high-arousal ones. In contrast, no suggestion effects were found for low suggestible participants. Altogether, these findings suggest a higher influence of hypnotic suggestions on emotional words that require longer processing times in high suggestible individuals.

Affective language spreads between anxious children and their mothers during a challenging puzzle task.

Humans influence each other's emotions. The spread of emotion is well documented across behavioral, psychophysiological, and neuroscientific levels of analysis, but might this influence also be evident in language (e.g., are people more likely to use emotion words after hearing someone else use them)? The current study tests whether mothers and children influence each other's use of affective language. From 2018 to 2020, children aged 6-12 who met diagnostic criteria for anxiety disorders and their mothers (N = 93 dyads) completed a challenging puzzle task while being video recorded. Analyses of transcriptions revealed that mothers and children indeed influenced each other's language. Bidirectional influence was observed for use of negative affect words: Mothers were more likely to use negative affect words if their child had just used negative affect words (over and above mothers' own language on their previous turn), and children were similarly influenced by mother affect word use. A similar bidirectional relation emerged for linguistic distance, a measure related to effective emotion regulation and mental health. However, the significance of the child-to-mother direction of influence for these two variables varied depending on correction threshold and should thus be verified in future research. Nonetheless, these findings extend understanding of emotional influence by showing turn-by-turn relations between the use of affective language. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).

Clues from caregiver emotional language usage highlight the link between putative social environment and the psychosis-risk syndrome.

Familial emotional word usage has long been implicated in symptom progression in schizophrenia. However, few studies have examined caregiver emotional word usage prior to the onset of psychosis, among those with a clinical high-risk (CHR) syndrome. The current study examined emotional word usage in a sample of caregivers of CHR individuals (N=37) and caregivers of healthy controls (N=40) and links with clinical symptoms in CHR individuals. Caregivers completed a speech sample task in which they were asked to speak about the participant; speech samples were then transcribed and analyzed for general positive (e.g. good) and negative (e.g., worthless) emotional words as well as words expressing three specific negative emotions (i.e., anxiety, anger, and sadness) using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). Findings indicated that (1) CHR caregivers used more negative and anxiety words compared to control caregivers; and (2) less positive word usage among CHR caregivers were related to more positive symptomatology among CHR individuals. These findings point toward the utility of automated language analysis in assessing the intersections between caregiver emotional language use and psychopathology.

성읍민속마을의 관광객 평가에 대한 네트워크 분석과 감성분석 -트립어드바이저 리뷰를 중심으로-

In this study, network analysis and sentiment analysis were performed to understand
 tourists' evaluation of Seongeup Folk Village through review analysis of TripAdvisor, a
 travel platform. As a result of network analysis, tourists who selected 1 or 2 stars
 wrote reviews focusing on forcing, selling, and soliciting products sold in Seongeup Folk
 Village, and tourists who selected 3 or 4 stars wrote reviews focusing on sales of
 products and local guides. Tourists who selected 5 stars wrote reviews focusing on the
 contents of the local guide. As a result of sentiment analysis, the higher the star rating,
 the higher the frequency of using positive words about Seongeup Folk Village. On the
 contrary, among the negative words, the words of the rejection category were used
 frequently, and in detail, 'terrible', 'bad', and 'uninteresting' appeared with high frequency.
 Through the analysis of tourist reviews, the strength of Seongeup Folk Village is the
 local guide system, and the weakness is sales of products and solicitation. Therefore,
 this study recognizes these points in the future, maximizes strengths, and minimizes
 weaknesses. It is considered that it can be used as basic data.

The early negative bias of social semantics: evidence from behavioral and ERP studies

BackgroundCompared to nonsocial information, the human brain is more highly sensitive to social information. As a kind of typical social semantic information, the words describing person traits differ from the nonsocial semantic information describing inanimate objects in many ways. It remains to be seen whether the processing of trait words has a valence asymmetric and whether it differs from the processing of nonsocial semantic information in terms of behavioral responses and neural temporal processes.MethodTaking person and object names as priming stimuli and adjective words only used for describing humans or objects as target stimuli, the present study aimed to investigate the processing characteristics of social and nonsocial semantic information by recording both behavioral and ERP data.ResultsBehavioral results showed that the response times for negative words were significantly slower than those for positive words whether for social or nonsocial semantic information. The accuracy rates of negative words were significantly lower than those of positive words when the targets were social words which is contrary to the nonsocial words. The ERP results indicated that there was a negative bias effect on the processing of both types of information during the whole time course of brain neural activity; that is, the P2, N400, and LPP amplitudes elicited by negative words were larger than those elicited by positive words; However, the negative bias effect of social semantic information started at the early perceptual stage which was significantly earlier than the onset of negative bias of nonsocial semantic information, and was significantly affected by the prime type. In addition, there was a significant semantic conflict N400 effect only for nonsocial semantic information.ConclusionsOverall, the present study revealed the existence of an early negative bias of social information and provided evidence for the specificity of social information.

Attracting solvers' participation in crowdsourcing contests: The role of linguistic signals in task descriptions

AbstractMany companies gain external expertise, lower their costs and generate publicity by using crowdsourcing platforms to complete tasks by leveraging the power of the crowd. However, the number of solvers attracted by crowdsourcing tasks varies widely. Although some well‐known crowdsourcing contests have attracted large numbers of participants, many tasks still suffer from low participation rates. Prior research aimed at solving this problem has focused on factors such as task rewards and durations while overlooking whether a well‐written description might motivate solvers to choose a task. Based on signalling theory, this study investigates the effect of task descriptions on solvers' participation by focusing on informational and affective linguistic signals. Our model is validated by analysing 13 929 descriptions posted in single‐winner tasks on epwk.com, a Chinese competitive crowdsourcing platform. For informational linguistic signals, the results reveal that there are inverted U‐shaped relationships between both concreteness and specificity and solver participation, whereas linguistic accuracy has a positive effect on solver participation. For affective linguistic signals, positive emotional words have a positive relationship with solver participation, whereas negative emotional words have the opposite effect. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

The net promoter score: What should managers know?

The Net Promoter Score (NPS) is a popular management tool that is used in a variety of ways by firms, not-for-profits, and government. This study firstly provides an overview of the various ways in which the NPS is used. It then canvasses four concerns raised by researchers, authors and commentators about the NPS. These relate to (1) its presumed link to business growth, (2) the assumption that low NPS scores indicate negative word of mouth, (3) the weak association between stated likelihood to recommend and actual recommending, and (4) the claim that NPS is a superior metric to customer satisfaction. The evidence pertaining to those concerns is examined. The study then discusses another problem with the NPS that many practitioners are aware of, but has not been studied. The problem is that the counting method used to calculate the NPS introduces additional variation in scores compared to mean average likelihood-to-recommend scores. This additional variation occurs both across brands in a study, as well as for the same brand over survey waves. This variation is likely to be difficult for market research providers, or those who commission NPS work, to explain. The study concludes with alternative courses of action for NPS users.

Fell on Black Days: Analyzing the Song Lyrics of Chris Cornell for Insight into Depression and Suicide.

Chris Cornell was a guitarist, singer, songwriter, and pioneer of grunge music. Cornell struggled with mental illness and addiction and incorporated these themes into his song lyrics. At age 52, Cornell died by suicide in his hotel bathroom following a live performance. This mixed-methods study examines Cornell's song lyrics for references to negative words and themes related to depression and suicide. Two coders independently reviewed lyrical transcripts to identify the primary theme, secondary theme(s), and valence (positive or negative). Sentiment analysis, a natural language processing technique, was used to examine word frequency and valence. Songs (N = 215) were predominantly (79%) negative and contained more negative (N = 3244, 56.1%) than positive (N = 2537, 43.9%) words. Thematic analysis by stage of career shows a narrowing focus on depression, failed relationships, and morbid thoughts. Themes of depressed mood, death, and suicide were common and increased by stage of career. By applying qualitative and quantitative techniques to song lyrics, this study revealed that Cornell's songs reflect a narrative of negativity consistent with someone experiencing depression and thoughts of death and suicide. Like personal notes and poems, song lyrics may reflect symptoms of depression and suicidal thoughts warranting clinical attention.

Assessing the functions of Japanese words for self using the implicit relational assessment procedure

This study aimed to clarify the functional differences between the use of the Japanese word for self watashi and an individual's name under the Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP). Fifty-seven native Japanese speakers participated in the study. Each participant completed the Japanese version of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES-J) and two IRAPs (I-IRAP and name-IRAP). IRAPs with two labels (watashi denoting “I” or [name] or “others”) and two targets (positive or negative words) were used. One-way repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests yielded significant main effects for the IRAPs. Bonferroni post hoc tests indicated that the effects for the name-positive trial type differed significantly from that of the three other trial types; there were no significant differences between the remaining trial types. However, I-IRAP trials differed significantly from other positive/negative trial types. Only the name-positive IRAP trial type correlated positively with the RSES-J score. A mixed-model 2 (IRAP; I or Name) × 4 (four trials) ANOVA showed no main effects or significant interaction effects. Steiger's Z showed a correlation between the name-positive trial type and RSES-J scores, and the I-positive trial type did not show a significant difference from RSES-J scores. The results indicate that the single-trial-type-dominance effect only occurred in the name-IRAP.

A Discourse Analysis of Suicide Tendency in Photographer Lu Dawson’s Posts on Public Acconts: An Approach of Non-real World and Real World

With the number of diagnoses of depression increasing each year and the high frequency of suicides, depression has become a challenge in the fields of neurology and psychology due to its complex etiology and pathogenesis difficult to trace. However, research has demonstrated that language use patterns can reflect the mental state and psychological characteristics of the user (Huang Guanlan and Zhou Xiaolu, 2021). Therefore this paper, based on Kugrerberg and Gliat's (2012) discourse differentiation between "reality orientation" and "non-reality orientation " analyzes the discourse posted by the photographer Lu Dawson on his Weibo and Xiaohongshu accounts before his suicide, adopting the DSM diagnostic criteria for depression as the discourse differentiation method. in terms of vocabulary and syntax. As is revealed, the content of Weibo accounts with more followers expressed suicidal tendencies in a more direct way. At the lexical level, the first person singular, negative words and a large number of vaguely restricted adverbs are employed; at the syntactic level, a large number of rhetorical questions and apologetic sentences are utilized, demonstrating the blogger's disappointment and guilt, which is highly consistent with the symptoms of depression as defined by neurology. This study may provide a reference for identifying the help-seeking signals and life-ending intentions of those who suffer from depression in hope to reduce the occurrence of tragedies.

Negative bias in early and late cognitive processing of coronary heart disease patients with depressive symptoms: an EPR study

BackgroundThe purpose of this research was to explore the underlying mechanisms of cognitive impairments in patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) who exhibit depressive symptoms. This was accomplished by recording Event-related potentials (ERPs) during the emotional Stroop task, with a specific focus on the temporal dynamics of attentional bias towards various emotional words.MethodsWe selected 17 CHD patients with depressive symptoms and 23 CHD patients without depression using a convenience sampling method from the Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University. Each participant completed an emotional Stroop color-word task, and ERPs were recorded during the task to examine cognitive processing.ResultsCHD patients with depressive symptoms exhibited generally smaller amplitudes of N1, N2, P3 and longer latency of P3 compared to CHD patients without depression. Specifically, the N1 amplitude of negative words was smaller and the P3 amplitude of negative words was larger in the CHD with depressive group compared to the CHD group. Furthermore, within the group of CHD patients with depressive symptoms, negative words elicited a smaller N1 amplitude and larger P3 amplitude compared to positive and neutral words.ConclusionsCHD patients with depressive symptoms demonstrate decreased attentional resources, leading to cognitive impairments. Notably, significant attentional bias occurs during both early and later stages of cognitive processing. This bias is primarily characterized by an enhanced automatic processing of negative information at the early stage and difficulty disengaging from such information at the later stage. These findings contribute to the existing literature on the cognitive neural mechanisms underlying depression in CHD patients.

It's not just what we don't know: The mapping problem in the acquisition of negation

How do learners learn what no and not mean when they are only presented with what is? Given its complexity, abstractness, and roles in logic, truth-functional negation might be a conceptual accomplishment. As a result, young children’s gradual acquisition of negation words might be due to their undergoing a gradual conceptual change that is necessary to represent those words’ logical meaning. However, it’s also possible that linguistic expressions of negation take time to learn because of children’s gradually increasing grasp of their language. To understand what no and not mean, children might first need to understand the rest of the sentences in which those words are used. We provide experimental evidence that conceptually equipped learners (adults) face the same acquisition challenges that children do when their access to linguistic information is restricted, which simulates how much language children understand at different points in acquisition. When watching a silenced video of naturalistic uses of negators by parents speaking to their children, adults could tell when the parent was prohibiting the child and struggled with inferring that negators were used to express logical negation. However, when provided with additional information about what else the parent said, guessing that the parent had expressed logical negation became easy for adults. Though our findings do not rule out that young learners also undergo conceptual change, they show that increasing understanding of language alone, with no accompanying conceptual change, can account for the gradual acquisition of negation words.