Negative Prejudice Research Articles

Does Lack of Knowledge Lead to Misperceptions? Disentangling the Factors Modulating Public Knowledge About and Perceptions Toward Sharks

Identifying sources of variability in public perceptions and attitudes towards sharks can assist managers and conservationists with developing effective strategies to raise awareness and support for the conservation of threatened shark species. This study examined the effect of several demographic, economic and socioenvironmental factors on the quality of knowledge about and perceptions towards sharks in two contrasting scenarios from northeastern Brazil: a shark hazardous coastal region and a marine protected insular area. Ordered logistic regression models were built using Likert data collected with a self-administered questionnaire survey (N = 1094). A clear relationship between education, knowledge and perceptions was evidenced, with low education level and knowledge of sharks resulting in more negative perceptions towards these species. Prejudice towards sharks stemmed as a potentially limiting factor because some positive effects of other variables were superseded by the effects of negative prejudice. Other practical factors such as age, economic level, and gender, also influenced respondent’s knowledge and perceptions and could provide a guidance for optimizing socioenvironmental gains relatively to public engagement efforts. Results also suggested that populations inhabiting regions with high shark bite incidence likely require distinct outreach methods because some factors underlying knowledge and perception dynamics exhibited structural differences in their effects when compared to the trends observed in a marine protected area. Altogether, public perceptions and attitudes towards sharks could be feasibly enhanced with educational development and nature experiencing strategies. Moreover, disseminating shark-specific knowledge across the society might catalyze support for the conservation of these species in a cost-effective way. This study provides a potentially useful socioenvironmental framework to deal with the human dimensions of shark management and to strengthen conservation policies aimed at promoting societal compliance with pro-environmental values, which is crucial to endow shark populations with effective protection from anthropogenic threats.

COLLABORATIVE POLICING FOR HANDLING COMMUNALCONFLICTS (CASE STUDY: CONFLICTS BETWEENPAPUANS AND YOGYAKARTANS)

In this study, there are 2 (two) groups of conflicting citizens, namely the Papuans living in Yogyakarta which consist of students and working residents, and Yogyakartans, that is several ethnic groups other than ethnic Papuan. This study uses a qualitative approach and the paradigm of constructivism. The root of the conflicts is the Papuans’ perception of their historical past as well as cultural elements such as poverty, lack of education, and lifestyle. The triggers of conflict is the Papuans’ negative lifestyles, namely frequently get drunk, eating without paying the bill, breaking traffic rules, and always shouting “merdeka” (meaning independence) when making protesting rallies. On the other side, the people of Yogyakarta have negative prejudices against Papuans and discriminate them accordingly, which could even be perceived as a racial attitude.The Yogyakartan police seem not to have a good understanding about the root and causes of conflicts, because they tend to handle conflicts by repressive measures only after the violence had occurred. They clearly believe Papuan case is politically sensitive and full of outsiders’ influences. They also fail to have an open communication with the Papuans because the Papuans do not trust the police. For those reasons, the police often let Papuans who broke the law left unpunished, which produces suspicion among the people of Yogyakarta that the police might be afraid of the Papuans.

قواعد “التباین” فی المنهج القرآنی لمواجهة تهدیدات تریف الأخبار وتضلیل المعلومات (HOAX) فی العصر الرقمی (Digital Era)

This study aims to describe the concept of "Tabayyun" by the Qur'an method in facing hoax news or false information the impact of the advancement of digital technology. This study uses a descriptive method. The question is how does the Qur'an provide views and solutions to face threats of that problem. The results of this study are six rules in the face of hoax news: Verification and balance, Stop sharing, Avoid negative prejudice, Read information critically and understand the text well, War on Hoax, Give literacy education to each individual Muslim in the use of modern media.

Social representations of Covid-19 and stigmatization of healthcare personnel and people attained by abidjanese populations, Cote d’Ivoire

The present study aims to identify the structure of coronavirus social representations in order to understand the stigmatization of people with Covid-19 and of healthcare personnel by populations in Abidjan. To do this, we have drawn up a sample made up of the unemployed, pupils and students and workers. There are 325 participants, including 177 men and 148 women, with an age that varies between 16 and 59 years. These people are subjected to the evocation questionnaire according to the structural approach of social representations (Abric, 1994). Analysis of the data using evoc2005 and simi2005 shows that the evocations "containment", "death" and "invention" constitute the main components (central core) of the social representations of coronavirus. These elements, which reflect a lived experience of negative feelings, will generate the construction of negative prejudices and common beliefs that encourage avoidance behaviours among participants to flee the feared situation. It takes place inward withdrawal and rejection of the other which constitutes for the individual a danger. Hence the stigmatization of people who visibly "embody" danger, death (the object of fear), namely people with Covid-19 and caregivers. The results therefore suggest that in the fight against Covid-19 the psychological aspect is also important and must be taken into account.

Are our Future Socio-Educational Agents Duly Prepared to Foster Intercultural and Interreligious Dialogue in their Professional Practice?

Despite the strong influence of religion in today’s world, religious education at university is rather sparse. Universities must be proactive in overcoming negative prejudices and combating symbolic and religious illiteracy that curbs appreciation of other cultural realities. This paper carries out a diagnosis of future social and educational agents in order to discover their attitudes to the challenge that they will have to face in the fostering of intercultural and interreligious dialogue. The results would lead us to believe that initial and continuous education should be introduced in order to foment a profound understanding of the religious dimension.

A systematic review to assess the effectiveness of technology-based interventions to address obesity in children

BackgroundChildhood obesity is associated with a multitude of co-morbidities, including hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Childhood obesity can also affect a young person’s social, emotional and mental health if they encounter negative prejudice and social marginalisation. Given the prevalence of overweight and obese children globally, it is imperative that effective interventions are developed. Children are receptive to information conveyed via digital means, therefore, the use of technology may play a crucial role in interventions to reduce childhood obesity. This systematic review aimed to review and critically appraise the literature published to date in relation to the effectiveness of technology-based interventions, employed as secondary prevention, in addressing childhood obesity.MethodsAn electronic search strategy was undertaken in Medline and Embase, covering publications up to and including 12th July 2018. Randomised controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of technology-based interventions on weight-related outcomes in children, aged 8 to 18, published only in the English language, were included.ResultsFrom an initial search total of 1012 studies, 11 met the inclusion criteria. They were assessed for methodological quality using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool for Randomised Controlled Trials and were analysed using a narrative approach. The findings of this review showed a limited potential of technology-based interventions, employed as secondary prevention, to address childhood obesity. Of the eleven studies reviewed, three (27%) showed a positive relationship between technology-based interventions and weight-related outcomes in overweight or obese children.ConclusionsThis review suggests that technology-based interventions, primarily active video games, as well as internet or web-based interventions and mobile phone communications, may, with further research, have the potential to impact positively on weight-related outcomes. It is difficult to determine the degree of efficacy of these technology-based interventions, as only two databases were searched, selecting only English language articles. Moreover, the included studies demonstrated a lack of high-quality evidence. The lack and heterogeneity of studies with technology-based interventions is a further limitation.

Investigating the moderating role of intercultural factors on consumer cross-shopping behavior

The concept of prejudice has become increasingly important to scientific thinking about relations between groups. Yet, despite extensive research, little is known about how prejudice affects consumer buying behavior, especially regarding activities that involve purchasing products and services thereby crossing to suppliers from the dominant community. The purpose of this study is twofold: to examine the influence of both positive and negative prejudices on cross-shopping intention in the context of an ethnic minority-majority group relationship; and, to investigate the moderating influence of intercultural-related factors (i.e. online contact, social interaction, and acculturation) on the relationship between negative prejudice and cross-shopping intention. A sample consisting of 202 respondents was obtained from across ethnic-minority consumers (the Israeli Arabs) who routinely interact online and offline with individuals from the majority population (Israeli Jews). The conceptual framework and hypothesis are tested using the partial least squares analyses (PLS). The study results provide a better understanding of the conflicting effects of positive and negative prejudice on cross-shopping intention. Additionally, results shed light on the moderating role of intercultural factors on the relationship between negative prejudice and cross-shopping intention. Implications are identified together with consideration of the study limitations and avenues for future research.

Historical and Modern Perspectives on Mobile Labour: <i>Parallel case study on Finnish and Estonian crossborder worker stereotypes and masculinities</i>

Parallels are drawn between representations of early 20th century Finnish maritime labourers on foreign merchant ships and present-day Estonian blue-collar commuter workers who work in the construction sector in Finland. We ask how the workers at both the times comment the media representations of them and how the possible analogues can be understood. The study focuses on two themes: stereotypes and masculinity ideals related to mobile work. The data comprise seamen’s letters, construction workers’ interviews, and media sources. By combining anthropological and historical analyses, we show that, rather than being occupation specific or related to time, certain features related to mobility, physical work, and gender tend to reappear in different kinds of circumstances. The features are characterised by the paradox of positive expectations and negative prejudices. We suggest that present-day discussions on cross-border work benefit not only from comparisons between different areas and occupations but also from historical juxtapositions.

THE CORRELATION STUDY ABOUT PREJUDICE AND SOCIAL CONFLICTS ON ISLAM NUSANTARA IN PADANG

The research objectives: (1) Describe the prejudices of community leaders about Islam Nusantara. (2) Describe the picture of people's prejudices about Islam Nusantara. (3) Connecting between the prejudices of religious leaders and the community and its relation to the social conflict of the people of the city of Padang. The study uses qualitative approaches and quantitative mixing methods (mixed methods). The population in this study were 32 religious leaders and 168 community members. Data collection techniques using; observation, interview and psychological scale. A simple random sampling technique. Data analysis techniques using Pearson correlation. The results of this study found that generally the negative prejudices of religious leaders about Islam Nusantara were high. While social conflict in the midst of society is classified as low. Whereas them correlation aspect shows that there is no correlation between the views of religious leaders and community members about Islam Nusantara not correlating with social conflict in the midst of society.

ГЕРОНТОКУЛЬТУРА КАК ДЕТЕРМИНАНТА РАСПРОСТРАНЕНИЯ ГЕРОНТОМАРКЕТИНГА НА РОССИЙСКОМ ПОТРЕБИТЕЛЬСКОМ РЫНКЕ

The article presents the results of a study of the relationship and influence of gerontoculture on the development of gerontomarketing in the Russian consumer market. Based on the systematization of theoretical and empirical studies, the authors built a model of interaction between gerontoculture and gerontomarketing. It is demonstrated that the material and spiritual values transmitted by gerontoculture are interconnected with the lifestyle and culture of consumption of the gerontosegment, which is also the area of the targeted impact of gerontomarketing. The author's model also assumes the influence of state gerontopolitics, which contributes to the promotion of both certain values and negative prejudice against the elderly people in society. The article also examines the manifestations of institutional ageism and presents the results of the study on age perception and attitudes towards elderly people among representatives of younger generations, which shows that the Russian gerontoculture is characterized by widespread negative stereotypization against old people. Thus, for the development of gerontomarketing, it is necessary to implement an information policy to form a positive perception of an elderly person, which can be implemented both in business communication campaigns and at the level of state gerontopolitics.

PREJUDICE AND COMMUNICATION ETHICS AS CONFLICT’S RESOLUTION (PEMBACAAN M. QURAISH SHIHAB TERHADAP QS AL-HUJURAT 11-12)

This paper discussed Prejudice and Communication Ethics as Conflict Resolution in Indonesia. It will explore both Muhammad Quraish Shihab and his interpretation of Quran Sura Al-Hujurat: 11-12. Muhammad Quraish Shihab is one of Mufassir in Indonesia. Most of the conflicts had occurred because of the wrong and negative prejudice about someone or specific community. It has happened in Indonesia. There are many conflicts that reasons are simple. But, it had a big effect because of misscommunication and negative prejudice. Moreover, conflicts are in social media. So, the Quran has the solution to it. In Quran Sura al-Hujurat: 11-12, tell us about Ethics of Communication and Prejudice, that was explained by Muhammad Quraish Shihab in his Tafsir, Al-Misbah.

ISLAM NUSANTARA: PREJUDICE AND SOCIAL CONFLICT

This research is based on the fact that there are religious leaders and some people who oppose the idea of Islam Nusantara. When the religious figure represented a formal legal institution (MUI), it had a significant influence on the views of the people of Padang. Therefore, the polemic of Islam Nusantara gives its own style about the existence of Islam Nusantara in the land of Minang. Further research objectives: (1) Describe the prejudices of community leaders about Islam Nusantara. (2) Describe the picture of people's prejudices about Islam Nusantara. (3) Connecting the prejudices of religious leaders and the community and its relation to the social conflict of the people of Padang City. The study uses qualitative approaches and quantitative mixing methods (mixed method). The population in this study were 32 religious leaders and 168 community members. Data collection techniques using; observation, interview and psychological scale. The sampling technique is random sampling technique. Data analysis techniques using Pearson correlation (Pearson correlation). The results of this study found that generally the negative prejudices of religious leaders about Islam Nusantara were high. While social conflict in the midst of society is classified as low. Whereas the correlation aspect shows that there is no relationship between community’s prejudices about Islam Nusantara and social conflict in the midst of society.

The Paradoxical Perception of Religious Leaders and Community Members About Islam Nusantara

This article aims to describe the prejudices of religious leaders and community members about Islam Nusantara. This study also aims to draw the picture of people’s preconceptions about Islam Nusantara and to connect the bigotry of religious leaders, the community, and its relation to the social conflict of the people of Padang. The study employes qualitative and quantitative approaches (mixing methods). The population in this study is 32 religious leaders and 168 community members. Data collection techniques employed are observation, interview, and psychological scale. The sampling method used is a simple random sampling technique. This article employed the Pearson correlation as the data analysis techniques. The results of this study found that generally the negative prejudices of religious leaders about Islam Nusantara were high. At the same time, the social conflict during society is classified as low. Meanwhile, the correlation aspect shows that there is no significant correlation between the views of religious leaders and community members about Islam Nusantara, and social conflict in society.

Understanding the Dynamics of Intergroup Relations from the Perspectives of Western Immigrants Living in Korea

The literature on intergroup contact has mainly focused on how the majority group members reduce negative stereotypes and prejudice toward minority groups, also exploring the dynamics of intergroup contact in Western countries. The purpose of this study is to explore the dynamics of intergroup contact and interactions from the perspective of Western immigrants, and to understand how they interact with host individuals in South Korea. Using a constructivist grounded theory, three themes were identified associated with intergroup contact: (a) experiencing cultural growth and cultural conflicts, (b) reducing ethnocentric behaviors, and (c) experiencing cultural distance and boundaries. This study suggests that participants experienced the dynamics of intergroup contact with the host individuals.

"The stigma of perceived irrelevance: An affordance-management theory of interpersonal invisibility": Correction to Neel and Lassetter (2019).

Reports an error in "The stigma of perceived irrelevance: An affordance-management theory of interpersonal invisibility" by Rebecca Neel and Bethany Lassetter (Psychological Review, Advanced Online Publication, Jan 28, 2019, np). In the article, the following citation was omitted: Goff, P. A., Thomas, M. A., & Jackson, M. C. (2008), "Ain't I a Woman?": Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms. Sex Roles, 59, 392-403. All versions of this article have been corrected. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2019-03858-001.) A growing body of research shows that older adults, Black women, and other groups often encounter stigmatization that manifests not as negative prejudice, but as indifference and inattention-that is, interpersonal invisibility. We propose an affordance-management theory to explain who is interpersonally invisible, to whom, and with what consequences. A social affordance-management perspective suggests that people seek to detect and strategically engage with those who facilitate or obstruct achievement of important goals. We argue that invisibility emerges from the perception that another person neither helps nor hurts one's ability to achieve chronically or acutely active goals. We thus distinguish among phenomena commonly subsumed under the term stigmatization: invisibility-based stigmatization of those perceived to be irrelevant, and threat-based stigmatization of those perceived to obstruct one's goals. Invisibility and threat-based stigmatization are theorized to differ in origin, manifestation, and impact. Furthermore, rather than being a static property of particular target groups, interpersonal invisibility dynamically emerges from perceiver goals, target cues, and situational features. Nonetheless, some perceivers, targets, situations, and goals are more likely to lead to invisibility than others. This affordance-based theory of invisibility helps to organize the heterogeneous field of stigma research; unifies a diverse array of social, cognitive, motivational, and affective phenomena; and suggests numerous novel directions for future stigma research from both perceiver and target perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

The stigma of perceived irrelevance: An affordance-management theory of interpersonal invisibility.

[Correction Notice: An Erratum for this article was reported in Vol 126(5) of Psychological Review (see record 2019-58645-001). In the article, the following citation was omitted: Goff, P. A., Thomas, M. A., & Jackson, M. C. (2008), "Ain't I a Woman?": Towards an intersectional approach to person perception and group-based harms. Sex Roles, 59, 392-403. All versions of this article have been corrected.] A growing body of research shows that older adults, Black women, and other groups often encounter stigmatization that manifests not as negative prejudice, but as indifference and inattention-that is, interpersonal invisibility. We propose an affordance-management theory to explain who is interpersonally invisible, to whom, and with what consequences. A social affordance-management perspective suggests that people seek to detect and strategically engage with those who facilitate or obstruct achievement of important goals. We argue that invisibility emerges from the perception that another person neither helps nor hurts one's ability to achieve chronically or acutely active goals. We thus distinguish among phenomena commonly subsumed under the term stigmatization: invisibility-based stigmatization of those perceived to be irrelevant, and threat-based stigmatization of those perceived to obstruct one's goals. Invisibility and threat-based stigmatization are theorized to differ in origin, manifestation, and impact. Furthermore, rather than being a static property of particular target groups, interpersonal invisibility dynamically emerges from perceiver goals, target cues, and situational features. Nonetheless, some perceivers, targets, situations, and goals are more likely to lead to invisibility than others. This affordance-based theory of invisibility helps to organize the heterogeneous field of stigma research; unifies a diverse array of social, cognitive, motivational, and affective phenomena; and suggests numerous novel directions for future stigma research from both perceiver and target perspectives. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Effects of biogenetic beliefs for schizophrenia on potential caregivers in China: Exploring the role of affiliate stigma.

Schizophrenia affects more than eight million people in China. Stigmatization of schizophrenia may prevent family members and close others from providing social support to those with schizophrenia. This article aims to investigate the potential use of a biogenetic approach to reduce the stigma of schizophrenia using a cross-sectional (study 1, n=141) and an experimental design (study 2, n=100) in China. In the first study, mediation analysis reveals that perceived affiliate stigma, the negative prejudice, and discrimination towards family members of individuals with socially stigmatized identities due to their affiliation with the person mediates the path between biogenetic beliefs and desire for social distance. This pattern is replicated in study 2 in which two 10-min lectures were created and used to influence participants' beliefs in biogenetic causes of schizophrenia. Findings suggest that the biogenetic approach may increase Chinese participants' desired social distance towards their family members with schizophrenia through increasing their concerns about the negative consequences of being affiliated with the family member. Therefore, future research should investigate aspects of biogenetic anti-stigma campaigns that do not increase participants' perception of affiliate stigma in China.

BAHASA PRASANGKA SOSIAL DALAM CERPEN “CLARA” KARYA SENO GUMIRA AJIDARMA

Penelitian ini membahas tentang bahasa prasangka sosial dalam cerpen “Clara” karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Bahasa yang mengandung prasangka juga terdapat dalam karya sastra. Karya sastra sebagai karya imajiner biasanya menawarkan berbagai permasalahan manusia dan kemanusiaan, hidup dan kehidupan. Pengarang menghayati berbagai permasalahan tersebut dengan penuh kesungguhan yang kemudian diungkapkan kembali melalui sarana fiksi sesuai dengan pandangannya. Fiksi menceritakan berbagai masalah kehidupan manusia dan interaksinya dengan lingkungan dan sesama. Fiksi merupakan hasil kontempelasi dan reaksi pengarang, lingkungan, dan kehidupan. Adapun tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi strategi bahasa yang mengandung prasangka dalam cerpen “Clara” karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Data dalam penelitian ini adalah teks yang diambil dari cerpen “Clara” karya Seno Gumira Ajidarma. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini terdiri atas; (1) pengumpulan data berupa teks, yang dianggap menunjukkan prasangka dalam cerpen, dan (2) pengidentifikasian teks yang telah didapatkan berdasarkan ekspresi prasangka dan perangkat retoris. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bahasa sastra dalam cerpen tidak terlepas dari prasangka. Tipe strategi bahasa yang digunakan adalah; repetisi, generalisasi, penunjukan kaum minoritas, dan penyebutan nama asal. Dari hasli penelitian terlihat bahwa semua tipe strategi bahasa baik itu repetisi, generalisasi, penunjukan kaum minoritas, maupun penyebutan nama asal cenderung digunakan untuk menunjukkan prasangka negatif.

SENI TARI DALAM PANDANGAN ISLAM

Humans in their daily lives cannot be separated from art. Art is a form of aesthetic expression towards human existence as a servant. Expressions of beauty that are expressed through beautiful movements, will give birth to exotic dance. Speaking of dance, in general, the negative prejudices of both dancers and dances are generally generated. This is interesting to study when drawn with the flexibility of Islamic teachings and the core of Islamic teachings themselves, namely tauhid.

Prejudices towards the Catalans: An experience in primary education

In recent years, the society of our country has maintained a tense political situation between the Spanish state and the autonomous community of Catalonia. The children have been exposed to this situation and the comments heard may have been able to cause the appearance of prejudices or the creation of a stereotype about the inhabitants of this region. The beliefs of children from two different contexts, a rural setting and an urban one, the capital of Spain, have been taken into account. From a sample of students from two different contexts, we have obtained results that indicate that girls from Primary Education show more positive prejudices towards Catalans than boys. In addition, if we consider gender, children who live in an urban environment do not show differences when it comes to showing negative prejudices.
 Keywords: Prejudices, Catalans, primary education, urban, rural.