Negative Prefix Research Articles

DENIAL OF ARMED AGGRESSION IN THE ANTI-STATE DISCOURSE OF SOCIAL MEDIA

The article examines the linguistic means of representing the subcriminal feature "denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine" in anti-state texts on social networks. The study found that the representatives of the "denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine" are multilevel linguistic units: the negative prefix not-, in the semantic structure of which denial is part of a complex meaning; the negative particle not, used to completely deny the content of what is said; negative pronouns; and the negative predicate no. The following explicit means of realizing negation are the most productive in conflict texts: 1) general negative logical and syntactic structures with the negative particle not used in preposition to the main predicative member of a two-part sentence; 2) partially negative logical and syntactic structures with the negative particle not used in preposition to the secondary member of a two-part sentence; 3) logical and syntactic structures with the negative predicate no. The logical operation of negation is most productively realized in the implicit form at the level of a whole sentence or microcontext and is actualized through such semantic plans as the interpretation of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine as a special military operation, as an internal civil conflict, as Ukrainian aggression in Donbas, the interpretation of the war as Ukraine's armed aggression, as military exercises, as a war between the United States and Russia, as a war unleashed by a third party, as well as the denial of the armed aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine as an unprovoked armed attack by one state against another with the aim of seizing its territory, eliminating or limiting its independence.

Глобализация или деглобализация?

The article is devoted to the analysis of the content and the correct use of the basic categories of modern global studies: ‘globalization’, ‘deglobalization’ and other related terms. Using the methods of logical thinking, the author identifies significant methodological problems concerning the language and conceptual apparatus of science in general and global studies in particular. The inappropriateness of using one or another unsettled or debatable term in the scientific language without preliminary clarification of its content is shown. In particular, it is argued that adding a negative prefix to a concept introduced earlier into scientific circulation changes its semantic meaning to the opposite and no more. Specific examples show that the violation of this rule leads to terminological confusion, generates empty discussions and creates additional difficulties in scientific research.

ЛІНГВОПРАГМАТИЧНІ ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ АФІКСАЛЬНИХ ДЕРИВАТІВ У СМИСЛОВОМУ ПОЛІ РОМАНУ Л. КАПУАНИ «МАРКІЗ РОККАВЕРДІНА»)

The article focuses on linguopragmatic potential of affixal derivatives in the semantic field of the novel “The Marquis of Roccaverdina” by L. Capuana, one of the most prominent representatives of Italian verism. The semantic field of the verism novel “The Marquis of Roccaverdina” is based on polarized reference groups (associated with positive and negative characters) that implement the opposition “feudal lords – poor population”. The reference group has a field structure and includes the subject (character) as a representative of a social stratum, his place of residence, surrounding objects, landscape. The nucleus of the reference group is a subject (character) belonging to a higher vs. lower social stratum, the pre-nuclear zone – the place of residence, surrounding objects, landscape, the near periphery – the characteristics of the place of residence, surrounding objects, landscape. The nucleus of the reference group determines the spreading of the semantic space in a certain direction depending on the evaluation of the character and sets the direction of the typification of the conditions of meaning creation. The field structure is based on the degree of determinism, which decreases in the direction from the nucleus to the periphery. When characterizing negative characters (belonging to the class of feudal lords), affixal derivatives with augmentative suffixes, pejorative suffixes, negative prefixes are used in the pre-nuclear zone, and on the near periphery – descriptors indicating the size of cultural artifacts and household items, which correlates with the greatness of the marquis and his family. Descriptors often function as epithets. To describe the landscape and natural phenomena surrounding negative characters, the author often uses the stylistic device of personification, and natural phenomena are correlated with their character traits and mental state. In the microcontext, lexical units of negative evaluation are used. In the speech of negative characters, deictics with the function of referent substitution are used, which reinforce the meaning of affixal derivatives with a negative prefix or pejorative suffixes. When characterizing positive characters (belonging to a lower class) affixal derivatives with diminutive suffixes are used in the pre-nuclear zone, descriptors indicating the small size of artifacts and household items are used in the near periphery; in themicro context, lexical units are used to denote impersonality. To describe the landscape and natural phenomena surrounding positive characters, the author often uses the stylistic device of personification, while natural phenomena are perceived as threatening and correlated with their state of depression and helplessness. The polarization of reference groups implementing the opposition "feudal lords – poor stratum of the population" is manifested in the semantic relation of contradiction, which include affixal derivatives and their descriptors. The semantic relations of contradiction are revealed in the stylistic device of antithesis used not only at the level of single phrase, but also at the transphrastic and textonomic level. The identification of the linguopragmatic potential of affixal derivatives is possible due to imposition of semantic connections in the semantic space of the novel. The author's choice of affixal derivatives is pragmatically conditioned.

Oxymoron in language consciousness and communicative practice

The paper deals with a stylistic figure «oxymoron» which expresses a polar contradiction of concepts. Sematic and pragmatic properties of this stylistic device have been described. Semantically, simple and complicated (metaphoric) types of oxymoron may be singled out. Simple oxymorons include occasional units made by combinations of affixes or roots with contradictory meanings in compound words. Standard attributive nominal collocations make the majority of oxymorons. The simplest type of such collocations is a single-root word combination with a negative prefix for a part of the dyadic unit. Elaborated oxymorons are formed with constructions formed on the basis of the formula «Though A, but B» (e. g. They have never lost a chance to lose a chance). A special subgroup of oxymorons is made of words including a negative component which is not directly expressed in the affix. Oxymorons are often used as headlines because of their high energetic potential. Another subgroup of the figures in question may be defined as metaphoric oxymorons, both parts of their dyadic unit is semantically transformed. A pragmatic approach to a description of oxymorons makes it possible to characterize the main text types attracting such stylistic figures. Pragmatically, ironical, emblematic and symbolic varieties of this stylistic figure are described. I argue that in habitual and publicist communication oxymoron is used for a comical effect, whereas in aphorisms and poetry it aims to paradoxically express a new meaning.

TYPES OF ANTONYM-TERMS IN FRENCH AND UKRAINIAN PHILOSOPHICAL TERMINOLOGY

The paper deals with the study of the antonym relations in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The opposition that underlies antonymy is a multifaceted phenomenon and is studied by various sciences: psychology, logic, philosophy, sociology, ethics, aesthetics and religion. From a semantic point of view, there are three types of antonymy based on logical relations: the contrary antonymy, the contradictory (or complementary) antonymy and the reciprocal (or converse) antonymy. Considering antonymy on both lexical-semantic and stylistic levels, there are two types of oppositions: usual (linguistic) and occasional (characterizing the philosopher specific linguistic manner). Occasional oppositions are represented by contextual and individual-authorial oppositions, which are more expressive oppositions of usual antonyms; their impact on the reader is unexpected and unusual. From a structural point of view, we distinguish grammatical antonymy and lexical antonymy. In grammatical antonymy one of the items of the pair is morphologically marked by a negative prefix or prefixoide and in lexical antonymy the opposition is expressed by another lexeme. The paper gives the definition of antonymy in terminology and analyzes the main types of antonymy. As a result of the study, we defined the basic antonymous types of prefixes in French and Ukrainian philosophical terminology. The most productive antonymous prefixes in French philosophical terminology are in-, im-, ir-, a-, dé-, dés-, dis-, non-, mé-. The prefixoids (contre-, plus-, moins-, poly-, mono-) are the initial elements of complex terms. The most productive Ukrainian negative prefixes are не-, без-, ін-. The absolute majority of philosophical antonymic terms in French and Ukrainian languages are nouns.

Corpus Linguistics Research: Prefix Analysis on Technological Article from abcnews.go.com

AbstractAn affix is a morpheme attached to a word's root to make a new or word form. There are two kinds of affixes, the first is a bound morpheme that comes after the root of a word and is called suffix, and the second is, bound morpheme that comes before the base of the word is called prefix. Prefix process in English relating to negative and positive prefixes. The example of the negative prefix is in, un, dis, mis, and ill. While positive ones such as out, re, super, multi, under, and over. This paper aims to get information about prefixes in the technological article. abcnews.go.com is one of many big websites that contain the newest articles and news around the world. This study concludes that the readers expected to know about prefixes.

/ka-/ negative prefix of Choswateng Tibetan of Khams (Shangri-La, Yunnan)

Abstract Choswateng Tibetan, spoken in the south-eastern corner of the Khams region, has three negative prefixes: /ȵi-/, /ma-/, and /ka-/. The first two are derived from two morphemes which are ubiquitous across Tibetic languages, whereas the third is a newly generated negative prefix found in Choswateng Tibetan as well as its surrounding dialects belonging to the rGyalthang subgroup of Khams and its neighbours. This article describes the morphological feature and use of the prefix /ka-/ in Choswateng Tibetan. Morphologically, the prefix /ka-/ can co-occur with most verbs except for the copulative verb /ˊreʔ/. Pragmatically, the prefix /ka-/ occurs and is restricted in the following ways: (1) expresses ‘definitely not’ for statements regarding the self, and ‘possibly not, judging from the speaker’s knowledge’ for statements regarding others; (2) co-occurs with egophoric and sensory evidentials; (3) is not used for a negation of accomplished aspect; and (4) does not deprive the function of the other two negative prefixes. These two analyzes are mutually related; it is suggested that the reason why /ka-/ cannot co-occur with the copulative verb /ˊreʔ/ is triggered by a contradiction of implied evidentials: /ka-/ is related to egophoric and sensory, whereas /ˊreʔ/ is statemental. Following the description of its use, we discuss the origin of /ka-/, claiming a possible grammaticalization from an interrogative word gar (‘where’ in Literary Tibetan and common throughout the rGyalthang area) in a rhetorical question to a prefix. Referring to several morphological features of /ka-/, we consider its grammaticalization as ongoing, but most advanced in Choswateng Tibetan.

Constructions with negative prefix at- in The Coptic Language

The present paper handles the compound noun, the negative, using the formative at, which is used for nouns and verbs because many abstract nouns comprise the prefix at- Finally, all the abstract nouns negated by at are appended to them.In Coptic, there are few true adjectives because the old form of the language is rich in adjective-verbs. Generally speaking, the adjective is expressed in Coptic by means of a relative clause or by substantives linked together by the genitival adjective n-. Less frequently, the noun and its qualifying substantive are in direct opposition. This adjective follows its noun in masculine and feminine forms.In this article, an analysis is made of the use of the negative prefix at- in Coptic. The examples of its use are divided into two groups:1) The negative prefix at- with verbs.2) The negative prefix at---- with nouns.The meaning of some frequently occurring verbal and nominal roots modified by at- is explicated and their etymological (Ancient Egyptian and Demotic) predecessors are provided.Syntactically, the compounds with at- are abstract nouns which function predominantly as equivalents of adjectives, as Coptic has only a few adjectives in the strict sense. Consequently, the at-compounds have adjectival syntactic functions: they modify the head noun in the nominal phrase or function as the nominal predicate in nominal sentences. They can also function as nouns, for example as the subject of the sentence. An overview of the syntactic functions of the at-compounds examined is presented in the Conclusions.In the Appendices, alphabetic overviews are provided of respectively the deverbal and denominal compounds with - mentioned in Crum’s Coptic Dictionary. It becomes evident that the deverbal compounds by far outnumber the denominal ones.”تتناول هذه الورقة البحثية البادئة النافية at التي تدخل علي الأسماء والأفعال لتکون اسما مجردا منفيا (صفة منفية) حيث إنه يوجد العديد من الأسماء المجردة تتکون من البادئة النافية at . علاوة على ذلک، جميع الأسماء المجردة المنفية بالأداة at، تلحق بها.في اللغة القبطية، هناک القليل من الصفات الحقيقية، ويرجع ذلک إلى أن الشکل القديم للغة کان غنيا بأفعال الصفات، ويتم التعبير عن الصفة في القبطية عن طريق جملة الصلة أو الأسماء المرتبطة ببعضها من خلال أداة الإضافة n -،. هذه الصفة تتبع اسمها في النوع (مذکر أو مؤنث)وقد تم إجراء تحليل لاستخدام البادئة السالبة في اللغة القبطية. حيث ينقسم استخدامها إلى مجموعتين:أولا: البادئة النافية at مع الأفعالثانيا: البادئة النافية at مع الأسماءحيث تم توضيح الفارق في المعني بين أصل الفعل والاسم وبين الکلمة المسبوق بـ at وکذلک الأصل المصري القديم والديموطيقي لکل کلمة مع الشرح بأمثلة.الصفة المنفية، التي تتألف من البادئة النافية at + الفعل أو الاسم، تتبع اسمها، لکنها ترتب معا بأداة الإضافة n-، کما أن لها وظائف نحوية وصفية: تمثل المبتدأ أو الخبر في الجملة الأسمية، ويتم تقديم لمحة عامة عن الوظائف النحوية في الاستنتاجات.في الختام، تم عمل ملحقين بهم جميع الأسماء المجردة المنفية بـ at طبقا لما ورد في قاموس المفردات القبطي Crum's Coptic Dictionary، أحدهما للأفعال والآخر للأسماء، حيث نجد أن عدد الأفعال المتصلة بـ at أکثر من الأسماء المتصلة بـ at.

Morphologically Complex Adjectives with a Negative Prefix: Translation Problems

The article addresses problems of understanding and translation of morphologically complex words. It is not unusual for English adjectives with a negative prefix to have unexpected meanings that cannot be predicted based on examining the adjectives’ morphological structure. One such complex example is the adjective incapable. It is argued that this adjective has a peculiar set of meanings and uses that are independent of the positive form capable and unrelated to the adjective able. The article adduces evidence of specific uses of incapable, in which it showcases the meaning of ‘unfit for, unsuitable’ – not documented in most dictionaries.

PREFIKS NEGATIF DALAM BAHASA INGGRIS

<p>This research is aimed at describing the form, meaning, and use of negative prefixes in English. The research uses<br />descriptive method. The results show that negative prefixes in English can be attached to adjectives, verbs, adverbs,<br />and nouns. An English base or stem may be attached by one or two negative prefixes with similar or different<br />meaning. The addition of a negative prefixe to its base or stem may change or may not change its word class.<br />Keywords: negative prefix, adjective, verb, adverb, noun.</p>

The First Person Singular Subject Negative Portmanteau in Luganda and Lusoga

Author(s): Hyman, Larry | Abstract: A number of studies have provided analyses of Swahili si-, a portmanteau morpheme that conflates and replaces the first person singular subject and negative prefixes. In this short paper I present the corresponding facts from Luganda and Lusoga, two closely related Bantu languages spoken in Uganda. While the Luganda portmanteau si- bears a clear resemblance to Swahili si-, three analyses are considered for corresponding ti- in Lusoga. Although ti- looks like the main clause negative prefix occurring without a first singular subject, i.e. ti-O-, I argue that, despite differences, it has to treated in the same portmanteau terms as the other cases. Interestingly, while Luganda si- replaces the otherwise expected ti-n- and n-ta- sequences in main vs. relative clauses, respectively, Lusoga ti- only replaces the former.

실생활 한·중 언어문화 표현양상 연구 : 부정 접두사‘불(부)/不, 비/非"를 중심으로

문화 융복합 시대를 맞이하여 실생활 속에서 활용되는 한·중국 언어 표현 양상을 비교하는 동시에 이를 통한 한·중 언어문화 콘텐츠를 활성화한다는 취지 아래 Language culture-inment(언어문법과 엔터테인먼트 문화가 융합된 신조어) 현실에서 널리 사용할 수 있는 언어 표현인 부정 접두사 ‘불(부)/不, 비/非’에 관련된 언어를 연구 분석하여 언어생활을 유용하게 하는 한편 한·중 언어문화 활성화에 기여하고자 한다. 文부정은 부정소‘아니’와‘못’이나 용언‘아니하다’와‘못하다’로 부정을 표현하여 사용하는 것을 말하고, 성분부정은 어근에 접두사가 붙어 부정하는 것을 일컫는다. 또한 성분부정도 한국어 의사소통과 표현에서 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있으므로 이에 대한 연구가 필요하다. 성분부정 중에서 앞에 붙는 접사를 부정 접두사라고 하며 한자어 부정 접두사‘불(부)/不, 비/非’를 중심으로 그들의 의미와 결합하여 표현하는 형태, 의미, 문법 기능를 연구하였다. BR 이로서 한국어 부정 접두사‘불/부’와‘비’는 어근의 의미 속성을 변화시키는 기능을 가지고 활용하여 생활 속에서 사용하고 있다는 사실을 발견할 수 있다.BR 또 중국어 부정 접두사‘不’와 결합하여 활용되는 어근의 품사는 명사, 형용사이며 특히 형용사 어근과 결합하여 활용될 때는 어근의 품사 변화를 일으키지 않으며 형성된 파생어도 그대로 형용사로 실생활 속에서 활용한다는 점을 알 수 있었다. 더불어‘非’는 명사 어근과 결합하여 활용될 때에는 어근의 의미 속성을 변화시키는 경우와 그렇지 않는 경우로 사용하고 있다는 점으로 나타난다.BR 이와 같이 연구의 결과를 통하여 의미 측면, 同形同意의 측면, 그리고 파생어 적미사와의 결합 순서까지 그들은 공통점을 지닌 것을 도출하였고 반면에 어근과의 결합 형태에 있어 분명한 차이점을 찾아냈으며 또한 어근과 결합한 후에 일으키는 품사 변화 활용에서도 차이점을 발견하였다.BR 그러므로 한·중 언어문화의 교류차원에서 올바른 언어표현을 사용하여 생활 속의 만족감을 느끼는 동시에 한·중 민족의 언어문화와 문법교류의 Language culture-inment 콘텐츠 활성화를 통하여 민족 문화의 주체성과 인간의 삶의 질을 함양시킬 수 있다는 의견이다.BR

NEGATION AS THE BASIS FOR NOMINATION OF THE SCIENTIFIC CONCEPTS

The article investigates the use of negative-strategy in nomination of the scientific concepts. Defined most productive models of term formation, which use derivational formants with negative semantics. The nominative specific of terms formed on the basis of the negation is established. Proved their relevance to research and organization of Ukrainian terminology. The article analyzes the nominative features of noun and adjectival terms formed by using a negative prefix не-. The object of the study were also terms with couple of negative prefixes. Determined that double negation though raises difficult to understand terms, but allows you to clearly oppose certain characteristics of the object to reflect their evolution. Proved that mental-speech operation of negation often serves as the foundation for Ukrainian-nomination of scientific concepts. It resorted primarily to emphasize the lack of important functional attributes of the objects and to contrast them close but not identical objects. Found out that negation is widely used in the creation of terms on the verbal bases. Negation of dynamic features makes it possible formation of such terminology nominations that reflect important functional features of signified objects. As a result of analysis of terminology with negative prefix, it was revealed that the use of negative-strategy in term formating, on the one hand, promotes clearer juxtaposition of scientific concepts, on the other - regulates the scope of meaning. It was found out that nomination based on the negation allows transfer hypothetical but unrealized actions, processes and characteristics of objects that are not relevant to usual speech, but critical to scientific definitions. It is demonstrated that the creation of terms using negative prefixes promotes a clearer distinction between scientific concepts, organizing and streamlining of terminology vocabulary by establishing antonymous relationships between affirmative and negative terms This study opens new perspectives for studying the functional potential of other negative affixes in creating of terminology

Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman by Jeffrey Jerome Cohen

Reviewed by: Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman by Jeffrey Jerome Cohen Paul A. Harris Cohen, Jeffrey Jerome. Stone: An Ecology of the Inhuman. Minneapolis and London: U of Minnesota P, 2015. 366pp. In this landmark book, Jeffrey Jerome Cohen combines and culminates the two strands of his substantial scholarly work: ecology and Medieval and Early Modern studies. Stone is ambitiously synthetic and syncretic, framed not as critical exegesis but “a thought experiment, attempting to discern in the most mundane of substances a liveliness” (6). Rather than developing an ecological theory and applying it to particular texts, or practicing an ecocriticism that reads nature “in” texts, Cohen attempts to stage something like a symbiotic textual petric performance: “To tell a story with stone is intensely to inhabit that preposition with, to move from solitary individuations to ecosystems, environments, shared agencies, and companionate properties” (11-12). This conjoining of human and stone produces a “monstrous child of the meeting of incompatible scales, queer progeny of impossible taxonomic breach” that Cohen calls “geophilia,” defined as “the lithic in the creaturely and the lively in the stone” (20). Cohen marks his project as necessarily “’inhuman’ to encompass both difference (‘in-’ as negative prefix) and intimacy (‘in-‘ as indicator of estranged interiority”) (10). This inhuman ecology notably serves as both ontology and methodology; the mutual implication and intimacy of stone and human must be countered by tapping the distancing, disruptive power of stone’s difference: Lithic-induced perspective shift triggers an ontological and temporal reeling, a rocky movement of affect, cognition, horizon. This book simulates that seismic effect by intermixing the medieval and the modern, the theoretical with the blunt, the linguistic and textual with the ecomaterial. Vertigo is the book’s intent rather than an accident of its rhetorical excess (16). Yet, while Stone might at times propose vertigo-inducing thought-experiments and consistently takes wonderfully inventive turns, it is also an elegantly structured, stylistically-rich study in theory and criticism. Cohen combines clear command of narrative arc with detailed textual exegesis in a manner both canonical and contemporary; he also is a distinctly poetic writer, drawing on complex layered meanings and etymologies to thicken his prose, without becoming indulgent or showy (see, for example, Cohen’s compelling takes on the triple etymologies of ‘geologic’ and ‘tectonic’). The text features four neatly crafted stand-alone chapters dedicated to particular lithic characteristics: “Geophilia” brings stone and humans into contact and interaction; “Time” examines how stone-human intimacy brings humans into a zone of monumental endurance and intermittent catastrophe; “Force” focuses on the provocations and [End Page 183] attractions that emanate from such perduring material; “Soul” uncovers the affective, creaturely, sexual energies that surface through these forces. Between chapters, Cohen inserts “Excursus,” written as mini-travel narratives where he visit sites and reflects on political and existential questions that percolate in the main chapters. These passages exemplify and enrich the book’s interweaving of personal and political, creative and critical rhetorical registers. Stone is also a deeply interdisciplinary book that seamlessly “intermixes” ecotheory and Medieval/Early Modern Studies. Cohen’s command of these fields allows him to intervene directly in different disciplinary debates. On the one hand, Cohen argues that literature of the period may be richly reread in the context of contemporary ecological thought. This is because “medieval writers meditated upon inanimate matter and came to similar insights” as those informing new materialism, object oriented ontology, and speculative realism: “Rock communicates something nonhuman and yet weirdly creaturely, queerly vital” (257). The “ecomaterial envisionings” of medieval writers “proceeded in modes just as vivid and capacious” as current geo-philosophy, “through narratives stressing ecological entanglement as well as powerful solitudes” (21). Medieval writings are particularly suited to disclose stone’s “queer vivacity” and the ways it “aggregates, attracting to itself disparate matter” because of the period’s “varied rhetorical devices and narratives, especially of the compound and dilatory sort: catalogue poems, encyclopedia entries, biographical digression, etymological impulses, lapidaries…, wonder-filled romances” (6). As one not versed in Medieval/Early Modern studies, I cannot make a scholarly assessment of Cohen’s textual readings. I can attest, though, that Cohen offers up engaging analyses of several texts, including...

Constraints on Negative Prefixation in Polish Sign Language.

The aim of this article is to describe a negative prefix, NEG-, in Polish Sign Language (PJM) which appears to be indigenous to the language. This is of interest given the relative rarity of prefixes in sign languages. Prefixed PJM signs were analyzed on the basis of both a corpus of texts signed by 15 deaf PJM users who are either native or near-native signers, and material including a specified range of prefixed signs as demonstrated by native signers in dictionary form (i.e. signs produced in isolation, not as part of phrases or sentences). In order to define the morphological rules behind prefixation on both the phonological and morphological levels, native PJM users were consulted for their expertise. The research results can enrich models for describing processes of grammaticalization in the context of the visual-gestural modality that forms the basis for sign language structure.

Negative Prefix Words in English

Negative Prefix Words in English

A Unique Native Prefix in English Language

History of English derivational system shows that only a few native prefixes, particularly negative, have survived the influx of foreign ones. There is though one native negative prefix, i.e. un- which has not only survived but has continued to be almost equally productive. The results we have got prove our assumption that it is due to different ‘nature’ of prefix un- in comparison with other native negative prefixes.

The Aspect of Derivation of Chinese Negative Prefix

The Aspect of Derivation of Chinese Negative Prefix

Negated Participles in Rgvedic Sanskrit and Proto-Indo-European

AbstractIn Rgvedic Sanskrit present participles built to transitive roots regularly follow their corresponding finite forms in relation to argument structure. Of those participles whose argument structure differs from that of the corresponding finite forms (most often because they lack the ability to govern an accusative object), some may have originated as adjectives or may have become adjectivized. A particular group of present participles in the Rgveda which tend to remain intransitive even when formed to transitive roots are negated participles, i.e. participles compounded with the negative prefix á(n)-. This is explained by assuming that the combining of a participle with the negative prefix was originally a process of adjectival derivation. Support for this hypothesis comes from a consideration of the two forms of the negated present participle of the verb √as 'be', namely ásant- and āsant-.

Analogical Modeling and morphological change: the case of the adjectival negative prefix in English

This article examines the usefulness of Skousen's Analogical Modeling (AM) for explaining morphological change. In contrast to previous accounts of analogy, AM constitutes a general unified model of language that accounts for both sporadic and systematic changes. AM also provides explicit constraints on analogy that allow explanation of how morphological changes begin, which forms most likely serve as patterns for analogy, and which forms are most likely to change.AM is then tested on the case of the adjectival negative prefix in English (in-, un-, dis-, etc.), using the Middle and Early Modern English portions of the Helsinki corpus as a basis for prediction. AM was given the task of using forms containing negative prefixes for one time period to predict the prefixes that adjectives would take in the subsequent time period. For each of the roughly seventy-year periods in the corpus, AM was able to predict valid prefixes about 90 percent of the time.