Negative Parenting Styles Research Articles

Children With Cochlear Implants and Their Parents: Relations Between Parenting Style and Children's Social-Emotional Functioning.

Parenting a child who has a severe or profound hearing loss can be challenging and at times stressful, and might cause parents to use more adverse parenting styles compared with parents of hearing children. Parenting styles are known to impact children's social-emotional development. Children with a severe to profound hearing loss may be more reliant on their parents in terms of their social-emotional development when compared with their hearing peers who typically have greater opportunities to interact with and learn from others outside their family environment. Identifying the impact which parenting styles pertain on the social-emotional development of children who have cochlear implants (CIs) could help advance these children's well-being. Therefore, the authors compared parenting styles of parents with hearing children and of parents with children who have a CI, and examined the relations between parenting styles and two key aspects of children's social-emotional functioning: emotion regulation and empathy. Ninety-two hearing parents and their children (aged 1 to 5 years old), who were either hearing (n = 46) or had a CI (n = 46), participated in this cross-sectional study. Parents completed questionnaires concerning their parenting styles (i.e., positive, negative and uninvolved), and regarding the extent to which their children expressed negative emotions (i.e., anger and sadness) and empathy. Furthermore, an emotion-regulation task measuring negative emotionality was administered to the children. No differences in reported parenting styles were observed between parents of hearing children and parents of children with a CI. In addition, negative and uninvolved parenting styles were related to higher levels of negative emotionality in both groups of children. No relation was found between positive parenting and children's social-emotional functioning. Hearing status did not moderate these relationships. Language mediated the relationship between parenting styles and children's social-emotional functioning. Children's hearing status did not impact parenting styles. This may be a result of the support that parents of children with a CI receive during their enrollment in the rehabilitation program preceding and after implantation. Rehabilitation programs should dedicate more attention to informing parents about the impact of parenting behaviors on children's social-emotional functioning. Offering parenting courses as part of the program could promote children's well-being. Future longitudinal research should address the directionality of the relations between parenting styles and children's social-emotional functioning.

留守儿童校园欺凌行为与父母教养方式：同伴关系的中介作用

目的：了解留守儿童校园欺凌问题的现状，并探讨同伴关系在校园欺凌与父母教养方式之间的中介作用。方法：采用一般情况调查表、欺负行为问卷、简式父母教养方式问卷及同伴关系量表对585名被试进行测量。结果：1) 欺凌行为与积极父母教养方式呈显著负相关，与消极父母教养方式呈显著正相关；2) 欺凌行为与同伴接受呈显著负相关，与同伴恐惧自卑呈显著正相关；3) 同伴关系在留守儿童校园欺凌行为与父母教养方式之间起到中介作用。结论：同伴关系在留守儿童校园欺凌行为与父母教养方式之间起到中介作用。 Objective: To understand the campus bullying in left-behind children, and to explore the mediat-ing effect of peer relationship on the relationship between the campus bullying and parenting style. Methods: 585 students were investigated by the general situation scale, the bullying behav-ior scale, parenting style scale and peer relationship scale. Results: 1) The bullying has a negative correlation with positive parenting style, while a positive correlation with negative parenting style; 2) The bullying has a negative correlation with the peer acceptance, while a positive correlation with the peer fear inferiority; 3) Both the peer acceptance and the peer fear inferiority have mediating effect on the relationship between the bullying behavior and parenting relation. Conclusion: Peer relationship has a mediating effect on the relationship between the campus bullying and parenting style.

Parent’s Mental Health and its Association with their Children’s Aggression and Delinquency

Objectives: The objective of the current study was to examine parent’s level of depressive symptoms, education level, and their association with their child’s aggression and delinquency level. Methods/Statistical Analysis: Using Mplus, path analysis was conducted using the most current 2014 Korean Welfare Panel Study data (KWPS) including a total of 471 adolescents’ cases. Parents’ depressive level was measured using the CES-D 11 scale, parent’s education level, parents’ positive and negative parenting style based on their level of physical, emotional abuse, and neglect experience in children, and children’s aggression and delinquency level were also examined. Findings: Overall, the results showed a satisfactory model fit [(Model χ² (22) = 272.37 p<.001, CMIN/d.f. = 12.38, CFI = .992, TLI = .987, RMSEA = .020)]. The CFI value obtained in the current study was .992, indicating that the hypothesized model well fits the data. The RMSEA value was .02, which also indicates a very good fit (< .05). TLI value of .987 also supported the notion of a good fit. There was a positive relationship between mother’s education level and positive parenting, while father’s education level had no effect on parenting styles. As expected, positive parenting was associated with less aggression and delinquency. As for parents’ level of depressive symptoms, against the expectation, there was no direct impact on parenting and children’s aggression or delinquency. In short, the findings suggest the importance of parenting, rather than the existence of mental issue itself in parents. Improvements/Applications: Future research should study individuals with actual clinical diagnosis, measure level of care management, and obtain more diverse and accurate operationalization of emotional or behavioral problems in children.

Pathogenic Beliefs Mediate the Relationship Between Perceived Negative Parenting and Psychopathology Symptoms

ABSTRACTNegative parenting style, such as abuse, neglect, and intrusiveness, is significantly related to subsequent development of psychopathology. Here we sought to examine pathogenic beliefs as a potential mechanism of change. We explored whether pathogenic beliefs help explain the relationship between perceived negative parenting style and common psychopathology symptoms. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the self-report Pathogenic Beliefs Scale and tested its mediating effect on the relationship between negative parenting and psychopathology. A community sample of 732 adults completed an online survey that included measures of perceived negative parenting style (MOPS), pathogenic beliefs (PBS), and a transdiagnostic measure of common indicators of psychopathology (anxiety, low self-esteem, emotional instability, pessimistic attitude, and depression). Results showed that pathogenic beliefs were significantly associated with negative parenting experiences in childhood and adult psychopathology symptoms. Moreover, pathogenic beliefs mediated the relationship between negative parenting style and psychopathology. Implications for clinical practice are discussed.

Peer Attachment, Perceived Parenting Style, Self-concept, and School Adjustments in Adolescents with Chronic Illness

The purpose of this study was to identify how peer attachment and parenting style differentially affect self-concept and school adjustment in adolescents with and without chronic illness. A cross-sectional study using multiple group analysis on the Korean panel data was used. A nationwide stratified multistage cluster sampling method was used and the survey was conducted in 2013 on 2,092 first-year middle school students in Korea. We used standardized instruments by the National Youth Policy Institute to measure peer attachment, parenting style, self-concept, and school adjustment. Multiple-group structural equation modeling was used to evaluate the difference of relations for peer attachment, parenting style, self-concept, and school adjustment variable between adolescents with chronic illness and those without chronic illness. The model fit of a multiple-group structural equation modeling was good. The difference of the path from negative parenting style to self-concept between the two groups was significant, and a significant between-group difference in the overall path was found. This indicated that self-concept in adolescents with chronic illness was more negatively affected by negative parenting style than in adolescents without chronic illness. Healthcare providers can promote the process of school adjustment in several ways, such as discussing this issue directly with adolescent patients, along with their parents and peers, examining how the organization and content of the treatment can be modified according to the adolescents' school life.

Who overuses Smartphones? Roles of virtues and parenting style in Smartphone addiction among Chinese college students

Several empirical studies have linked negative parenting style (i.e., parental rejection and overprotection) with a higher degree of Smartphone addiction. However, few studies have analyzed the potential protective factors (e.g., virtues) that may prevent addiction and promote effective Smartphone addiction interventions. Therefore, we examined if virtues (i.e., relationship, vitality, and conscientiousness) mediated the association between parenting style and Smartphone addiction among college students. Moreover, we examined whether these relationships were moderated by gender. Chinese college students (N = 742) ages 16–25 years completed the: 1) short-Egna Minnen av Barndoms Uppfostran-Chinese measure of parenting style, 2) 96-item Chinese Virtues Questionnaire, and the 3) Mobile Phone Addiction Index of Smartphone addiction. The results showed that negative parenting style significantly influenced college students' Smartphone addiction. Furthermore, virtues acted as a cognitive mechanism that mediated the association between negative parenting style and Smartphone addiction. Moreover, male virtues may be more sensitive to negative parenting style than female virtues. Relevant suggestions for college administrators, educators, parents, and future researchers are offered.

Predictive Power of Parenting Styles on Children’s Social Skills

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between parenting styles and children’s social skills, establishing significant correlations between those two constructs. A total of 202 children, 7 to 10 years old, male and female, attending second to fourth year of government schools in São Paulo, Brazil, were participants of this research. They collectively completed Children’s Social Skills Test (THAS-C) and Parental Styles Inventory (IEP). Results suggest that positive parental styles are predictors of altruism, while negative parental styles are predictors of assertiveness, conversation, and social confidence. Regarding general social skills, variables that offered the best probable model were positive monitoring, lax discipline, moral behavior, and physical abuse (the higher the general social skill, the lesser the abusive parenting styles). As a conclusion, it seems that different social skills are related to positive and negative parenting styles, reinforcing the idea of a social skill as an attribute of behavior.

Factor Analysis of the Italian Version of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire in a Community Sample

Despite difficulties measuring parenting styles, many studies have demonstrated a significant relationship between disruptive children and certain parenting practices. One of the most frequently used scales to measure parenting styles is the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire (APQ). This scale was originally defined based on theoretical dimensions and using samples from the USA. Therefore, both factor analysis studies and its adaptation to other countries have been proposed to improve and widen its use. The aim of this study was to adapt the APQ to the Italian population. A community sample of 258 mothers and children (94 %) and 192 fathers (70 %) from 274 families with children from 10- to 14-years-old who agreed to participate and met the inclusion criteria completed the APQ. Principal components and exploratory factor analyses resulted in a unique 19-item version of the APQ for mothers, fathers, and children. This unified version has resulted in two factor categories: positive (12 items) and negative parenting (7 items). The internal consistency and goodness of fit of the model were satisfactory. Moderate and significant convergent validity were found for mothers and fathers but not for children. In fact, we found differences in validity rates among the participants. Children perceived less positive and more negative parenting than did fathers and mothers, and mothers believed that they provided more positive parenting than did other parents. In conclusion, the APQ Italian version of the parents and children global report forms are considered a suitable measure for positive and negative parenting styles with acceptable validity and reliability indices.

The Relationship between Parental Treatment Styles and Early Discovery of Learning Difficulties among Pre-school Children

This study aimed to explore the relationship between the parenting style and discovery of learning disabilities in early childhood education. The study used a sample of Egyptian parents to investigate the parenting style followed in the family. Also, the study investigated the family awareness and interest in the discovery and treatment of learning difficulties. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between parenting style and discovery of child’s learning difficulties in the early stages. The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between positive parenting styles and discovering of learning difficulties. However, there was a negative relationship between negative parenting styles and discovery of learning difficulties in early childhood. The study recommended the need to provide appropriate training and guidance programs of positive parenting and avoid the negative methods of raising children.

The Relationship between Parental Treatment Styles and Early Discovery of Learning Difficulties among Pre-school Children

This study aimed to explore the relationship between the parenting style and discovery of learning disabilities in early childhood education. The study used a sample of Egyptian parents to investigate the parenting style followed in the family. Also, the study investigated the family awareness and interest in the discovery and treatment of learning difficulties. The results indicated that there was a significant relationship between parenting style and discovery of child’s learning difficulties in the early stages. The results also showed that there was a significant relationship between positive parenting styles and discovering of learning difficulties. However, there was a negative relationship between negative parenting styles and discovery of learning difficulties in early childhood. The study recommended the need to provide appropriate training and guidance programs of positive parenting and avoid the negative methods of raising children.

Hair cortisol concentrations in higher- and lower-stress mother-daughter dyads: A pilot study of associations and moderators.

Hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) are receiving increased attention as a novel biomarker of psychophysiological responses to chronic stress, with potential relevance for psychopathology risk research. We examined the validity of HCC as a marker of psychosocial stress in mother (M(age) = 37.87 years)-daughter (M(age) = 7.62 years) dyads characterized by higher (n = 30) or lower (n = 30) maternal chronic stress. Additionally, we examined whether early care moderated similarity of HCC levels within dyads. Higher-stress mothers had significantly lower HCC compared to lower-stress mothers, consistent with other research showing that chronic stress leads to blunted HPA axis activity over time. Further, HCC in daughters were significantly and positively associated with previously assessed salivary cortisol stress reactivity. Finally, mother-daughter HCC associations were significantly moderated by negative parenting styles, such that associations became stronger as quality of parenting decreased. Findings overall indicate that HCC may be a useful marker of cortisol responses to chronic stress.

Relation of negative parenting style with perception of pain and fear among young adults

Parenting styles have been found to play a significant role in many psychological aspects of individuals. The present study attempts to understand the role of negative parenting style on perceptions, such as the experience of pain and fear, using an experimental design. Twenty one participants were made to go through a measure of perceived parenting styles (MOPS), followed by a strenuous exercise activity in a competitive situation. They were then subjected to three fear stimulating videos and were asked to rate perceived fearfulness of videos. After 24 hours, they were requested to rate the pain they experienced over the previous 24 hours on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. A positive pearson coefficient correlation was found between negative parenting style and pain perception. A similar positive correlation was found between negative parenting style and awareness of experience of fear. The relation between perception of fear and pain was found to be positive. Each correlation was followed by a t-test to test for significance. It was found that the triad of variables (parenting style, fear, pain) had a significant correlation with respect to all three relations. Since perception of pain and fear was more among those who were subjected to negative parenting style during their childhood days, it was concluded that childhood experiences with parents can have a significant impact on an individual's affective (fear) and cognition (pain perception) components of mental health. Moreover, fear may play a role in increasing the perception of pain. Clinical implications have been discussed.

The effect of parental style on experience of burnout and personal achievement in work-life of corporate sector workers

Corporate employees experience a great deal of stress, and burnout due to a variety of factors. Previous studies have shown the effect of parenting style on academic self-efficacy and also achievement motivation. The effect of negative parenting style might extend its influence on adult work-life. This study, therefore, aims at understanding the role of negative parenting style on burnout and personal achievement among 100 corporate sector workers. A positive correlation was hypothesized between negative parenting style and burnout while a negative correlation was predicted between negative parenting style and personal achievement. Samples of 100 corporate workers were taken. A demographic data sheet, Maslach burnout scale (section A and C) and measure of parental style were administered to the sample. Results of Pearson coefficient correlation showed a significant relation between negative parenting style, burnout and personal achievement. Therefore, the style of parenting perceived by the child may have its long term effects on his/her work life late in adulthood. Hence, burnout can be resolved to a considerable extent by employing better parenting styles on the part of the parents, coupled with the respective companies encouraging an exercise regime, yoga, or other productive leisure and relaxation activities among their workers.

Parental styles and closeness to the domestic servant as perceived by the children of Qatar

Many domestic servants live and work in Qatar. The domestic servants are asked to care for children in addition to the house work. The purpose of this study was to understand the relationship between domestic servants and children in Qatari homes and the mediation of this relationship by negative parenting styles. A set of questions was developed along three main themes: the affiliation of children to domestic servants, fear and anxiety and sharing of personal matters. Based on factor analysis, a measure of closeness of children to domestic servants was created. A set of endogenous and exogenous variables was used to predict this measured relation using a stepwise regression equation. The endogenous variables measured the parenting styles as perceived by the children. The exogenous variables measured the background information of the domestic servants. The main predictive variables were parents demeaning of children by their parents and the mother’s lack of attention or presence as perceived by the children. The main exogenous variables of knowledge of language and years of employment were also strong predictors because the domestic servants may have worked a number of years in the homes, which made the children more easily attracted to the servants. Further studies must begin to address the impact of parenting on children’s behavior. The pressures of home and child care have led to a number of suicides and psychological and traumatic experiences of exploitation and abuse among domestic servants. Policy makers must begin to address family management and family support issues and rights of domestic servants in custodial setting. Any future studies should address the conditions of domestic servants and children, those affected the most.

Striatal Development in Autism: Repetitive Behaviors and the Reward Circuitry

Striatal Development in Autism: Repetitive Behaviors and the Reward Circuitry

PARENTING STYLES AND OFFSPRING’S POLYSUBSTANCE USE IN BIOLOGICAL AND ADOPTIVE FAMILIES

From the perspective of socialization theory, one aspect of the family environment that has been hypothesized to be one of the strongest predictors of offspring’s substance use is parenting style. This study examined the associations between offspring’s perspectives of fathers’ and mothers’ parenting styles and the polysubstance use (PSU) in biological and adoptive families by youth and young adults. Long-term influences of the parenting styles of fathers and mothers were also investigated by using longitudinal data on offspring’s PSU. Results of structural equation modelling analyses showed that offspring’s time 1 PSU scores were significantly related to both positive and negative parenting styles, whereas overall time 2 PSU scores were more strongly related to offspring’s age and gender than parenting. In both time 1 and time 2 models, different paths were found to be significant for paternal and maternal parenting models. Only adopted offspring PSU scores were found to be significantly influenced by parenting of both fathers and mothers when offspring became older. These findings confirm: (a) the uniqueness and potential vulnerability of adopted offspring in relation to PSU, (b) the difference in influence for fathers’ and mothers’ parenting on offspring’s PSU, and (c) the long-term influences of parenting style on adopted offspring.

Associations among negative parenting, attention bias to anger, and social anxiety among youth.

Theories of affective learning suggest that early experiences contribute to emotional disorders by influencing the development of processing biases for negative emotional stimuli. Although studies have shown that physically abused children preferentially attend to angry faces, it is unclear whether youth exposed to more typical aspects of negative parenting exhibit the same type of bias. The current studies extend previous research by linking observed negative parenting styles (e.g., authoritarian) and behaviors (e.g., criticism and negative affect) to attention bias for angry faces in both a psychiatrically enriched (ages 11-17 years; N = 60) and a general community (ages 9-15 years; N = 75) sample of youth. In addition, the association between observed negative parenting (e.g., authoritarian style and negative affect) and youth social anxiety was mediated by attention bias for angry faces in the general community sample. Overall, findings provide preliminary support for theories of affective learning and risk for psychopathology among youth.

Testing the perfectionism model of binge eating in mother–daughter dyads: A mixed longitudinal and daily diary study

The perfectionism model of binge eating is an integrative model explaining why perfectionism is tied to binge eating. This study extended and tested this emerging model by proposing daughters' socially prescribed perfectionism (i.e., perceiving one's mother is harshly demanding perfection of oneself) and mothers' psychological control (i.e., a negative parenting style involving control and demandingness) contribute indirectly to daughters' binge eating by generating situations or experiences that trigger binge eating. These binge triggers include discrepancies (i.e., viewing oneself as falling short of one's mother's expectations), depressive affect (i.e., feeling miserable and sad), and dietary restraint (i.e., behaviors aimed at reduced caloric intake). This model was tested in 218 mother–daughter dyads studied using a mixed longitudinal and daily diary design. Daughters were undergraduate students. Results largely supported hypotheses, with bootstrapped tests of mediation suggesting daughters' socially prescribed perfectionism and mothers' psychological control contribute to binge eating through binge triggers. For undergraduate women who believe their mothers rigidly require them to be perfect and whose mothers are demanding and controlling, binge eating may provide a means of coping with or escaping from an unhealthy, unsatisfying mother–daughter relationship.

Personal and environmental factors contributing to participation in romantic relationships and sexual activity of young adults with cerebral palsy

Purpose: To study determinants of romantic relationships and sexual activity of young adults with cerebral palsy (CP), focusing on personal and environmental factors. Method: A cohort study was performed with 74 young adults (46 men; 28 women) aged 20–25 years (SD 1.4) with CP (49% unilateral CP, 76% GMFCS level I, 85% MACS level I). All participants were of normal intelligence. Romantic relationships, sexual activity (outcome measures), personal and environmental factors (associated factors) were assessed. Associations were analyzed using logistic regression analyses. Results: More females than males with CP were in a current romantic relationship. Self-esteem, sexual esteem and feelings of competence regarding self-efficacy contributed positively to having current romantic relationships. A negative parenting style contributed negatively. Age and gross motor functioning explained 20% of the variance in experience with intercourse. In addition, sexual esteem and taking initiative contributed significantly to intercourse experience. Conclusions: For young adults with CP personal factors (20–35% explained variances) seem to contribute more than environmental factors (9–12% explained variances) to current romantic relationships and sexual experiences. We advice parents and professionals to focus on self-efficacy, self-esteem and sexual self-esteem in development of young adults with CP.Implications for RehabilitationThe severity of gross motor functioning contributed somewhat to sexual activities, but not to romantic relationships.High self-efficacy, self-esteem and sexual self-esteem can facilitate involvement in romantic and sexual relationships for young adults with CP.

Self Report of Negative Parenting Styles, Psychological Functioning and Risk of Negative Parenting by One Parent being Replicated by the Other in a Sample of Adolescents aged 13–15

AbstractThis study, which used a community sample of 13–15 year old adolescents (N = 391), sought to establish the extent to which negative parenting styles are linked to increased likelihood of abnormal psychological functioning in young people, and the likelihood of negative parenting by one parent being replicated by the other. Findings suggest that negative parenting styles are significantly correlated with raised scoring on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, and that particular negative parenting styles in one parent are likely to be found in the other. The high percentages of young people reporting parents being often angry, sometimes frightening and lacking in warmth and affection give rise to concern about the facilitation of parenting in the UK. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley &amp; Sons, Ltd.