Negative Multiplier Research Articles

The impact of corruption on the sustainable development of human capital

The article explains the use of the human capital sustainable development index (HCSDI) to assess the quality of the reproduction of human capital. The paper provides the algorithm for calculating HCSDI and its components. Authors estimated cross-country differences of HCSDI and developed econometric model of the impact of corruption on HCSDI. The use of this model has allowed to reveal the mechanism and assess the impact of corruption on HCSDI and its components. The results of econometric analysis revealed a negative multiplier effect: an increase in the corruption of the socio-economic system of the state by 1% caused HCSDI reduce by more than 1%. The results and conclusions may be proxy-assessments of the socio-economic consequences of violations of the stability of reproduction of human capital in the conditions of the growth of corruption in the country

Returns to damage under undesirable congestion and damages to return under desirable congestion measured by DEA environmental assessment with multiplier restriction: Economic and energy planning for social sustainability in China

This study discusses the concept of natural and managerial disposability from their economic and methodological implications on social sustainability development. Then, it explores their analytical linkages to a concept on “congestion.” The concept is classified into Undesirable Congestion (UC) under natural disposability and Desirable Congestion (DC) under managerial disposability. Considering the two disposability concepts, this study compares between Returns to Damage (RTD) under UC and Damages to Return (DTR) under DC. Conceptually, UC and DC are conceptually different from RTD and DTR although they are closely related to each other group. An occurrence of the former measures is identified by a single negative multiplier (i.e. dual variable). In contrast, the latter measures are associated with multiple negative multipliers and an intercept of a supporting hyperplane on a production and pollution possibility set. Thus, an occurrence of UC and DC is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient condition on RTD and DTR, respectively, in terms of the number of negative multipliers on production factors. To document the practicality of the proposed approach, this study applies it to Chinese economic and environmental assessment for its economic and energy planning for social sustainability development. This study identifies four important findings: First, the Chinese government has historically paid attention to the economic prosperity, but not paying serious attention on the environmental pollution (e.g., air pollution). Second, there was an increasing trend in improving the two components (i.e., economic and environmental performance measures) regarding social sustainability. Third, China's economic and energy policy concerns have been focused upon well-developed municipalities (e.g., Beijing and Shanghai) and large provinces. Therefore, it is an important strategy for the government to allocate economic and energy resources to other provinces so that China can reduce the industrial and regional imbalances. As a result, China can enhance the level of social sustainability. Finally, the municipalities need strict regulation on traffic control in these metropolitan areas and a fuel mix shift from coal combustion to natural gas and renewable energies (e.g., solar, water, and nuclear generations). The fuel mix strategy, along with the structure change (e.g., from manufacturing to service and from public to private energy firms), will be a major industrial policy issue for China in near future.

Vocational and Technical Education : A Solution to Unemployment among Graduates in Nigeria

This study is designed to examine vocational and technical education among youth unemployment, mostly graduates in Nigeria as well as the causes and implications. Youths are very important stakeholder in any society. They are not only the future hope of Nigeria, but also a major stakeholder and very useful resource in nation building. However, available information indicates that youth unemployment is very common in Nigeria with far reading implications for stability of the economy. Unemployment has a negative multiplier effect not only on the individual involved but on the nation as a whole. This study identified some causes of youth unemployment in Nigeria such as, negative impression on technical and vocational education, total neglect of the agricultural sector, poor educational planning and poor enabling environment. Youth unemployment has been identified as one of the core causes of the rising level of social disorder and insecurity permeating the entire country of Nigeria. This paper therefore concludes that addressing the problem of youth unemployment must involve all the stakeholders and that effective policy means uses such as re-priorization of the Agriculture sector, reformation of education system and provision of enabling Environment that will drastically reduce unemployment and poverty should be adopted to eradicate the menace of youth unemployment.

Getting it, Spending it, Losing it: Exploring Political Capital

Political capital is frequently used as a short hand for the diverse range of attributes and advantages a leader brings with them to power and develops in office. Compared to other forms of ‘capital’ it remains under theorised. Since Pierre Bourdieu first outlined it, scholars have viewed political capital either as being synonymous with personal skills or a description of wider contextual attributes, particularly the link between leader and public. It is frequently seen as analogous to financial capital: a political leader has a fixed stock of capital that they can spend, hoard, fritter or gamble. This paper takes a first look at the literature and applies it to ‘t Hart’s approaches to leadership study, drawing on examples predominantly from US and UK politics. Following Lopez (2002) it takes the view that political capital is both ‘personal’ (in terms of their own skills) and ‘political’ (in terms of events, institutional resources and context). A politician with skills and attributes can use this to shape the context in which they operate, creating a ‘positive multiplier’ as the personal and political reinforce each other. Where events can also overwhelm leaders and expose flaws and personality weaknesses, a ‘negative multiplier’ takes effect. However, unlike money in the bank, political capital is finite and subject to depreciation as part of ‘a natural trajectory’ whereby support and power is lost over time. Yet this trajectory is not always uniform. The loss is inevitable but the rate and shape may not be. Often leaders begin with high levels that slowly dwindle but some leaders build it more slowly. The most unfortunate never have it. The article concludes with a look at a selection of politicians who managed to turn around an initial lack of political capital or even regain it.

The Contagion Effect of Neighboring Foreclosures

We examine the contagion effect of residential foreclosures and find strong evidence of a social interactions influence on default decisions where the interaction is based on neighbors' behavior in a previous period. Using a unique spatially explicit parcel-level dataset documenting residential foreclosures in Maryland for the years 2006–2009 and a highly localized neighborhood definition, based on 13 nearest neighbors, we find that a neighbor in foreclosure increases the hazard of additional defaults by 18 percent. This feedback effect goes beyond a temporary reduction in local house prices and implies a negative social multiplier effect of foreclosures. (JEL R23, R31)

A series of new circuits based on CFTAs

The paper presents a series of basic circuits based on CFTAs (current follower transconductance amplifier), which contain amplifier, lossless integrator, first-order universal current-mode filter, simulation resistor, negative resistance converter, gyrator, capacitor multiplier, and frequency-dependent negative resistance circuit. Having used canonic number of grounded capacitors and resistors, the circuits are easy to be integrated and the parameters of the circuits can be adjusted electronically by tuning bias currents of the CFTAs. It is noted that the results of circuit simulations are in agreement with theory.

The Contagion Effect of Neighboring Foreclosures

We examine the contagion effect of residential foreclosures and find strong evidence of a social interactions influence on default decisions where the interaction is based on neighbors’ behavior in a previous period. Using a unique spatially explicit parcel level data set documenting residential foreclosures in Maryland for the years 2006-2009 and a highly localized neighborhood definition, based on 13 nearest neighbors, we find that a neighbor in foreclosure increases the hazard of additional defaults by as much as 28%. This feedback effect goes beyond a temporary reduction in local house prices and implies a negative social multiplier effect of foreclosures.

Problems and Counselling Needs of Unemployed Youths in Nigeria

Unemployment is an issue that has bedeviled Nigeria for quite some time now. Unemployment has a negative multiplier effect not only on the individual involved but on the society as well. Toward this end, this study is designed to explore the problems and counselling needs of unemployed youths in Nigeria. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select 1,750 unemployed youths from the six geo-political zones of the country including Abuja, the Federal Capi- tal Territory. A research instrument titled Problems and Counselling Needs of Unemployed Youths Questionnaire (PACNUYQ) was used to gather relevant data for the study. In each of the sampled states, research assistants, who were acquainted with the nature and modalities of their assignment, were employed. Data collected was analysed through the use of mean ratings, ranks and the t-test statistical method. Unemployed youths in Nigeria have problems in clusters of fi- nance, family- related, health-related and socio-psychological and their most counselling need is how to develop skills that will make them to be marketable in the world of work. Implications of the findings and recommendations are dis- cussed. Available records (2, 3) show clearly that in the two pre- ceding decades of the independence of Nigeria as a sover- eign nation (1960s, 1970s), unemployment and its attendant consequence-poverty were not of national concern as they are today. The nation's agricultural, industrial and the then bubbling public service sectors were able to effectively ab- sorb most of the labour force. The agricultural sector, for instance, generated about 70% of the nation's employment opportunities and accounted for about 8% of the Gross Do- mestic Product (3). With the advent of petroleum products and the crude oil in the mid 70s, the economy was further strengthened as it grew at an average of over 11% revenue. The ensuring political instability and inconsistencies in the socio-economic and educational policies of successive gov- ernments, however, emerged as major factors that led to the manifestation of high level of joblessness in Nigeria.

Problems And Counselling Needs Of Unemployed Youths In Nigeria

Unemployment is an issue that has bedeviled Nigeria for quite some time now. Unemployment has negative multiplier effect not only on the individual involved but on the society as well. Toward this end, this study is designed to explore the problems and counselling needs of unemployed youths in Nigeria. A multi-staged sampling technique was used to select 1,750 unemployed youths from the six geo-political zones of the country including Abuja, the Federal Capital Territory. A research instrument titled “Problems and Counselling Needs of Unemployed Youths Questionnaire” (PACNUYQ) was used to gather relevant data for the study. In each of the sampled states, research assistants, who were acquainted with the nature and modalities of their assignment, were employed. Data collected was analysed through the use of mean ratings, ranks and t-test statistical method. Unemployed youths in Nigeria have problems in clusters of finance, family- related, health–related and socio-psychological and their most counselling need is how to develop skills that will make them to be marketable in the world of work. Implications of the findings and recommendations were advanced. Keywords : kNigeria, unemployment, youth, counselling Needs, problems African Journal for the Psychological Study of Social Issues Vol. 11 (1&2) 2008: pp. 35-45

Swing-Leg Retraction for Limit Cycle Walkers Improves Disturbance Rejection

Limit cycle walkers are bipeds that exhibit a stable cyclic gait without requiring local controllability at all times during gait. A well-known example of limit cycle walking is McGeer's ldquopassive dynamic walking,rdquo but the concept expands to actuated bipeds as involved in this study. One of the stabilizing effects in limit cycle walkers is the dissipation of energy that occurs when the swing foot hits the ground. We hypothesize that this effect can be enhanced with a negative relation between the step length and step time. This relation is implemented through an open-loop strategy called swing-leg retraction; a predefined time trajectory for the swing leg makes the swing leg move backwards just prior to foot impact. In this paper, we study the effect of swing-leg retraction through three bipeds; a simple point mass simulation model, a realistic simulation model, and a physical prototype. Their stability is analyzed using Floquet multipliers, followed by an evaluation of how well disturbances are handled using the Gait Sensitivity Norm. We find that mild swing-leg retraction is optimal for the disturbance rejection of a limit cycle walker, as it results in a system response that is close to critically damped, rejecting the disturbance in the fewest steps. Slower retraction results in an overdamped response, characterized by a positive dominant Floquet multiplier. Likewise, faster retraction results in an underdamped response, characterized by a negative Floquet multiplier.

On convexity, normality, pre-consolidation pressure, and singularities in modelling of granular materials

The issues of convexity, normality, pre- consolidation pressure, and singularities of yield surfaces are discussed in the context of granular materials and soil mechanics. We approach those subjects from a rather unusual direction, by expressing yield surfaces in strain space. It is shown that the convexity assumption in strain space is justified when the elastic behaviour is linear, but not otherwise. As the effective bulk modulus of granular matter is generally pressure dependent, strain space yield surfaces are non-convex. However, strain space non-convexity does not necessarily violate the laws of thermodynamics, and by acknowledging that, arguments in favor of strain space elasto-plasticity could be made. We then define the pre-consolidation pressure directly using the total volumetric strain. The new definition offers to combine the advantages of the classical definition based on the void-ratio and a theoretically consistent definition using the plastic volumetric strain. It also allows removing singularities that may occur due to a zero denominator in the definition of the non- negative plasticity multiplier.

What Is the Economic Meaning of FDH

The central feature of the FDH model is the lack of convexity for its production possibility set, TF. Starting with n observed (distinct) decision making units DMUk , each defined by an input-output vector p k = [y k -x k], domination is defined by ordinary vector inequalities. DMUk is said to dominate DMUj if p k ≥ p j , p k ≠ p j . The FDH production possibility set TF consists of the observed DMUj together with all input-output vectors p=[yk,−xk] with y ≥ 0, x ≥ 0, y ≠ 0, x ≠ 0 which are dominated by at least one of the observed DMUj. DMUk is defined as “FDH efficient” if no DMUj dominates it. In the BCC (or variable return to scale) DEA model the production possibility set TB consists of the observed DMUk together with all input-output vectors dominated by any convex combination of them and DMUk is DEA efficient if it is not dominated by any p in TB. In the DEA model, economic meaning is established by the introduction of (non negative) multiplier (price) vectors w = [u,v]. If DMUk is undominated (in TB) then there exists a positive multiplier vector w for which (a) w T p k = u T y k − v T x k ≥ w T p for every p ∈ TB. In everyday language, the net return (or profit) for DMUk relative to the given multiplier vector w is at least as great as that for any production possibility p. On the other hand, if DMUk is FDH but not DEA efficient then it is proved that there exists no positive multiplier vector >w for which (a) holds, i.e. for any positive w there exists at least one DMUj for which w T p j > w T p k . Since, therefore, FDH efficiency does not guarantee price efficiency what is its economic significance? Without economic significance, how can FDH be considered as being more than a mathematical system however logically soundly it may be conceived?

Geometric programming with multiplicative slack variables

AbstractA posynomial geometric programming problem formulated so that the number of objective function terms is equal to the number of primal variables will have a zero degree of difficulty when augmented by multiplying each constraint term by a slack variable and including a surrogate constraint composed of the product of the slack variables, each raised to an undetermined negative exponent or surrogate multiplier. It is assumed that the original problem is canonical. The exponents in the constraint on the product of the slack variables must be estimated so that the associated solution to the augmented problem, obtained immediately, also solves the original problem. An iterative search procedure for finding the required exponents, thus solving the original problem, is described. The search procedure has proven quite efficient, often requiring only two or three iterations per degree of difficulty of the original problem. At each iteration the well‐known procedure for solving a geometric programming problem with a zero degree of difficulty is used and so computations are simple. The solution generated at each iteration is optimal for a problem which differs from the original problem only in the values of some of the constraint coefficients, so intermediate solutions provide useful information.

Erratum: Stray-free switched-capacitor building block that realises delay, constant multiplier, or summer circuit

A switched-capacitor block is proposed. It uses single op-amp, two capacitors, and, through different feed-in branches, the block can be used as a delay, negative constant multiplier or a summer circuit. The proposed block is parasitic-free and requires a two-phase clock for its operation.

Stray-free switched-capacitor building block that realises delay, constant multiplier, or summer circuit

A switched-capacitor block is proposed. It uses single op-amp, two capacitors, and, through different feed-in branches, the block can be used as a delay, negative constant multiplier or a summer circuit. The proposed block is parasitic-free and requires a two-phase clock for its operation.

Stagnation and the inverted Haavelmo effect: Some international evidence

Neither monetarists, nor Keynesian nor new classical economists analyse balanced-budget financing in a way justified by the facts. This paper tries to bridge this gap somewhat. Balanced-budget multipliers are analysed for Germany, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the U.S.A. with empirical models based on a synthesis of supply and demand. It is shown that for these countries neither the classical balanced-budget multiplier of zero, nor the positive Keynesian one is valid, but rather a negative balanced-budget multiplier. This negative multiplier is called the inverted Haavelmo effect, because its policy implications reach further than the traditional Keynesian and classical contentions on balanced-budget financing.

A NEGATIVE VIEW OF THE NEGATIVE MONEY MULTIPLIER: COMMENT

The Journal of FinanceVolume 32, Issue 5 p. 1814-1817 Comment A NEGATIVE VIEW OF THE NEGATIVE MONEY MULTIPLIER: COMMENT Robert D. Auerbach, Robert D. AuerbachSearch for more papers by this authorJack L. Rutner, Jack L. RutnerThe coauthors are respectively, Economic Advisor to the House Banking Committee and Professor of Economics at the American University; and Financial Economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. This paper was completed when both coauthors were at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve System or of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.Search for more papers by this author Robert D. Auerbach, Robert D. AuerbachSearch for more papers by this authorJack L. Rutner, Jack L. RutnerThe coauthors are respectively, Economic Advisor to the House Banking Committee and Professor of Economics at the American University; and Financial Economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. This paper was completed when both coauthors were at the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City. The views expressed in this paper are not necessarily those of the Federal Reserve System or of the Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03381.xCitations: 1 Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume32, Issue5December 1977Pages 1814-1817 RelatedInformation

NEGATIVE VIEW OF THE NEGATIVE MONEY MULTIPLIER: REPLY

The Journal of FinanceVolume 32, Issue 5 p. 1818-1821 Comment NEGATIVE VIEW OF THE NEGATIVE MONEY MULTIPLIER: REPLY Frank G. Steindl, Professor of Economics, Oklahoma State University. The first draft of these notes was written while I was on the staff of the U.S. Senate Budget Committee. Helpful comments have been received from Donald A. Nichols. Neither he nor the Committee necessarily share the views presented.Search for more papers by this author Frank G. Steindl, Professor of Economics, Oklahoma State University. The first draft of these notes was written while I was on the staff of the U.S. Senate Budget Committee. Helpful comments have been received from Donald A. Nichols. Neither he nor the Committee necessarily share the views presented.Search for more papers by this author First published: December 1977 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1977.tb03382.x Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Volume32, Issue5December 1977Pages 1818-1821 RelatedInformation